????? ????? ??????

**????? ????? ??????**
???????	2 ??????? 1998 ? 18 ????? 2003 (5 ????)
????? ????	????? ????? ???????
????	????????? ????????? ?? ?????
?????	?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?'??? ????? ????? ??'??-???? ???? ???? ?????. ; ???? ???????: ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ; ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????; ????? ????? ? ??"? ??????. ; ???? ?????? ??????? . ; ????? ????? ???? . ;
?????? ???????
????????? ????????? ?? ????? ; ?????? ; ?'?? ; ?????? ; ???????? ; ????? (??????) ; ; ????? ????-???????: ; ??? ???????? ?? ??? ; ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? (ADF) ; ???? ????? ?? ?????? (UNRF) ; ????? ??????? ?????????????? (FNI) ; ; ??????? ????-????????: ; ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (FDLR) ; ??? ????? ?????? (ALIR) ; interahamwe ; ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? (RDR) ; ???-??? ; ????? ???? ?????? ; ; ??????? ????-?????????: ; ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? (CNDD-FDD) ; ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (FROLINA)	???????? ???-????????: ; ????? ???? ????????? ????????? (RCD) ; ????? ???? ????????? ??????-???? (RCD-Goma) ; ???????????? ; ; ???????? ???-????????: ; ?????? ?????? ????? (MLC) ; ????? ???????? ; ????? ????????? ?? ????? (UPC) ; ??????? ????? ?????? ; ; ????? ????-???????: ; ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? (UNITA) ; ; ?????? ????: ; ?????? ; ?????? ; ???????
???????
???? ????? ; ?'??? ????? ; ?? ???'??? ; ???? ????? ; ????? ?????? ; ?'??? ??????? ??? ????? ; ?????? ???	?'?? ????-???? (????? ?????? ?????? ?????) ; ????? ?????? ??? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????-????) ; ?'???? ???????? ; ????? ??????? ; ??? ????? ; ???? ?????
?????
???-???: 20,000?30,000 ?????? ; interahamwe: 20,000 ??????	????? ???? ????????? ??????-????: 45,000 ?????? ; ?????? : 8,000 ??????
?????
	2,000 ?????? ??????? ?????? ; 4,000 ?????? ?????? (???? ??????? ????)
	5.4 ?????? ???? ?????? (1998?2008) ; 350,000 ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (1998?2001)

????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? , ???? ??????? 1998 ? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? , ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? .

????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??-20 ???????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ?-5.4 ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2008, ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ???????? .

?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? 2003.

??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ; ??? ??? ???????

????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????-???? , ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? "???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????" (AFDL), ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ?- 18 ???????? 1996. ?-AFDL ??? ?? ^[1]: ??????? ?-PRP ????? ?????????? ?? ????? , ?-ADP ?? ? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ???????????, ?-MRLZ ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ??-CNRD ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ? ???? , ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (?--RPF) ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? .

????? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? , ????? ????? ?? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????.

?- 7 ???????? 1996 ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??-200,000 ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??????, ???? ???????? 1996 ??? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ^[2].

????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ?-1961 ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?-1965.

?-ADFL ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??? 1997. ????? ????? ?? ??ADFL ?????? ?? ????????? . ???? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???? ???? ?- 16 ???? 1997 ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?- 17 ???? 1997 ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ??????? 1998, ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ?????, ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?-80% ????? ? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????? , ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????????? .

???? ???? ?-90 ??????? ???? ?-2000, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????.

????? ???"? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ???"? ??? ?????? 2001 ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??????? , ????? , ????? , ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ???"? ????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[3].

????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ???"? ????? 85 ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???"? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ??????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? 1997, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? , ????????? ????????? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? . ?-14 ????? 1998 ???? ????? ?? ?????"? ??????? ?'???? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????"? ????.

???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?-24 ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? RCD. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? MLC. ??? ??????? ???? ?-1998 ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ?????? ? ???????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?-1998, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? . ?????? ???? ??? ????? . ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????. ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ??? 600?1,000 ??????. ??????? 1998 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?-12,000 ?????? ???? 2001.

?????????? ?????? ???? ?-2002, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????.

??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???'??? . ?????? ????? ???? ?????? "????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????" ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???'??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????? ??, SWAPO, ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ????, ??????. ??????? 1999, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 1,000 ??????. ????? 2000 ?-2001 ??????? ??? ??? 1,600 ?-2,000, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ?-2002. ?? ????? ?????? ????? 30 ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? 150,000$ ????.

???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????, ???? ?????? , ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????'??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.

1998?1999 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? 1998 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?-RCD. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ?-13 ???????, ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ????. ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?-23 ???????.

??????, ??????? ????? ?-RCD ??? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, "????? ????? ?????", ?-MLC.

?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??. ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?"????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????", SADC. ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????. ?-19 ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????: ?'??, ??? ??????. ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????.

?-18 ?????? 1999 ??????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? , ??????. ?-RCD ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ??????.

1999?2000 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-5 ?????? 1999 ??????? ???? ?-RCD ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ?-RCD, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?-18 ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? RCD ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ?-16 ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?-RCD ????? ???? ???-??????. ???? ???? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?-RCD ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?-8 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ???, "??????", ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?-1999 ?? 2003. ???????? ?"??????" ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????.

?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? 2006, ????? ?-BBC ?? 60,000 ????? ????? ??? 1998. ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ???????.

????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.

????? 1999 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????, ??????, ??????, ????????, ?????? ???????. ?-1 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?-MLC. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1994. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???.

?-24 ??????? 2000, ???"? ????? ???? ????? " MONUC ", ????? ?? ???"? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ???. ?? ???, ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? ????????, ?????.

2001 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-16 ?????? 2001, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?-26 ??????.

?'??? ????? , ??? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ??? ????? . ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???"?. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????.

2002 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?-RCD ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????, ????????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????.

????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?'??? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ? ???????? , ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????.

?-19 ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? , ????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ???????, ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

?-30 ????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? "???? ???????", ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ??????? , ???? ?????? . ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????: ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????.

???? 11 ????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ?-5 ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?-MONUC ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????.

?-6 ??????? ???? ???? ????? " ?????? " ??? ????? ? ?????? . ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????.

?-21 ????????, ???? ???"? ??"? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????.

?-17 ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.

2003 ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-18 ????? 2003, ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ?-30 ????? 2006, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?-MLC ?'?? ???? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??, ????? ?? ???"? ?? ?????. ????? ???, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?-5.4 ?????? ??? ??? (??? ????? 1998?2008), ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? . ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????
????? - ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

???? ????, ????? ????, ?????? 2008, " ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ", ????? ?????
??? ????, ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? , 6 ??????? 2008

Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). " Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey " (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44?51
Bavier, Joe (22 January 2007). " Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month "
Vick, Karl (2001-01-23). " The Ascendant Son in Congo ". The Washington Post
Chris McGreal (3 September 2007). " Fear of fresh conflict in Congo as renegade general turns guns on government forces ". The Guardian. London.
Baregu, Mwesiga. " The Clones of 'Mr. Kurtz': Violence, War and Plunder in the DRC ." (Archive) African Journal of Political Science. African Association of Political Science. (2002), Vol 7 No. 2. P. 11-38.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Zaire: IRIN Briefing Part IV, 02/28/97
^ Rebels In Zaire Overrun Key City , November 03, 1996, Chicago Tribune
^ ??? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? , ???? ???? , 7 ??????? 2008

[1] Zaire: IRIN Briefing Part IV, 02/28/97

[2] Rebels In Zaire Overrun Key City , November 03, 1996, Chicago Tribune

[3] ??? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? , ???? ???? , 7 ??????? 2008

[1]

[2]

[3]