???? ?????? ??????? ???????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????

? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? (? ????? , ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? : 北韓飢饉, ???????: "???? ??????? ???????" ?? ?'???? ??? , ???? ?????? ??????? ???????: 苦難의 行軍, ???????: "????? ????? ???????" ), ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? 1994 ? 1998 . [1]

???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????????? ?? ?-22 ?????? ??????, ??? ??? 900,000 ?-3,500,000 ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 1997 . [2] ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 1993 ? 2000 ??????? ????? ??? ?? 330,000. [3]

"????? ????? ???????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? "????? ????? ???????" ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?- 1993 . "?????? ??????", ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? , ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???-???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? . ??????, ????? "????? ????? ???????" ???? ?"????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? 20 ????? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? , ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????". [4]

???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. [5]

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?-80% ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 20% ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. [6]

???? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ??????? , ??????? ?? ?????? ?????'?? , ???? ?? ? ????????? , ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?- 26 ?????? 1991 ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?-1991 ??? ????? ?? 75% ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????????. [7] ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??-????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????.

????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? "?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?'???-??? ... ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????".

?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? "???? ??? ?????? ????". [8] ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????' ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? "... ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ?????????? ????" [9]

??? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?- 1993 ????? ??? ??????? ??????? 77% ????? ? ??? ??? ?-68% ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??. ?-1993 ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

???????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? 1995 ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? "????? ??"????". [10] ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 30% ???? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ???"? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?"??? ?- 30 ????? ?- 18 ??????? 1995 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????, ? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????-??, ????? 877 ?"? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??... ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????-??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? 72 ????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? 70 ???". [11]

??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??-???????. ?? ?? ???"? , ????????? ?? 1994 ?- 1995 ?????? ?-1.5 ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?-1.2 ??????? ????? (?? 12%) ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1995 ??? ?????????. [12] ?- 1996 ????? ???????? ?????? ??- 1997 ?????? ?????? .

??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ????????????? , ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? 85% ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. [13] ????? ???"? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? 1995 ? 1997 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 24 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????... ???? ????? ????? ?"?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? " (Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization)... ?-70% ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1996 ?-1997 (????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????) ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????) ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 20% ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?- 1996 ???? ?????? ?"?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???". [14] ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 50% ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????. ????? ? ??-????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?? 3.21% ?- 1987 , 14% ?- 1997 ?-7% ?- 2002 . [15]

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?"?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????". [16]

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????-????????, ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 89%. ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????.

???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?-41 ????? ?-1,000 ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? , ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???????? . [17] ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?-12% ????? ?? 0.28 ????? ????? ????? ?????. [18]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? 93 ???? ???? ??? 1,000 ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? 23 ??? 1,000 ???????. [19] ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???-????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. [20]

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? "????'??" (꽃제비). [21]

????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 1957 . [22] ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? (????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? 600 ??? ????? ???? ?"??? ???????"): [23]

  • ????? ?????? ???????: 900 ??? ????
  • ?????? ??????: 700 ??? ????
  • ??????: 300 ??? ????
  • ????? 2?4: 200 ??? ????

??? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ????? ?? 62% ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?- 1997 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?-6% ?????? ?????? ???????. ?- 1987 ?????? ???? ????? ?-10%, ?- 1992 ??? ????? ?? 10% ??????, ?- 1994 ?????? ???? ????? ?-450 ??? ???? ?-400 ??? ???? ??-1997 ?????? ???? ????? ?-128 ??? ????.

???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?-167 ?"? ?-108 ?"?. ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? "?????? ???????" ??? ?????? ?????. ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ????. [24]

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????"? ???? 1997 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?? , ??? ??? , ??????? , ????? ?????, ????? , ????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ??????????? .

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? 1994 ? 1998 ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 800,000 ?-1,500,000 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. [25]

?- 1998 ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????: "?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? 300,000 ?? 800,000 ????? ????, ?????? ??? ?- 1997 . ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 900,000 ?? 2,400,000 ???? ??? ????? 1995 ? 1998". ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? 2,000,000 ?-3,000,000 ????. [2]

??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 2,500,000 ?? 3,000,000 ???? ?- 1995 ??? ??? 1998 , ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. [26]

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ( ??????? ) ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????. ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????????, ????? ???? ????????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? [27] . ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? [28] .

??? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? 250,000 ???? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?? , ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? .

???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? "??????? ?????" (?????????: 써非車), ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. [29] ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? .

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? . ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?"???? ????? ?? ? ???????? ????? ???????". [30]

??????? ??????? ?????? ?- 2011 ????? ???? ??? ?-2 ???? , ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 15 ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. [31]

?????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1990 ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????"? . ??????? 1995 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? (???? ???? ????? ????? ????): [32]

?????? ?????? 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ??"?
?????? ??????? 150 3 60 48 12 352 198 458 542 407 493 80 431 59 23 3,314
??? 100 150 151 201 280 420 330 212 132 451 207 264 116 3,015
????? ????? 22 193 231 589 351 319 222 47 105 28 171 121 1 2,400
????? 394 380 501 361 198 248 571 168 143 201 125 20 26 145 61 71 47 3,661
??"? 544 505 904 791 1,000 1,231 1,508 1,178 944 845 1,097 307 721 375 298 95 47 12,390

??? ???? 1996 ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? (World Food Programme) ?? ???"? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?- 1999 , ???? ???? 600,000 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??. ?????? ??????? ?? ?'???' ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?-320,000 ????? ?- 2001 ?-28,000 ?- 2005 . [33] ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? "???? ????" ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? "????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????".

?????? ??????? (???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????-??? ) ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?- 2005 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????. [34]

????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?- 2006 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 500,000 ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. [35]

????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???, ????? ?????, ??? , ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?- 2002 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-21 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. [36] [37] ?- 2012 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????.

????? ????? ??? ?-2.7 ??????? ????? ?- 1997 ?-4.2 ??????? ????? ?- 2004 . ?- 2008 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?- 2007 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [38]

?- 2011 , ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?'??? ???? , ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???-????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?-1,400 ?-700 ??????? (??? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 2,000 ?? 2,500 ???????). [39]

????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? 2010 ????? ??? ?????. [40] ?- 2012 ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?-3 ?? 8 ?"? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????. [41] ?-45% ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????'?? ???? ??????. [42] ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???-???? ??? ??? ?'???-??? . [43]

?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? "????? ??????" ?????? 2012 , ??? ???? ?? ??? ?'???-??? ?????? 2011 , ??? ?-20,000 ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????-??. [44] ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? 2013 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????-?? ??? ???? ?-10,000 ??? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? . [45] ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? 2013 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??-????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. [46] ?- 2016 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???"? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? 2008 . [47] ????? ???? ????? ?-2016 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. [48]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Hagard, Stephan and Noland, Marcus (2007). Famine in North Korea: markets, aid and reform. Columbia University Press:New York
  2. ^ 1 2 Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics.
  3. ^ Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993-2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  4. ^ Demick, Barbara (2010). Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea. Sydney: Fourth Estate. p. 69.
  5. ^ Sandra Fahy, Mapping a Hidden Disaster: Personal Histories of Hunger in North Korea
  6. ^ North Korea: A Country Study, Government Printing Office, page 157
  7. ^ Demick, Barbara (2010). Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea. Sydney: Fourth Estate. p. 67.
  8. ^ Jordan Weissmann, How Kim Jong Il Starved North Korea, The Atlantic, Dec 20, 2011
  9. ^ "Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea", Hazel Smith, p. 66, United States Institute of Peace, 2005.
  10. ^ Victor Cha, The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future, Random House, 2012, page 128
  11. ^ "Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea", Hazel Smith, p. 67, United States Institute of Peace, 2005.
  12. ^ UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs, "Status of Public Health-Democratic People's Republic of Korea, April 1997"
  13. ^ David F. Von Hippel and Peter Hayes, "North Korean Energy Sector: Current Status and Scenarios for 2000 and 2005," in Economic Integration of the Korean Peninsula, ed. Noland, 89.
  14. ^ "Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea", Hazel Smith, p. 73, United States Institute of Peace, 2005.
  15. ^ Schwekendiek, Daniel. "A socioeconomic history of North Korea", Jefferson and London, McFarland Publishers, 2011, p. 60
  16. ^ "Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea", Hazel Smith, p. 88, United States Institute of Peace, 2005.
  17. ^ Analysis of situation of children and women in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ? UNICEF
  18. ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas (2014). "Fertility levels and trends in North Korea". Population-E. 69 (4): 433?445.
  19. ^ "Winter Set to Be Cruel in North Korea," ABC World Today, November 23, 2001
  20. ^ "Hungry for Peace: International Security, Humanitarian Assistance, and Social Change in North Korea", Hazel Smith, p. 91, United States Institute of Peace, 2005.
  21. ^ ???? ?? ???? ?????'?? , ???? ???? ??????
  22. ^ Marcus Noland (March 20, 2006). Transition from the Bottom-Up: Institutional Change in North Korea (PDF) (Report). p. 6.
  23. ^ Brooke, James (11 December 2003) As Donations Fall, U.N. Plans to Reduce North Korea's Food Aid The New York Times, Retrieved 31 January 2013
  24. ^ Vaclav Havel; Kjell Magne Bondevik; Elie Wiesel (October 30, 2006). Failure to Protect ? A Call for the UN Security Council to Act in North Korea (PDF) (Report). DLA Piper and U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. pp. 17?21.
  25. ^ Daniel Goodkind and Loraine West, "The North Korean Famine and Its Demographic Impact," Population and Development Review 27, no. 2 (June 2001)
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