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??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? . ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ????, ???????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???. ????? ???-?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????.

??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????. ?? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????: ?????? ????, ????? ???? ??????? ????.

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????? "??? ???????" ????? ???? ?????? " ??? ???? ", ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? . ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????; ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ???? ????? ??-??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.

???? "??? ????" ???? ??? ???? ?-40 ? ???? ?-60 ?? ???? ?-20 . ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? (??? ????, ??????), ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????, ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?-60 ?? ???? ?-90 ????? ?? "??? ????????", ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? "??? ???? ?????????" ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? - ???? ????? ????? ?????.

????? "??? ???????" ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-90 ?? ???? ?-20 ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??"??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? [1] ????? ??????? ?????.

????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? . ???, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????????, ??????? ? ????????? .

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????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? 2015

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  1. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????.
  2. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? .

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???? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????. [3] ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????, ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ???????-?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????. ?????????? ??? ??????? , YouTube ? ?????? , ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? (??????? ?????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????-???????. ??????? ????? ?????-??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? , ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????.

????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? (??????? ?????? ????????), ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? 54 ?????? ??? ??? 18. ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???. ??? ??, ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ??????, ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ???????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????. [2] ??, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-2016 ???? ????? 97% ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? , 83% ????? ??, ?-68% ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??-??? ???????. ????? ?? 8% ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? (???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????) ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? (?????? ????? ????? ????). [4]

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  7. ????????? - ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????.
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  9. ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? , ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. [5]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????, ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????:

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  3. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????: ????? ????? ?????? (????? ??????).
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??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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?????? ??????: ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????.

????? ?????? ?????? ???????: ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????.

????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????: ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???.

??????? ?? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? , ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???, ???? ??? ???? ????? (?? ?? ?????) ???????? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? (ICT - Information and Communications Technology) ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??? ICT ???? ?????? ? ICT ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? "???? ????" ?? 10 ?????? ???? ?????, ?? 120 ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ICT ?? 120 $ ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?-40% ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??-20% ???????? ????? ?-1 $ ???? (?? ???? ?????? ????? 365 $ ????). ??? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ICTs ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ICT.

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???? ??, ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. [7]

???? 2005 ???? ???"? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ???? 2006 ????? ?? ??? ???"? ??????? ????????? ?? 60 ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?-22, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.

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???? 2006 ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?-45%, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?-90% ??? ???. [8]

???? ???? 2008 ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????-??? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. [9] ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????.

???? 2012 ?????? ??? ???? [10] ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????: ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?-90% ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? 75% ????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 58% ??????????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????, ???? 2009 ??? 26% ???? ??? ???? ?????? (??? ??? 65 ?????) ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? 50 ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??, ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?-12 ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? , ?????? , ??????, ????, ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? 1995 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ???? 2000 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? 2001 ????? ?????? ?? ???? " ???"? - ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ", ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? 2003 ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ???? 2010 ????? ????? "???????" ?????? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ????.

????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
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  5. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-60%, ????? ?-70% ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-75% ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ??????, ?. ?????, ?. ???????, ?. (2009). "??? ???????: ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????" ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?: ???”?, ???, ?????, ??, ???? ?????? ????.

  • ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? - ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????.
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  • ?????? ????????????? (?? ??”?, ?????, ??? ???)- ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????.
  • ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ????- ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???, ???, ???, ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?-ICTs ???? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?-ICTs ??????? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Kim Keenan February 28, 2020, Larry Irving: A Black History Month Call-to-Action , Internet Innovation Alliance, ‏2020-02-28 (???????)
  2. ^ 1 2 Eszter Hargittai,"Second Level Digital Divide ? Differenced in People’s On-Line Skills", First Monday, 2002.
  3. ^ Jen Schradie, The Great Equalizer Reproduces Inequality: How the Digital Divide Is a Class Power Divide , Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020-09-30, ??' 81?101, ISBN  978-1-83982-021-2
  4. ^ Aaron Shaw, Eszter Hargittai, The Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities: The Case of Wikipedia Editing , Journal of Communication 68, 2018-02-01, ??' 143?168 doi : 10.1093/joc/jqx003
  5. ^ ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????. "???? ????????: ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????". ?????, ??', 2009.
  6. ^ Karine Barzilai-Nahon,"Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divide/s", The Information Society, Vol. 22, 2006.
  7. ^ ????? ?????, ???? 1, 2002.
  8. ^ http://www.ila.org.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=95&CategoryID=136
  9. ^ 15:44, ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?-49 ???? 64 ???? ??????-??????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 20 ?????? 2010
  10. ^ ???? ????, ??? ??????? , ????: ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? , ???? ???? , 7 ???? 2012
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