???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20

	???? : ; ???? ?-19 ? ???? ?-20 ? ???? ?-21
	?????? : ; 1960?1969 - 1970?1979 - 1980?1989 - 1990?1999 - 2000?2009
	???? : ; <<< - 1980 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1987 - 1988 - 1989 - >>>

??? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ?-80 (?????????) .

???? ??80 ?? ???? ??20 (??????: ???? ??????? ; ? ???? : ??????? ) ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??20 , ????? ?? 1 ?????? 1980 ???????? ?? 31 ?????? 1989 .

????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? , ????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 1962 ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????, ??? ???????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ????-??-?? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??'????????? , ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? , ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?'?????? ??????? . ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? .

???????, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???'? ? ????? ????? , ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? . ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-70. ??????? ??-??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? , ?????? ??????? , ??????? ? ??? . ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??. ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?'?????? , ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ???????? , ?????? ????? ?????????? , ????? ??????? ???????? , ????? ?????-????? , ????? ???? ???????-???????? , ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? , ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? . ? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?'????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ??-????? .

?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????. ??????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? TCP/IP ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ???? 1989 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????-?? ?? ?- World Wide Web ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????, ???? ??80 ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? . ????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? 15 ?????? ??? ??? ?? 10.

????? ???? ?-80 ???? ????????? ????? ?-4.4 ?-5.3 ??????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?-1.33 ??????? ????? ??-480 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

? ??? ????? ????? ??80 (??? ?? ????? ???? ??90 ) ????? ??? ??Y .

?????? ???? ??80 ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? , ????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ??????? , ? ?????????? ??????? .

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??23 ???????? 1983, ??? ????? ?? 241 ??????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??

?????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??1947 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 1991, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ????? ???????? , ???? ??? ???? , ????? ?????? ? ???????? .
1979?1989: ????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? . ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ???27 ?????? 1979 ??? ??15 ??????? 1989.
1988?1980: ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?'?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?'?????? , ??? ? ?? ?????? . ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????.
1982: ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ?'???'?? ??????? ???? ???????' ???????? , ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??19 , ????? ?-2016 ?????? ????? ????? ^[^{???? ????
]}. ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? , ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ????????. ?? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? , ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????.
1983: ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? . ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? . ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? .
1986?1988: ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ??1986 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????, ??????? ???? 1988 ????? ??? ?? ???? 103 ?? ??? ?????? .
1988?1994: ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????'? , ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????'?.
1989: ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ? ????? , ??????? ???? 1989 ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????.
1989: ?????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?'???' ??? ??? . ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ???? , ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? (?????? ????? ?????? ?????) ?????? ??? ???? ?????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1989: ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? , ????? ?'???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? , ??? ????? ? ??????? ???? . ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? 1996.
1983?2009: ????? ??????? ???? ???? -

?????? ??????? ???-??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1983: ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? , ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ????? , ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 305 ?????. ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? 1984.
1985: ??? ????? ????? ????? ANZUS ? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? , ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ANZUS .
1985: ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 138 ????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??. ???????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????'? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? .
?????? ?? ?????? ??'???? ? ????? ???? ??80 ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ? ????????? . ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? .
????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??80: ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? (1980), ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? (1980), ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? (1983), ???? ???? (1985), ???????? ????????? (1987), ???? ?????? ???? (1989).

????????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????: ?????? (1980), ???????? (1980), ???? (1981), ???????? ??????? (1981), ??? ???? ?????? (1983), ?????? (1984), ????? (1986), ??? ???? (1986).

?????? ?????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ? ????? (1980), ?????????? (1984), ?????? (1989).

??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? : ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????'-?????? .

1980: ????? ????? ?????????? ? ? ????? ??? ????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? . ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ? ????????? .
1980: ???????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??-?? ???. ??, ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??80 ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????.
1984: "??????????" ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? "???????????", ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? . ??300,000 ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????.
1988?1991: ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????'?? , ???"? ?????? ??????????? , ????? ??????? 1986 ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????: ? ???????? ("??????") ?? ????????? ("????? ????"). ??1988 ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???'???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ? ?????? , ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? .
1989: ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ? ????? , ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? , ? ?'????????? , ? ??????? ?? ??????? (???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????).
1989: ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? 1990, ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
1989: ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ?'?????? ??? ????, ???? ?'?????? .

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ????? .

1980 ??1982: ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ; ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? .
1983: ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????, ????????? , ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? 1983 ??????? ????? ?? 1987. ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? G7 , ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
1984: ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???'?.
1984: ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???'? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????. ???'? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??34 ?????.
1989: ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? .
??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??80 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ??1985, ????? ? ????????? ???? ???? , ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? 1986, ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????? . ????? ???? ??80 ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? , ???? ? ??????? .
?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ????? ???? ??80 ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????.

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1975?1990: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??13 ?????? 1975 ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? 13 ???????? 1990, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? .
1980: ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? 1980 ??????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? , ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? , ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.
1980: ?????? ????? ???'? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??70 ? ????? ???????? .
1983: ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? .
1983: ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????-???? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? 1983 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? , ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.
1998-1984: ???? ?????? ?? ??PKK ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

**" ????? ??????? "** . ?????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????-??-?? . ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????.

1981: ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??1981 ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ????????? . ????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?? 1981, ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ??1983 ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??1986.
1982: ????? ???? ? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? .
1984: ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?'?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? , ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??300 ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? , ??????? ???? , ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??2,000 ???, ???? ?????.
1987: ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? 1980 ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ????? 1987 ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? .
1988: ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??1988 ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? .
1989: ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?"??????", ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? .
1989: ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? , ????? ??????? ????? ????'??? . ????? "?????" ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????.

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1980: ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? , ??? ????? ?????? ??? ? ???? , ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????????, ???? 60% ???????? ??????? ???.
1980: ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??1980 ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ("????? ???????") ????? ?????? ???? . ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
1981?1983: ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? (1960?1996), ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 1981?1983.
1986: ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?'?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? 28 ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? , ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????.
???????? ? ???? ??80 ? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? 14,000%, ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????, ???????.

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1983: ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? , ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? .
1985: ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? 1988.
1986: ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? "??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????", ???? ??1986. ????? ?????? 23 ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? .
1988: ???? ??? ??'??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ?'??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??'??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? 15 ???? ?? ???? ???? .

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1980: ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?? ???? ? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??1980. ???? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ???? .
1980: ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?'????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????.
1982: ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??1982 ??? 1989.
1983: ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???.
1983: ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????.
1987: ????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ???????? , ???? ?? ?????.
???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ??80 ???? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? , ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ????? .

1980: ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????.
1981: ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????-???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????.
??????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ???. ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??1989 ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? .
??????? ?????? ??????? :
- ????? ????? ??'?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??80 ????? ????? ???'? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ?????? ????? ???? 1979 ??? ?????? 1990, ???? ????? ??????? "??? ?????". ???? ????? ???? ??70 ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ? ???????? . ???'? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ^[1].
- ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? 1981?1989, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? . ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ^[1].
- ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???'? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??? ^[^{???? ????
  ]}^[1].
?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????:
- 1981: ???????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ????? ?????? ????? ^[2].
- 1985: ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? , ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? . ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ^[3].
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??: AOL ‏ (1983), ???????? (1985), ????? ???? (1986).

?????????, ???????, ????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????????, ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????):

12 ?????? 1980 ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?'????? ???? ????? ????? ????? .
8 ?????? 1980 ? ???????? ?????? ?'?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?'??? ???? ????? ????.
30 ???? 1981 ? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?'?? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?'??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??-?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? , ???? ?? ???? ? ????' ??? ????. ???? ???? ???? , ?'???? ?????? , ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????.
13 ???? 1981 ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??'? . ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? .
6 ???????? 1981 ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? , ???? ???? ??'???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.
14 ??????? 1982 ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?'?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????
21 ??????? 1983 ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?'????? ???? ? ????? .
1 ?????? 1984 ? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???'?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? 45 ????.
31 ???????? 1984 ? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??2,000 ????? ???? ????.
12 ???????? 1984 ? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? : ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???'? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???'? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??34 ?????.
28 ??????? 1986 ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????.
15 ???????? 1987 ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????.
16 ?????? 1988 ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???"? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?'???? , ??????? ????? ??"? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

?-6 ???????? 1981 ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??'???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?-30 ???? 1981
?-8 ?????? 1980 ???????? ?????? ?'?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?'??? ???? ????? ????

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???????, ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.

1980: ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? 1980 , ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.
1985: ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? . ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 268 ?????, ?-20 ?????? ????? ??? ?????.
1985: ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?-9,000 ??????, 30,000 ?????? ???50,000 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? .
1985: "??????? ?? ?????" ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????? 22,000 ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????.
1986: ??????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? , ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? , ?????? ????? ?? 1700 ???.

??????? ?? ??? ???? ?-1980
"??????? ?? ?????" - ????? ?????? ???? ?????
???? ???? ????? ???? ? ??????

?????? ???? ??? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1984: ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 42 ????? ?? ???? ????????? (MIC) ????? ?????? ????? ????? . ??500,000 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??8,000 ? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? 8,000 ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??150,000 ???.
1986: ???? ?????? ???? ?'???'? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???"? . ????? ????? STS-51-L , ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?'???'? 73 ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? , ??????? . ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????????.
1986: ???? ?'?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? , ??16 ?"? ?????? ?? ?????? , ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? . ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?'?????? ??? ?????-???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.
1987: ????? ??????? MV ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????????? . ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? "MT ?????". ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 4,386, ??? 24 ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
1989: ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ??????? , ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? , ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? 655 ?? ????? ???? (?????), ???? 1771 ?? ??????? ????'???? ????????? (??? ???? ?????), ???? 007 ?? ?????? ???? (?????), ???? 123 ?? ?'??? ????????? (???????)

???? ?????? ???? ?'???'? : ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?'???'?, 1986
???? ????? - ???? ?????? ????
????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? HIV ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????

???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? 1985 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1986, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? CDC , ???? ???? ?? ????? 1981 ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? HIV . ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??70. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? ??, ???? ??HIV ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? , ?????'? , ? ?'?? ????'? . ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??HIV ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? (???? ?????? ??1990), ???? ???' ????? (???? ?????? ??1990), ???? ???? ??????? (???? ?????? ??1991), ????? ?????? ?????? (???? ?????? ??1992), ????? ????? ?????? (???? ??HIV ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??1992), ????????? ??? ?????? .

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1989: ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?????? . ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 25,000 ?????? ^[4].

??? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? , ? ?????? ?? ??????.

1981: IBM PC ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? IBM , ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? .
1982: ??????? 64 ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??20, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? .
1984: ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? .
1985: ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.
1985: Microsoft Windows ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? 1985 . ???? 1988 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? windows-386 ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? 80386 .
1986: ???? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? IBM .

IBM 5150, ???? ?????? ?? IBM PC, ????? ???? 1981. ????? IBM ?-????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
???? ? ??????? 64 , ??? ??? ????? 1982 ?? 1994 ????? ??????? 17 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????.
? ??????? ?? ??? , ??? ???? ?-1984 ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????
???? ?-"????? 500", ??? ???? ????? 1987, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? 16 ?-32 ??????

?????????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? MS-DOS ‏(1981), Windows 1.0 ‏(1985), ?? Windows 2.0 ‏(1987).
? ??????? (????? ????? Compact Disc ?? CD) ? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? 1982 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? 74 ???? ?? ??????.
TCP/IP ‏ ? ARPANET ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??NCP ?-TCP/IP ??1 ?????? 1983, ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??TCP/IP ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????? .
?????? ??? (1983). ????? ?????? ?????? (1985).
??? FidoNet ( ??' ) ? ??1984 ????? ??? FidoNet ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? BBS ????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????????) ???????? (??????) ??? ?????? BBS ??? ??? ??????? ???? FidoNet, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??90 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? FidoNet.
World Wide Web ? ???? 1989 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????-?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? (Web) ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????-??. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? NeXTStep ??? ??????, HTML , ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ( URL / URI ), ????? ??? ?????? ???? ( ????? ), ??????? ? ???????? HTTP .

? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? 1982 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
?-1981 ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? MS-DOS ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??80 ??????? ??????? ?? ??90.
???? 1989 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????-?? ?? ?- World Wide Web ???? ???? ????? ?????

??????? ????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1981: HDTV ? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??21 .
1981: ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? " Smartmodem " . ??Smartmodem ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ??Smartmodem ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? BBS ????? ??80 ?????? ????-90 ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ??? World Wide Web ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??90.
1983: ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??camcorder ?????? (?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????) ? ?? Betacam ( ??' ) .
1984: ?????? ????? DynaTAC 8000X ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
1984: ???? D-50, ???? ? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? 1984, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
1985: ???? ?????????? ? ??30 ???? 1985 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????.
1988: CD-R ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ??CD-R ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????.
??? ???? ??????: ??? ? ???? ???? ?? Group 3 ?? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ^[5]. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??80 ?? ????? ???? ??90. ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? , ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????.
????? ????? ????? ?? VHS ???? ?? ?????? ?????? Betamax ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??VHS ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.

?-1984 ?????? ????? DynaTAC 8000X ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
????? ????? ???? ???? ?? Group 3 ?? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????.
????? ?- VHS ???? ?? ?????? ?????? Betamax ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????
?-Smartmodem ?? ???? ????
??? ???????? CD ???? ( ?????? ) ?? ????

??? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1981-1980: ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ??????? ? ????????? ?????'? 1 ? ?????'? 2 , ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??70 , ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? 1980 ? 1981 . ????'?? 2 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ? ????? .
1981: ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???"? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? 28 ?????? ???? ?????? 160 ??????????? .
1982: ?????? 7 ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? .
1986: ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ? ?????? ????????? ?????'? 2 ?????? ? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? .
1986: ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????'? 1 ??????'? 2 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ???? , ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ???? 2018, ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? (DSN), ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 2020 ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ? ??? ????.
1986: ???? ?????? ???? ?'???'? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ???"? . ????? ????? STS-51-L , ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?'???'? , 73 ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? , ??????? . ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????????, ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????.
1986: ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? : ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? , ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? , ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????).
1986: ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??19 ??????? 1986 ?? 1996. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??23 ???? 2001.
1988: ???? 1 ? ????? ????? ?? ???? 1 ??????? ???? .
1989: ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ? ?????? ????????? ?????'? 2 ?????? ? ????? , ?????, ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? (????? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ).

?????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1982: ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? .
1982: ?? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.
1986: ???????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????, ?? ? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ???? , ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1981: MTV ? ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????? . ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??80 ???90, ?????? ????? ?'????, ????? ???? ?'???.
1983: ??? ???????? ?? ?.?.? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?*?*? ????? 106 ?????? ??? (????? ????? ????? ????? ). ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?? ?? 2010 ?? ????? ???? ? ??????? .
?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????.
?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??? ???? ??80, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ????, ?????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ; ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???; ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? .
??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? : ?????, ??? ???? (1980), ????? (1981), ???? ?? ?????? (1982), ????? ?? ??? (1982), ???? ????? (1982), ???? ?????? (1983), ?? ????? (1984), ????? ???? ???? (1984), ???? ???? (1985), ???? ???? (1985), ???????? (1985), ??? (1986), ????? ???????? (1987), ??? ??? ??????: ???? ??? (1987), ?????? ???? (1987), ??? ????? ???? (1987), ???? ???? (1988), ????? (1988), ???? ???? (1988), ????? ??????? (1989), ???? ????? (1989), ?????? ????? (1989), ????? ?????? (1989), ????? ??????? (1989), ??????? (1989).

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20

??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?'??? ???? , ?????? ????? ???? .

??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? , ?? ???? .

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ?'???? ??'???, ????? ??? , ????? ?????? , ????? ?'??? ???? "pleated acid-washed", ?????? ????, ? ?????? (??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?" ????? " ?" ??????? ").

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? (??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? " ???? ?????? "), ????? ??? ???? "Wayfarer" ?? ???? ??? ??? (??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? " ??????? ??????? " ?" ????? ???? "), ????? ????? , ???? ???? , ?? ?????? ???????? (???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????).

?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ???????
????? ?'??? ???? "pleated acid-washed" ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20 ??????? ?????????

???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ????? , ????? ?????? , ????? , ????? ?'???? , ????? , ????? ????? , ????? ???'? , ????? , ????? ????? ? ?'???' ????? , ????? ????? ? ?'????? ?????? , ?? ???? ??? , ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ?'??? , ??? ????? , Guns N' Roses ?????? ????? , ??????? , ??? ??? , U2 ? ???????? . ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ,

?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????'??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? , ? ???? , ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???'????? ?????????? ??????????? ??.

???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ^[6]. ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ??????? , ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???.

?????, ? ???????????? , ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???.

???? 1981 ???? ???? MTV ?????? ?????, ??????? ??, ???????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? .

????? ???? ??80 ???? ????? ?'???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? (9 ?????) ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? (27 ??????).

???? 1985 ????? " ???? ???? " ???? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? .

???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? : " Call Me " ‏(1980), " Bette Davis Eyes " ‏(1981), " Physical " ‏(1981), " Every Breath You Take " ‏(1983), " When Doves Cry " ‏(1984), " Careless Whisper " ‏(1985), " That's What Friends Are For " ‏(1986), " Walk Like an Egyptian " ‏(1987), " Faith " ‏(1988), " Look Away " ‏(1989)

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??, ?????? ????? ?? VHS ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???? , ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???.

???? ?????: ????? ?????? (1980), ?????? ??? (1981), ???? (1982), ????? ?? ???? (1983), ?????? (1984), ???????? ??????? (1985), ?????? (1986), ????? ?????? (1987), ??? ???? (1988), ???? ?? ??? ????? (1989).
????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? (??????? ????? ?????? ????) ? ??.??. ? ??? ????? ??? , ????? ????? ? ????? ????? 2 , ????????? ???? ???????? ?'??? , ????????? ???? ???? , ???? 3 ? ???? 4 , ???????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ??'?? , ?????? 2 , 3 ??4, ???? ?????? , ???? ??? , ????? ????? ? ????? ????? 2 , ?????? ????? ????? , ??? ?????'? , ??? ???? , ??? ???? , ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? , ?????? , ????? ???? , ???? , ????? ????? , ????? , ???????? , ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? , ???? ???? ??? ???? ??13 , ???? ????? ?? 2 , ??????? , ????? ???? , ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ^[7].

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???-???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? : ???? ????? (1980), The Covenant ( ??' ) ‏(1981), Space ( ??' ) ‏(1982), ??????? ????? (1983), ??? ??????? (1984), Skeleton Crew ( ??' ) ‏ (1985), ?? (1986), ????? ???? ( ??' ) (1987), ??????? ???????? (1988), ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??????? (1989)
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???"? ????? ?????: ??? , ???????? , ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ?? ???? , ???"? , ?? ????? , ?? ??? ??? , ?????? , ????? , ???? ????? , ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? , ??? ??? ?????? , ?????? ????? ????? , ????? ???? , ??? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????, ????? ??? ????
??????/?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? : ?? ??? ????? (1982), ??? ?????'? (1984), ?????? ????? (1985), ??????? (1986), ?????? (1989).

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ??????? ?? Nintendo Entertainment System (?? ?????? NES) ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????

?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?? 1980 ??? ????? ??-?? , ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ??????? , ???? ??? 1983 ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? . ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, Nintendo Entertainment System , ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??? , ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? , ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? LCD ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? .

????? ????????? ????? " Game & Watch " ??? ??????? ????? ??80, ?? ?????? ????? ??90 ?????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ????.

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????: ??-?? , ????? ???? ???? , ????? , ????? ???? , Final Fantasy I , ????? ???? , ????? ?? ???? , ?????? , ????? ???????? , ???? ??????? , Galaga , ????? ????? 1 , ????? , ????? ????? , Castle Wolfenstein , Q*bert , ???? ???? , Duck Hunt , ??? ???? 1 , ??? ?? 1 , ???? , ???? , ????? ??? , Xonix , ?????? , ???? ???? , ???? ???????? , ???????? , ??? ???? , Out Run ( ??' ) ? ??????? .

????? ????? ???? ???? , ??? ???? ????? 1985, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????
?" Game & Watch " ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?-90 ?????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ????.
????? ??-?? , ??? ???? ????? 1980, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?-80

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ?????? (1980) ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? 64 ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ??1979.
?????????? ???? ?????? (1980) ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????.
?????????? ??? ???'?? (1984) . ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ( ??? , ?????? , ? ????????? ?????? ???????) ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? 1980.
?????????? ?????? (1984) ????? ? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? .
?????????? ????? (1988) ????? ? ????? ???????? ???????.
? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 1982 ????? ??? 1986 ??????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ???????: ?'??? (1983).
????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????-??????? ^[8].

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? "????" :

????? ????? (1980) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ^[9].
?? ?????? (1981) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ^[10].
????? ????? (1983) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? 1983, ????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ^[9].
???? ???????? (1983) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ^[11].
??? ???????? (1985) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?"??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????" ^[12].
?????? ????? (1986) ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ^[13].
?????? ?????'?? (1987) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????'?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ^[14].
?????? ?????'?? (1989) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??1989 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[14].

????? ????? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ?????? ?????'??
????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????
????? ?? ??????
?????????? ?????? ?????

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????:

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ??. ??. ( 1982 ), ???????? ???? (1987), ???? ???????? ?'??? ? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ( 1984 ?? 1989 ??????), ????.
?'???' ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?'???.
??? ????? ? ?????'?? ( 1988 ), ????? ( 1989 ) ????.
?'???? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ( 1984 ), ???? 2 ( 1985 ), ???? ?? ????? ?????? ( 1986 ), ?????? (1989).
????? ?????? ? ?????? ( 1980 ), ???? ?'??? ( 1987 ).
????? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ( 1983 ), ????? ??????? (1987) ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

???? ??80 ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ? 1980 ?????? , 1981 ?????? , 1982 ?????? , 1983 ?????? , 1984 ?????? , 1985 ?????? , 1986 ?????? , 1987 ?????? , 1988 ?????? , 1989 ??????

??????? ????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??1981 ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

?? 1982 ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? .

?? 1982 ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? (?? ????? ????: "????? ?????"). ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? " ?????? ". ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? 40 ?"?, ?? ??"? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? . ??"? ???? ?? ???? ??"? ?????? , ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? , ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??"? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? 1986, ????? ?????-??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.

??????, ????? ???? ? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?-444.9% ????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?-20% ????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? 1986 ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ???? .

???? 1983 ??? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? , ? ???????? ????-?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? 1984 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? 1988 ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? , ??? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? 15 ???? 1990 ????? ?"? ? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ????-?????, ????? ????? ????? ??? " ?????? ?????? ". ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ????-????? ???.

??? ?????? 1984 ?????? 1985 ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? " ???? ??? ". ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??8,000 ?????? ??????? , ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????.

???? 1988 ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?"???? ????????". ????? ????? ????? ?'?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? , ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? , ??? ?? , ? ???? ????? . ???? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (????? ? ????? ) ????? ??? ???? ? ??????? , ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? "?????? ?????". ? ???? ??90 , ???? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? , ? ???? ???? ???? .

???? 1987 ??? ?????????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? 1991 ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 1993 .

????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? : ???? ???? ???? , ??? ???? , ???? ?? ???? , ????? , ???? ????? ????? , ???? ??? , ????? ???? , ?????? ??????? , ??? ???? 2 , ????
??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? : ???? ?? ?????? (1981), ???? ??? (1981), ???? ???? (1982), ?????? ?????? (1983), ???? ?????? (1983), ?????? ?????? (1985), ???? ??? (1986), ??????? ???? ???? ?????? (1987).
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????: ???? ?? ???? , ?????? ?????? , ??? ????? ???????? , ?????? ????? , ??? ???? , ???? ???? , ????? ????? , ?????
?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? 2009, ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?' (25 ?????) ????? ?????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ³ ????: ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ????: ????? ?????: ???? ?????? ??? ?????? - ????? 7 , ???? 56:30-49:18
^ ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? , ???? ?????????? ?? ???? , ??? 31:34
^ ?????, ???, ?????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ?????????? ?? ???? , ??? 32:54
^ George C. Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present
^ The History of Fax (from 1843 to Present Day) , faxauthority
^ ??? ?????, ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???: ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-80 , ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? , 04 ?????? 2017
^ "All-Time Worldwide Box Office" . IMDb . ????? ?- ????? ?-2011-11-26 .
^ Postmodern architecture , Designing Buildings Wiki
^ ¹ ² "Ronald Reagan: 1980, 1983 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .
^ "Lech Walesa: 1981 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .
^ "President Reagan and Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, the heads... - UPI Archives" . Upi.com. 1983-12-26 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .
^ Jennings Parrott ( 30 ?????? 1985 ). "Time Picks China's Deng Xiaoping as Man of the Year" . Los Angeles Times. {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ "Corazon Aquino: 1986 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .
^ ¹ ² "Mikhail Gorbachev: 1987, 1989 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .

[הערה_מספר_20190120231209:0-1] ¹ ² ³ ????: ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ????: ????? ?????: ???? ?????? ??? ?????? - ????? 7 , ???? 56:30-49:18

[2] ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? , ???? ?????????? ?? ???? , ??? 31:34

[3] ?????, ???, ?????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ?????????? ?? ???? , ??? 32:54

[4] George C. Kohn, Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present

[5] The History of Fax (from 1843 to Present Day) , faxauthority

[6] ??? ?????, ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???: ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-80 , ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? , 04 ?????? 2017

[7] "All-Time Worldwide Box Office" . IMDb . ????? ?- ????? ?-2011-11-26 .

[8] Postmodern architecture , Designing Buildings Wiki

[autogenerated1-9] ¹ ² "Ronald Reagan: 1980, 1983 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .

[10] "Lech Walesa: 1981 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .

[11] "President Reagan and Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, the heads... - UPI Archives" . Upi.com. 1983-12-26 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .

[12] Jennings Parrott ( 30 ?????? 1985 ). "Time Picks China's Deng Xiaoping as Man of the Year" . Los Angeles Times. {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[13] "Corazon Aquino: 1986 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .

[autogenerated2-14] ¹ ² "Mikhail Gorbachev: 1987, 1989 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME" . Content.time.com. 2006-12-16 . ???? ?- 2018-08-02 .

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