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- 1990:
????? ????? ???????
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[1]
.
- 1991:
????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????
???????
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?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??1974, ?????? ?? ?????? ?
?????
???? ?? ?
?????
???? 1991
[2]
.
- 1994:
?????? ??????
?
?????
????? ????? ??? ????????
??????
?
????? ??????
, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????:
????? ????? ???????
[3]
?
????? ????? ??????
[4]
, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
?????????
??????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????, ???
???? ????? ?????
.
- 1995:
????? ??? ??????? ????
? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??
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???????
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??1999 ?????? ??????? ??
???? ????
.
- 1999:
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???? ?????????
, ??????? ?????? ??
????? ??
[5]
.
- 1991?2001:
?????? ?????????
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?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.
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????? ???? ?????
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????? ??????? ?? ???????
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????? ??????
[6]
.
- 1994?1996:
????? ?'?'??? ???????
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????? ?????
?'?'???
. ??'?'??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
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????????
, ??? ????? ???? ??'?'??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?
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??????? ??
[7]
.
- 1996?1999:
????? ?????
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(KLA), ?????
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(???"?)
[8]
.
- 1999?2009:
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[9]
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- 1983?2009:
????? ??????? ???? ????
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???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?
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- 26 ??????? 1993 ?
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), ??? ????? ??1993 ?
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[10]
.
- 18 ????? 1994 ?
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??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??90 ?? ???? ??20 ??? ?????
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[11]
.
- 29 ?????? 1995:
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[12]
.
- ???? 1995 ?
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[13]
.
- 15 ????? 1996 ?
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[14]
.
- 15 ??????? 1998 ?
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[15]
.
- 1996:
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. ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ????
1996
??? ????? ??
????
????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?? ?
????
?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
- 1998:
??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
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??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
- 1989?1991:
??????? ???? ???????
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(????? ????), ??????? ?? ?????? ?
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?????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?
??????
???? 1989 ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????
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. ???? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (????? ??????
???? ??????
) ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (
???????? ??????
). ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??. ??1991, ????
????? ?? ??????
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?????
????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????'??, ?? ??? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
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???? ???????? ?? ?????
. ???? 1991 ????? ?????'?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????
???? ????
, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.
- 1990:
???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????
? ?????
????
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??????
?
???? ???????
. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???????
?????
??
?????
, ??????? ?? ??????
??????
, ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? 1991 ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????.
- 1990 ?????:
??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
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???? ????
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- 1990:
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??????????
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????
??? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
?????
?????
???????.
- 1999:
???????, ????? ??'??? ??????? ????? ???"?
?
???????
, ????? ?
?'???
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???? ????
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???? ???"?
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???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?
??? ??
.
- 1990:
????? ????
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???? ????
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???? ????
??????? ?
????
, ???? 20 ???? ??????.
- 1990:
????? ???? ??????
?
????? ??????? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????
??????
. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
- 1992?1994:
?????? ?????????????
? ????
??????? ???? ???????
, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?
?????
, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? 1992?1994 ?
????? ??????
, ??
????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
.
- 1995:
??????? ???? ?????? ?????????
? ?
??????
, ????? ???????????
??????
????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ??????
????????
???????
??????? ?
??????
?
????????
, ???? ?? ?????? ?
????? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.
- 1996:
???? ????'????
? ??? ?????
???????????
????????
??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?
??????
, ????? ?? ??? ?
????
??? ?? ?'???? ??? ?'???
, ????
???
, ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.
- 1999:
????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??PKK ???????
? ???? ????? ??
????? ??????? ?? ????????
???? ????? ?
?????
???? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??
PKK
,
??????? ??'???
?
????
.
???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?
??? ??
.
- 1990?1996:
??????????? ?????????
? ????
????? ???? ??????????
, ??????? ??? ????? ??
????????
????? ?? ???? 1990
?????
?????????
,
????????? ????????? ?? ????????
, ?????? ???? ??? ??????
????
????????? ??????? ??????? ??????
??????
?? ????????. ???? 1992 ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??
???? ????????
, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?
??????
, ????? 1996 ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????
??????????
??????? ?????? ?????????.
- 1990:
?? ???? ?? ???? ????????
?
?? ???? ??
,
??? ??????
?????? ?? ??????? ??
1959
, ??? ???? ??????
??????
????, ???? ??
1990
. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ????
. ?? ????? ?
???????
"
??? ?????
".
- 1990:
????? ??????? ???????
? ?????? ??????? ?????
???? ???????
, ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?
?????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? 1990. ?????? ???? ????? ???????,
???? ?? ?? ?'?
????? ?
???? ???
. ??
1991
, ????? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??
??? ???? ?????
.
- 1991:
??????? ??????????? ?????
? ????? ??90 ?????
????
???? ??
??????????
??????? ??????
[16]
, ?????? ?? ???????? ??
????? ???????
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?
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????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????
[16]
.
- 1992:
????? ??????? ???'??????
?
??'??????
????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
???? ??????????
. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
????? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ???
1997
??????? ?????? ??? 50 ??? ??100 ??? ???.
- 1994:
???? ?? ??? ????????
? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??
???? ??????
?
??? ????????
? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?
??????
????? ??? ??
??????
?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??????? ??
??? ???
. ??1994 ?? ??? ?
???? ??
??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
???
.
- 1995:
???? ???? ??????? ??????
? ???? ????? ???
????????? ?????? ?? ???
?
???????
, ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????
?????
?
???
??????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
- 1996:
???? ???????? ?????
? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
????
???? ??????? ?
?????????
????? ???? ??????.
????? ??????
?? ???? ???? ??12,000 ??????.
- 1997:
????? ??????? ???????
? ???? ???? ?????? ??
????? ????
, ????
?????
??????? ??
??????
????? ??
??????
???????
?????????
????? ???? ??90, ????? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ???? 1997 ?????
???? ???????? ???????
.
- 1998:
???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????
? ???? 1998,
????
????? ????
??????? ???? ??????
??????????, ??? ????? ?????
???????
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????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????
(NPT), ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ??????
?????.
- 1998:
??????? ??????
?
??????
, ???
?????
, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?
??????? ??????
. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?
??? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- 1999:
?????? ???? ?????? ???
? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?
????? ????
????, ????
????? ???
, ????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ????
??????
???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??70 ?????? ???. ??1999 ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.
- 1999:
????? ??
??? ??? ????? ?????
?
??? ???
, ?????? ??? ??
1975
, ?????? ???????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ???, ???? ??????????
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(??? 60 ??? ??180 ??? ?????? ???????) ????? ?? ??? ?
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?
???????
, ?
???????
??
????????
.
???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?
??? ??
.
- 1990:
???? ????
? ????? ?? ??? ???
??? ?????
?
????????
???? ?????? ?
?????
. ????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????. ???? 1997
????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????.
- 1990:
?????? ????????? ??????? ??????
?
?'????????? ???????
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????
????? ?
?????? ?????????
.
- 1992:
???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????
?
???????? ???? ???????
????? ??????? ?????
????? ???????
??
?? ???????
.
- 1992:
?????? ??? ???'??
? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ???
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, ??????? ???? ????, ?
??? ???'??
,
?????????
??
????? ?????
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, ??? ?????
???? ???????
, ?? ??? ?????
??????
?????
?
????? ??? ???'??
, ?
???????
????? ???? ??????.
- 1993:
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? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?
?? ?????????
??
??????? ????
???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????, ????? ???? ????
?????
, ?
????
, ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??
???? ????????, ????, ????, ?????? ????
, ?????? ????? ??????? ????
?? ?????
, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???
??? ?????
, ????? ???? ??
???? ??????? ???????
?? ???? ???. ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??80 ?????, ?????? 25 ????? ??? ????? ???.
- 1994:
???? ??'????
?
???
???? ????? ??????
?'????
??
??????
. ???? ?????? ?? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?
??????
??
???????
?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????, ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????
1995
??????? ?? ???? ????????.
- 1995:
???? ?? ??? ???????
? ?
??????
??
????
??????
???? ??
??? ??
???????
, ?????? ???????? ???? ????.
- 1996:
???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
? ????? ?????? ?? 36 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
???????
?? ????? ?
?????
.
- 1998:
???? ?????? ????????
?
???? ????? ?????
??? ???????
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ????????
.
- 1999:
????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
? ?????? ?????? ???
????? ?????
?
????
, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??
?????
??? ????? 31 ?????? 1999
[17]
.
???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?
?????? ???????
????? ?? ?
??? ??
.
- ??????????? ????????
? ????? ???? ??90, ????? 35 ???? ?????,
???????
????? ?????? ?????? ??
???????????
?? ?????
????
(1992), ????? ?????? (1993), ??????? ????? ???? (1996) ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????.
- ??? ????? ??????? ?????
? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
??? ??????
?? ?
????????
??? ?
?????
, ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????
[18]
.
- 1990:
???? ????????? ????? ??????
? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ???? 1990 ???? ?? ?
????????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? 1994 ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ????
??????? ?????? ????????
???? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?
????
.
- 1991:
????? ??????? ???????
? ?
??????
???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
(
???? ??????
??1969 ??? 1991). ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??
????? ??????
????? ??????
???? ????????
???? ?
??????
. ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ??
???"?
????? ???? ?? ?
???
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? 2018, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.
- 1991:
???????? ???? ?????? ???????
?
????????
?????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????.
- 1991:
????? ??????? ?????? ????
?
????? ????
, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?
????? ??????
?????? ???? ?????
????? ???????? ???????
??????? ??
????? ????
??????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? (???? ????? ??????????) ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????
??????
??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.
- 1991:
????? ??????? ????'?????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
???'????
???? ??????
????????
??????. ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???'????.
- 1994:
??? ??? ???????
?
??? ??
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????
(
????
), ???? ??? ?
?????
??? ?????? ??? 800 ??? ??????? ?????.
- 1998:
????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?
??????
??????? ?? ?????
???????
, ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.
- ????? ????????? ???????
? ????? ???? ??90 ???? ?????? ???? ?
??????
???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????
?????????
. ?
?????
???? ???? ??
???????? ????????
. ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ; ???? ??????? ????????? ?
????
;
??????
?????? ?????
??????
????????? ??????????, ???? 28 ???? ????? ???? ?? ?"?
????????? ?????
.
???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?
??? ??
.
- 1991:
???? ????? ???? ?????????
? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ??90, ????
??????? ???? ???????
, ????
????????
????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?
????? ?????? ??????
. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ??90, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ???"? ???40% ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????.
- 1991:
????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????
?
???????
?????? ????? ????? ???? ??
????? ?????
???
???? ??????
, ?????? ??? ??
???? ??????
???? ??. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???
????? ????
?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ????
1993
????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ???????, ?
??????
, ?
??????
????? ????? ?????.
- 1991:
???? ????? ??????? ??????????
? ?????? ?????
??????????
??? ?
????
, ????? ?????? ?????? ?
???
?
??????
??????????.
- 1991?2000:
????? ????? ????
? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ????"? ????
, ?????? ??????
????? ???
????? ???.
- 1993:
?????? ???????
? ??
1992
?????
???? ????????
, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????
????
????? ?
????? ????????
. ???? ???? ???, ??
1993
, ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????
1995
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????.
- 1993:
????? ??? ?????????????????
? ?????? ??????? ?????
?????
?????
?????? ?
?????? ???????
??????
????? ?????
. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?
????? ???
[19]
.
- 1994:
???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
? ???? ??????
???? ??? ?????
??? ????? ?????,
????
?
??????
.
- 1994:
????? ?????? ???????
? ?????
???
?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?
????? ???????
.
- 1995:
??????? ?????
(
??'
)
? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?
????? ??????? ??????????
?????? ?????? 18 ????
[20]
.
- 1997:
???? ????? ?????
?
???? ?????
????? ???? ???? ??90, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? ?
?????????
??
??????
.
- ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
? ???? ?????? ???? ???
??????? ????????
??? ??? ????? ????? ?
?????
????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?
?????? ???????
, ?????
?????? ???
?
????
[21]
.
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??:
?????
(1994),
eBay
(1995),
?????? ?????
(1995),
???????
(1997),
????
(1998),
PayPal
(1998).
?????????, ???????, ????????? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??????????, ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????):
- 9 ??????? 1990 ? ???? ??????
????? ??
???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????.
- 5 ??????? 1990 ? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?"?, ???
???? ????
???? ???? ??????? ?????
- 21 ???? 1991 ?
??? ????? ????
????? 1984?1989
??'?? ????
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????'??????? (????? ?? ?'?? Dhanu) ??? ????
?'???
(???? ?????) ??
???? ????
, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
????? ????
.
- 7 ??????? 1991 ? ???
????? ?????
?????
????? ??'????
???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ???? 36 ????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? 18 ???, ?????? ?
?????
??????.
- 29 ????? 1992 ?
???? ???'????
????? ??????
???? ?? ??? ???? ????.
- ????? 1993 ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????,
?'???' ????? ???? ???
, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
- 1 ???? 1993 ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??
???? ??? ????
????? ???????
.
- 21 ???????? 1993 ? ???? ???????
?????? ??????
???? ????? ?????? ????? ????.
- 2 ?????? 1993 ? ???? ????? ???????????
???? ??????
, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????, ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ???? ?
?????
,
????????
.
- 6 ?????? 1994 ? ????? ???? ??
???? ??????
?'????? ??????????
????? ????????
??????? ?????????
, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ??????. ??????/?? ????? ?? ????/?.
- 2 ????? 1994 ? ???? ??????? ???????????
????? ??????
???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? 1994.
- 31 ???? 1995 ? ???? ???? ??????????????????
?????
, ??? ????? "???? ?????? ?
?????
", ????? ???? 23 ?? ???
?????? ??????
, ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????.
- 29 ??????? 1995 ? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
???? ???????
?????? ?????????
.
- 26 ???????? 1995 ? ??? ????
?????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
???? ?????
, ??????? ?????
??'???? ??????? ????????
?????"? ?????? ?? ??????, ???
????
.
- 4 ??????? 1995 ?
??? ????
?
??? ????? ?????
???? ????
???? ???? ???? ?
???? ???? ?????
????
???? ????
, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????.
- 5 ?????? 1996 ? ?
??"?
???? ??
???? ????
, ?????? ????? ?????
????
, ?
????? ???
??????? ????? ?????? ??????.
- 21 ?????? 1996 ? ???? ?'?'???
?'?'?? ??????
???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???.
- 2 ???????? 1996 ? ????
??? ????? ???????
?????
?????? ???????
.
- 13 ??????? 1996 ? ????? / ???? ????????
????? ?????
, ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ?
??? ????
, ????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????.
- 25 ??????? 1997 ?
???????? ??'??? ????
? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??
?'??? ????
???????
???
????? ????? ????? ?
????
, ????
????
. ?????
?????
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???
??????
???? ???? ???? ?????, ???????
?????? ??????????
?????? ?????
?????? ??? ????
?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????'
???? ?????
???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.
- 9 ???? 1997 ? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ????? ????? ?
?? ????
????????? ??. ???. ?'?.
, ???? ????? ???? ???'??, ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.
- 15 ????? 1997 ? ???? ?????? ???????
?'??? ????'?
???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?
?????
?? ??? ????? ?????? (Andrew Cunanan) ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????'? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.
- 9 ??????? 1998 ? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
???????
?????? ?????????
.
- 16 ??????? 1999 ? ?????? ??????? ?
???? ?????????
????? ??????
.
- 23 ???? 1999 ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??????
.
- 9 ?????? 1999 ? ????
???? ???'?
??????? ???? ???????
.
- 16 ????? 1990 ? ?????????? ??????
????? ????
????????? 7.7. ??? 1,600 ??? ????? ?????.
- ?????? 1992 ? ??????
?????
???? ?????
???? ???????
.
- 12 ????? 1993 ? ????? ???? ????????? 7.8 ??? ??? ???
???????
???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. 202 ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? (Okushiri)
- 1994 ? ???? ?
??????
"??????" ??? ?????
???????
,
?'???'??
?
?????
, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??30 ??? ???
[22]
.
- 17 ?????? 1995 ? 5,477 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???
- ???? 1995 ?
?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 34 ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? 34 ????? ?????? ???? 5 ???? ??????. ????? 739 ????? ??? ??? ??? ?
?????
????.
- 17 ??????? 1999 ?
????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????
(7.4 ????? ???????? ??? ?????). ??17,000 ?????? ??44,000 ??????.
- 1999 ? ???? ?
??????
"??????" ??? ?
???? ????????????
, ????? ?? ????? ?? 56 ??? ???
[22]
.
- 21 ??????? 1999 ?
????? ????? ??'??'?
????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???2,000 ??????.
- 29 ???????? 1999 ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???10,000 ??????.
- 11 ????? 1991 ? ???? DC-8 ????? ????? ????? ????? ??'??,
??? ???????
, 261 ??? ?????
- 15 ?????? 1991 ? ?
??????
?????? "???? ??????" ????? ??? ?????. 450 ??? ?????
- 4 ???????? 1992 ?
???? ??????
:
???? ????
??
?? ??
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ??38 ?????? ??????
- 28 ??????? 1994 ? 852 ?????? ?????? ??????? "???????" ??? ?????
- 1994?1998 ?
???? ?????? ??????? ???????
?
???
????? ???? ?
?????? ???????
???? ????? ??????. ??? 900,000 ??3,500,000 ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
[23]
- 29 ????? 1995 ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????
?????? ??????. 502 ??? ?????
- 20 ?????? 1995 ? ?????????
???? 965 ?? ?????? ?????????
?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????. 159 ??????? ????? ????? ?????
- 17 ????? 1996 ? ??? ???
???? ??????
??? ???? ??????
???? TWA 800
????? ?????. 230 ??????? ????? ????? ?????
- 23 ??????? 1996 ? ???????
???? 961 ?? ???????? ?????????
. 125 ??? ?????
- 2 ??????? 1998 ? 229 ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????.
- 1999 ? ?????
???? ?????? ?????????
?? ??? ??????? ??????
??? ?????
?????? ????????, ?????? 13 ??? ???, ?????? 24, ????????.
- 1991 ?
?????
: ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?
??????
. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 25,000 ??????
[24]
.
- ?????
? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??2 ?????? ?????? ??? ???
[24]
.
- ????? ?????
?????????
?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
Microsoft Windows 3.x
(1990),
Windows 95
(1995), ??
Windows 98
(1998).
- 1991:
World Wide Web
? ????? ???? ?????? ??
CERN
???? ????
??? ????????
[27]
. ??? ??WWW ?????? ???????? ??? info.cern.ch. ????? ???? ??90, ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?
??????
???????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?
???????
???? ????? ?????.
- 1991:
??????
?
????? ??????
???????
?????? ?? ???????.
- 1991:
??? ??GSM
? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?
??????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??
???????? ?????????
. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???.
- 1993: ????? ????? ??????
Mp3
???? ???? 1993 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? MP3 ???????? ????? ???? ??90. ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
Winamp
??
Napster
.
- 1996:
????? ????? ?????????
? ?
???? ?????????
, ???? ???? ??? ??????
???? ??70
, ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?
??????
??????? ???? ?? ???
?????? ????????
. ????
Hotmail
???? 1996 ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? 1997, ?????? ??????? ??????????, ????
?????????
????? ?? ????? ????"?.
- 1996 ?????:
?????? ????? ???????
?
?????? ?????? ???????
, ????
AIM
??
ICQ
, ?????? ????????? ??????. ??????, ????
America Online
????? ?? ICQ ?????
?????????
????????.
- ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
? ????? ???? ??90 ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?
?????????
?
??????
, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??
???? ?????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ????.
- ??? 2000
? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??90 ????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????
1998
?
1999
.
- 1991:
2G
(
??'
)
? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? 2G ???? ?????? ?????????.
- 1992:
????????
? ??12 ?????? 1992 ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (?? 80 ????) ????? ???????. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ZIP.
- 1994:
??? QR
? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??
?????? ????
??????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??21 ????
?????
QR ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???.
- 1996:
DVD
? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?
?????? ????
??DVD, ??????? ??????? ??
????? ???????
?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??21. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??DVD ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????
VHS
. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??DVD ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? DVD ??????? ???? ??21 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? DVD ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.
- 1997:
CD-RW
? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?
????????
??CD-RW ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.
- 1998:
??? ??MP3
? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????
????? MP3
(??
MPMan
). ???? ????
?????? ????
????? 32
??? ????
, ????? ?????? ??64 ??? ????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??21 ???? ??MP3 ????? ?????????? ??
???? ??CD ???????
.
- ??????? ????????
? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????
- ???????
? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
- ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????
? ??????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????.
????? ????????
???? "
?????
" ?"???????" ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????.
- ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
? "???? ?????" ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.
- ????? ???????? ?????? ????
? ??????? ?????? ??????? "
????? ???????
" ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?
????? ????
?????? ?? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? "
????' ????
", "
??? ?????
", "
???? ???
" ?"
????'???
".
- ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???"? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
:
?????? ???? 90210
(1990),
????? ?????? ??? ????
(1990),
????? ?????
(1990),
????? ????
(1990),
?? ????? ???????
(1990),
????? ???
(1990),
???? ?????
(1990),
??? ????, ??? ?????
(1991),
??? ????
(1991),
????? ?????
(1992),
??????? ?????
(1992),
?"? ????? ????? ?????
(1993),
????? ?????'??
(1993),
?????'?
(1993),
??? ????? ?????
(1993),
????? ?????
(1993),
ER
(1994),
?????? 5
(1994),
?????
(1994),
????? ??????
(1994),
??????? ????????
(1995),
?????? ????
(1995),
????? ?? ??? ????
(1995),
???? ?????? ??????
(1995),
???? ?????? ?? ???????
(1996),
?????? ??????
(1996),
?????? ????? ?????
(1996),
???? ????
(1996),
???
(1997),
??? ?????
(1997),
???? ????? ???????
(1997),
????? ????
(1997),
????' ????
(1997),
???????
(1997),
??? ?????
(1998),
????? ????
(1998),
??? ??????
(1998),
???? ???? ??70
(1998),
?? ???? ????? ????????
(1998),
??? ??????
(1998),
??? ????? ??????
(1998),
?? ?? ????? ???? ?????
(1998),
???????
(1998),
???'?
(1999),
??????? ?????????
(1999),
????????
(1999),
??? ????: ???? ?????
(1999),
????'???
(1999).
- ??? ????? ?
???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20 ??????? ?????????
- ????? ???? ??90 ?????
???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
(14 ?????) ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? (60 ??????).
- ?????? ?????'
????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????,
??? ?????????
???? ??????? ?????? ???.
- ?????? ????
????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??90, ??? ?? ???? ???????
MTV
.
- ?????? ???
????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????.
- ??????? ??????????
???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??90, ?????? ????????? ????? ??????.
- ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????
:
"
Hold On
" (1990), "
(Everything I Do) I Do It For You
" (1991), "
End Of The Road
" (1992), "
I Will Always Love You
" (1993), "
The Sign
" (1994), "
Gangsta's Paradise
" (1995), "
Macarena (Bayside Boys Mix)
" (1996), "
Candle in the Wind '97
" (1997), "
Too Close
" (1998), "
Believe
" (1999)
- ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?
????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????
: The Burden of Proof
(
??'
)
?
????? ?????
(
??'
)
(1990), Scarlett
(
??'
)
(1991),
??? ?????
(
??'
)
(1992),
?????? ?? ???? ??????
(1993),
?????? ???????
(
??'
)
(1994), ?????? ??????? (1995), Primary Colors
(
??'
)
(1996),
???? ??????
(1997),
?????? ????
(
??'
)
(1998),
???? ???? ?????? ???????
(1999)
- ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???"? ????? ?????:
???? ???? ???? ??????
,
???? ???? ???? ??????
,
??????? ????????????
,
?? ???? ?? ?????? ????
,
????? ?????? ????? ?????
,
?????? ???
,
??? ?? ????
,
?????
- ???? ?????:
???? ?? ?????
(1990)
[28]
,
????? ??????
(1991)
[29]
,
???? ????
(1992)
[30]
,
????? ??????
(1993)
[31]
,
????? ????
(1994)
[32]
,
?? ????
(1995)
[33]
,
????? ??????
(1996)
[34]
,
???????
(1997)
[35]
,
???????? ?????
(1998)
[36]
?
?????? ?????
(1999)
[37]
- ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???
(??????? ????? ?????? ????) ?
???????
,
????? ??????? ? ??? 1: ???? ??????
,
???? ?????
,
???? ??????
,
??? ??????
,
????? ????
,
???? ?????
,
????? ?????
,
???????
,
???? ???? ????
,
??? ?????
,
?????? ?????? 2: ??? ????
,
??????
,
???????
,
????? ?? ?????
?
????? ?? ????? 2
,
????? ?? ????? ????
,
???? ???
,
??????
,
????? ???? ??????
,
???? ?? ?????
,
??????
,
???? ????
?
????? ???: ???? ??????
.
- "
???????
" (1997) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? "
??????
" ???? 2009.
- ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????:
Half-Life
,
???
,
Wolfenstein 3D
, ???? ?????
???? ?????
, ???? ?????
???? ???
, ???? ?????
???? ???????
,
????
, ???? ?????
?????? ???
, ???? ?????
??? ?????
, ???? ?????
?? ??????
, ???? ?????
???????????
, ???? ?????
?????
, ???? ?????
????? ?????
, ???? ?????
????????
, ???? ?????
?????
,
???? ????? 3D
, ???? ?????
???
,
?????????
, ???? ?????
Unreal
,
Counter Strike
,????? ?????
????? ??????
.
- ??????? ???? ???? ??90
???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????
(???????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????????? ?
??????? 64
) ????? ????????? 32 ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ??????, ????? ???? ??90 ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??
????? ???????
.
- ?
??????????
?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??90.
- ?????? ???
?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??90 ?????? ???? ??2000 ????
???? ????????
??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????
-
?
???? ???
?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??90.
-
?
??????????
?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??90.
-
?????
???? ?????
, ??? ???? ????? 1996, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??
???? ?????
???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.
-
?????? ???
?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??90 ?????? ???? ??2000 ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
- ????/?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
:
IMDb
(1993),
?????
(1994),
GeoCities
(1994),
???????
(1994),
EBay
(1995),
Yahoo!
(1995),
AltaVista
(1995),
ICQ
(1996),
???????
(1996),
????
(1997),
??????
(1999)
- ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? 1999 ????? ????? ??
peer-to-peer
??????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? (???? IRC, ??USENET), ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? MP3. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??
????? ???
???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????.
- ??? ????? ?
????? ??????? ????? ????? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20
???? ??? ????? ?
?????
?
??????
,
????????
,
????
?
??????
?????? ?? ??? ???? ?
????? ???????????
, ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ??
????
?????, ????? ?????, ?????? ??????.
?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?
?????'
?
???? ??????????
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????, ????? "?????'" ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
???? ????
?? ???? ???????.
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????'? ????
?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? "
?????
" ???? ?
???? ??????
???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????; ???? ?? ???? ??11 ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? "?????? ????'?" ?? "?????'?".
???
1993
??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?
???????
?? ?
?????????
, ????? ????? ?????? ??
???????
?
????????
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?
????
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??, ??????? ?? ?
??????????
"
Cryin'
" ??
????????'
? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??
MTV
, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??90 ?????? ??? ???
?????'?
,
??????????
,
?????
??????
?"? ??????
.
-
????? ??90 ??? ?
?????'?
????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.
-
?????
??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
-
????? ??90 ?????
?"? ??????
???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????' ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??.
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? "????"
:
- ?'???' ????? ???? ???
(1990) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?
????? ?????
[39]
.
- ??? ???????
(1992) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
[40]
.
- ????? ?????
(1993) ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??1994, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? (??? ??????) ??????
[41]
.
- ?????? ???? ?????
(1993) ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??1990 ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
[41]
.
- ???? ????
(1993) ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??
???? ?????
??1993, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????
[41]
.
- ???? ?????
(1993) ? ?
???? ????? ?????????
??? ?? ???? ????? ??1993, ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????
[41]
.
- ????? ?????? ????
(1994) ? ???????? ????? 1978?2005
[42]
.
- ??? ???????
(1998) ? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????
???? ?????? ????????
?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????
[43]
.
?
????? ?????
(???????????? 1991) ?????? ????? ?????
????
???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????.
????? ?????
, ?????? ??? ??????
???? ????
, ????? ??????.
??? ??24 ??25 ???? 1991 ?????
???? ????
??????
????? ???????
, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 14,500 ??????
[44]
. ?????,
????? ???? ??90 ??? ??????
??????? ??????
???? ???????
??????
??????? ???? ???????
.
?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????
???? 2
???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????
????????? ??????
.
??????? ?????? ????
1992
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???
1977
, ?
???? ????
???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????
???? ????? ?? ????
, ?????
????? ?????
??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?
?????
??????? ????? ????? ??
?????
.
??25 ??????? 1994 ?????
???? ????? ??????
, ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??29 ??????? ??????? ?
???? ??????
. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ?
????
?
??'???? ???????
, ????? ??????? ???????? ????.
??
4 ???????
1995
???? ??? ??????
???? ????
?? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ????
????? ???
???? ???, ?? ?????? ??????? ?
?????? ??????
?
?????? 1996
.
??4 ??????? 1997 ????
???? ???????
??? ?? ????? 73 ????? ??"? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???
????? ?????
?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?
????? ????? ??"? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????
, ????? ?????? ????? ???? 2000. ?? ??? 2002 ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????
??????
.
??1999 ???? ???
??? ??????
??? ??????
??"? ???
?
??? ??? ???????
, 31 ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?
?????
.
-
????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??, ???? ???? 1991 ?????
????? ?????
-
?????
???? ????
????? ??????, ??? ?-24 ???? 1991, ?-14 ???
?????? ????????
?-36 ?????? ??? 36 ????.
-
-
????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.
27 ??????
1994
-
?-4 ??????? 1995 ???? ??? ??????
???? ????
?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ????
??? ???? ????
-
?-1999 ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????
??"? ???
???? ??? ???????, 31 ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????
- ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
:
???? ????
,
???? ??????
,
???
,
????? ?? ?? ????
,
????? ???"?
,
???? ???? ?????? ?'
,
??? ???? 3
,
????
,
????? ??????
,
???? ??????
- ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
:
????? ????
(1990),
?? ???? ?????
(1990),
???? ???
(1992),
????? ?? ???
(1992),
???'?
(1994),
?????? ????
(1994),
?????? ??????
(1994),
??? ???? ????
(1995),
?? ?? ? ??? ????
(1995),
????
(1996),
??? ?????
(1996),
?????? ??????
(1997),
????????
(1997),
???
(1997),
20 ????
(1998),
?? ??????
(1998),
???????
(1998),
????? ????
(1998),
?????
(1998),
??????
(1999),
?????? ???????
(1999),
????? ?????
(1999).
- ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????:
????????
,
?? ?????? ????
,
????? ???????
- ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? 2009, ?????
????X
?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?
???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?'
(35 ?????) ????? ?????.
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1
2
?? ???,
"??? ??????? ???": ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
, ????
ynet
, 28 ??????? 2021
- ^
???? ????
, ????
???? ?????????
- ^
??????? ???? ??????,
???? ????: ???"? ????? ??????????? - ????? 8
, ????
??????????? ??????
, ??? 1:03:32
- ^
?????, ???, ?????? ???????? ??????
, ????
?????????? ?? ????
- ^
????? ?????
, ???? ??????????? ????????
- ^
???? ???????,
?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????
, ????
?????????? ?? ????
, ??? ???? 19:16
- ^
1
2
????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????
, ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????
- ^
FAMINE IN NORTH KOREA
(??' 3), Peterson Institute for International Economics
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2
George C. Kohn,
Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present
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???? ????,
?????? ?????' ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????
, ???? ??? ??????? - ????? ???????, ??? 55
- ^
????' ??? ??????, ??? ????, ?????,
????? ??????? ?? ?????????
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"2000"
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Postmodern architecture
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George Bush: 1990 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME
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Bill Clinton: 1992, 1998 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME
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1
2
3
4
'Man of the Year' Has Four Faces: Rabin, Arafat, Mandela and De Klerk - latimes
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Pope John Paul II: 1994 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME
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