?????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
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.Amazon.com Inc
הלוגו של אמזון
?????? ??????
??? ???? ??????? ( ????"? AMZN)
????? ????"? ( ??? 1997 ? AMZN ) עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
??????? ?'? ????
????? ??????? 1994 (??? ?????: 1995 ) ? ????
????? ????
????? ???? ????? עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? ???? ????? ????? ארצות הברית ????? , ????????? , ????? ?????
???? ?????? ???? ????????
????? ???
????????
?????
?????? ??????? Amazon Web Services
????? ?????
????? ?????
????? ???
????? ?????
???? ??? 1.94 ??????? ???? (15 ???? 2024)
?????? 575 ??????? ???? ( 2023 )
???? ?????? 12,248,000,000 ???? ??????? (???? ??2022) עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
???? 30.4 ??????? ???? ( 2023 )
??? ???? 138,245,000,000 ???? ??????? (???? ??31 ?????? 2021) עריכת הנתון בוויקינתונים
??"? ?'? ????
???"? ???? ?'??
?????? 1,525,000 ( 2023 )
 
www .amazon .com
לעריכה בוויקינתונים שמשמש מקור לחלק מהמידע בתבנית

?????.??? ??"? (? ?????? : .Amazon.com Inc ;‏ ????"? : AMZN ), ?????? ??? ?????? ????? , ??? ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? . ????? ?????? ? ????? , ????????? , ????? ?-5 ????? 1994 . ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? , ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? , ????? , ????? ?????????? , ????? ????. ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-21 ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ? ????? ????? (Kindle) ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? , ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? 2006 ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? AWS . [1]

?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?-2021, ????? ??? ???? ?-11 ????? ????? ? ??????? . [2]

?????? 2023, ?????? ????? ?-1,541,000 ?????? ????? ?????, [3] ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????. [4] ?? ?? ???? ????? EMarketer, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? 38% ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [5] ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? - ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ??? ?'? ???? ???? 1994 , ????? ??? Cadabra.com, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?-Amazon (?? ?? ??? ???????? ), ????? ???? ?- 1995 . ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? , ?????? , ??????? , ???? , ?????? , ??????? , ???? , ??? ? ??? .

????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????-??? . ????? ???? 2000 ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?-80 ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? 2000 ???? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?-95.9 ????, ???? ?? 4.7 ???? ????? ?-17 ?????? 1999 ???? ?? 0.3 ???? ????? ?-28 ??????? 2001, ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? 72 ??????? ???? ????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??. ?? ???, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? 2003 . ?- 2004 ?????? ?????? ?-7 ??????? ???? . ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????'? 500 .

???? 1999 ???? ????? ?? ???? IMDb , ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? , ????????? ???? ?- 2008 ?? ??? Box Office Mojo . ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.

????? ???? 2009, ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? Zappos ???? ????? ?? ?-1.2 ??????? ????. [6]

???? 2011 ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? " The Book Depository ", ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. [7] ?- 2014 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? Fire Phone . [8]

??????? 2015 ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ? ?????????? ????? . [9]

?????? 2019 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ICANN ?? ????? ????? ??????? .amazon .

?-2 ??????? 2021 ????? ?'? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????"? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 2021, [10] ?????? 2021 ???? ???"? Amazon Web Services , ???? ?'?? , ??????? ????"? ?????.

???? 2021 ?????? ????? ????? ??? 8.45 ??????? ???? ?? ?????? MGM . [11]

??????? 2022 ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? iRobot ????? 1.7 ??????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. [12]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ???? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. ???? 2000 ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ???????? , ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? -???????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? 2019, ?-53% ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. [13]

???? ???? 2019 ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? 60% ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ????? , ???? ??? ?-49% ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? , ??????? ????? ?--7% ??? ???. ????????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? , ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. [14] [15] ???? ???? 2019 ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????, [15]

????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???, [16] ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. [17] ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ?'???? ??????? ?????? 2020, ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ?? ?? ??????, ????? "??????" ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? - ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? - ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??, ??? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????. [18]

?????? ????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? Amazon Web Services

??? ??? 2006 ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? Amazon Web Services - AWS.

????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??:

  1. Elastic Compute Cloud ????? ?? EC2 - ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????.
  2. Simple Storage Service ????? ?? Amazon S3 - ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
  3. Simple DB ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ???? 2019, ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ??????? , ???????? ????. ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?-99% ???????, ?? ??? ?-AWS ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????. [19]

????? ????? ?-AWS ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?-26 ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? 2019 ?????? ????? ?-45% ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????, [20] ????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? 2019 ?????? ??-17%. [19]

??????? 2019 ????? ???? ? ???? ?-JEDI ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????.

???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?-21 ????? ?? ?????? Fulfillment By Amazon (?????: FBA), ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????. [21]

???? ?-2013 ?????? ????? ???? ?-100 ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? 2013 ??? ?'? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? . [22]

???????? 2017 ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? Fedex ?- UPS ? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? , ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. [23]

??? ???? 2018 ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? " Amazon Go ".

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? 2017 ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. [24]

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????. ???? ???? 2019, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?-49%, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? , ??????? ????? ?-7% ??? ???. [14] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?-17%. [19]

????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. [14] ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? 2000, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???. [13] ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?-99% ???????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????. [19]

?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? 1997 ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ????. ??????, ?-17 ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? 2.8 ??????? ????, ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2017 ??????? 1.6 ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?-14 ????? ????? ???. [25]

??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. [25] ????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? , ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? Diapers.com ( ??' ) . ?? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 30%, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? 30% ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? 3 ?????? ?-100 ?????? ????. Diapers.com ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. [26] [14] ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ( ??' ) , ??????? ??????. [14]

???? ???? 2019, ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 99 ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? , ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. [27]

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????. ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??-75% ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???, ??? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????, ?????? ?? ????? "?????? ?? ?????" ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???. [15] ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????. [16]

???? 2017 ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ?'???? , ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????-???? ? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. [28]

???? 2020 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [29]

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???. [30]

????? 2021 ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?-746 ?????? ???? , ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? . [31]

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? [32] ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ?-2011 ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???. ?-2012 ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?'??? ( ??' ) . ??????? 2013 ??? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????. ?-2013 ??? ???? ?? ?- BBC ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. [33] ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? , CBS , ???? ???? ????? ? ??????? . [34]

?????? ?????? ??????? 2017 ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????. [35]

??????? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ???, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. [36]

?????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ?????

????? ??? ?????? ????? ??"?, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? , ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? 2013 ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ AWS Remains Dominant Despite Microsoft and Google Growth Surges ,‏ Synergy Research Group,‏ 3 ??????? 2016
  2. ^ Alexa Top 500 Global Sites , www.alexa.com
  3. ^ Fourth Quarter Results , 2 ??????? 2023, ???? ?????
  4. ^ Market capitalization of Amazon , ???? companiesmarketcap.com
  5. ^ ???? ???: ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?-38% ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? , ???? savey.co.il
  6. ^ Amazon Closes Zappos Deal, Ends Up Paying $1.2 Billion , TechCrunch (??????? ????????)
  7. ^ ???? ????, ???? ???????: ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? , ???? ??????? , 4 ????? 2011
  8. ^ ???? ???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ???: ????????? ?????? ??? , ???? ??????? , 18 ????? 2014
  9. ^ ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ??: ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ??????? , 3 ??????? 2015
  10. ^ ???? ?????, ?????: ?'? ???? ???? ?????? ????"?; ????? ???? ?????? - ???? ??????? , ???? ??????? , 2 ??????? 2021
  11. ^ ????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?????? MGM ????? 8.45 ??????? ???? , ???? ??????? , 26 ???? 2021
  12. ^ ???? ??, ????? ????? ?? iRobot ????? 1.7 ??????? ???? , ???? ynet , 5 ??????? 2022
  13. ^ 1 2 ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 26:10-24:22
  14. ^ 1 2 3 4 5 ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 15:27-10:22
  15. ^ 1 2 3 ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 12:05-1:41
  16. ^ 1 2 ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 15:39-14:01
  17. ^ Lina M. Khan, Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox , www.yalelawjournal.org, ‏2017
  18. ^ ???? ????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? , ???? ??????? , 26 ?????? 2020
  19. ^ 1 2 3 4 ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 10:05-8:20
  20. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ??????? , ?????? ?? ?'? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? - ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 3 ??????? 2021
  21. ^ ????? ???? ???, ???? ????? , ???? ??????? , 2 ????? 2016
  22. ^ ???? ????????, ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? , ???? Gadgety , 2 ?????? 2013
  23. ^ ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-UPS , ???? ??????? , 6 ???????? 2017
  24. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ??? ??? ?????? ??????: "????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????" , ???? TheMarker ‏, 1 ?????? 2017
  25. ^ 1 2 ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 8:00-5:51
  26. ^ ???? ????, ???? ???? ??????????: ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? , ???? ??????? , 30 ????? 2020
  27. ^ ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 22:52-21:19
  28. ^ ???? ????, ?????: ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? , ???? ????? ?????????
  29. ^ ??? ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? , ???? " ????? ??????? ", 10 ??????? 2020
  30. ^ Charlotte Crawford, Technology Producers Use Of Language And Discourse To Shape And Reinstate Anti-Black Global Realities: An Analysis Of Amazon’s Facial Recognition Technology Communications And Responses To Racial Bias In Rekognition , dx.doi.org, ‏2021-05-22
  31. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ??????? , ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? - ?????? ????? ??? ?? 888 ?????? ???? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 30 ????? 2021
  32. ^ Kantor, Jodi; Weise, Karen; Ashford, Grace (2021-06-15). "The Amazon That Customers Don't See" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN   0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2021-07-04 .
  33. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ??? ????, ?????? ????? ?????: ????? ???? ?????? ????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 6 ?????? 2013
  34. ^ ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?' , ???? ????? ?????????, ???? 24:08-23:32
  35. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ???? ???, 60 ??? ??? ?????: ????? ?????? ?? ????-?? ??????? - ??????? ?? ??? ??????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 13 ??????? 2017
  36. ^ Amazon Will Pay a Whopping $0 in Federal Taxes on $11.2 Billion Profits , Fortune (???????)