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????? ???? 1499, ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ??????????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
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(?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ???????, ??????? ?????) ??????
??????
. ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1819, ??? ??? ???? 1830
???????? ???????? ??????
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???????? ????????, ???? ?? ????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?
???????
??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? 1858, ????? ??? ??
????? ????? ?? ????????
???? 1863, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? 1886. ???? ???? ?????????? ???? 1903.
????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?-1843 ?-1848 ??????, ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ???, ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?
????? ??? ?????
(1899?1902) ??- La Violencia (???????), ??? ?-1948. ??? 1960, ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????-????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? 1990. ????? ???, ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
?????
, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?
?????? ????????
. ???????, ????? ????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? 2002.
???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????-??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????
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????? ?? ????? "????????" ???? ??
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Cristobal Colon
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Cristoforo Colombo
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?????? ?-1819 ??????? ?????? ??
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(??????? ?????????: ????????, ????, ??????? ????????).
???? 1830, ?????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????: ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? 1858 ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????, ????? 1863 ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? - ???????? ???????? - ???? 1886.
????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ???, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ?
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, ???? ????????? ?-
1499
. ?-
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1533
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, ??? ????? ?? ?????).
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????? ????? ?? ???
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1717
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???? ?-18
?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ???? ????
????????
??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ?-
20 ?????
1810
?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????; ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????-???????, ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????
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, ?
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, ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?
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1819
. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
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, ????? ?? ?? ????, ??????? ????????.
????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ???????, ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ????
1821
, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??, ??????? ?????? ?-
1830
????? ?????? ?????? -
???????
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?????? ??????
. ????
1863
???? ?? ?????? ?
????? ????? ?? ????????
??-
1886
??? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ???????? ????????.
??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ?-
1899
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?
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???? ??? ??????. ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?
????? ??? ?????
. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-100 ??? ???. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? (???? ?????????) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???????
????????? ??????
?-
1903
.
?????? ??????? ??
???? ?-20
????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 1930 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??
???
???????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ?-1934 ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?
????? ????? ??????
????? ???????? ????????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??
?????? ????
, ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????.
????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?-9 ?????? 1948 ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ?"?????????". ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??? "?? ????????" ([?????] ???????). ?????? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ?-200 ??? ??????, ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????.
?-1953 ??????
????? ?????
?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? 10 ???? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ??????????
?-16 ???? ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 4 ????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??
??????
. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ???, ????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?-1964 ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? "?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ?????
FARC
. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???
ELN
. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ????, ??????, ????? "?? ?????" ????????????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? "???????????", ???? ?????? MAS ? muerte a secuestradores (???? ???????) ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?
??? ?????
, ?????? "??????" (cartel). ?????? ??? ????? ?????????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?
??????
, ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.
?????
???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20
??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??
???? ??????
, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?-1982, ?? ?? ???????
???? ??????
??? ??? ?-1984 ?????? ???? ????????. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??-???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ?-80 ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????: ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????,
??????????
??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? 1989 ?????? ?????
????? ???? ??????
?????? ??????? ?
????
, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????
???? ???????
. ?????? ????? 107 ???, ?????? ?????
????? ?????
, ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????.
?-1990 ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????. ?-1991 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????
???? ????
. ????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?-2 ?????? 1993 ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ????, ????? ?-1998.
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????, ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ?-90 ???? ?????? "???? ?????" ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? AUC (????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????) ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????: ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ?-AUC ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?-90 ?????? ???? ?-2000 ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?
?????
??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????: ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????? FARC ?-ELN ?????? ????? AUC. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???????? ?
???????
. ??? ?? ???
???????? ?? 11 ???????
?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?-FARC ?
??-??????
????? ??? ?
???? ???
????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?
????
????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????.
?-2002 ???? ?????
??????? ??????
???? ??? ??????
?????
?????
????????
. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?-1983 ???? ?-FARC. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?
??? ???????
???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (??? 3 ??????? ????) ??? ????? ???????? ????? "?????? ????????" (Plan Colombia). ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? AUC ???? ?? ??? ??? ?-FARC ??-ELN ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? "?????? ????????" ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ?-2006 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????. ???? 2008 ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? ?? FARC, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? (??? ?????? ????-????????? ??
???? ?'????
).
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? 2010 ???? ????? ?? ??????,
???? ????? ?????
. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??-2012 ????? ????? ????? ?? FARC ?-ELN ??????, ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????
??????
???????, ??????? ???????? ?????. ?-2015 ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ELP.
??????? 2016 ????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????,
???? ????
??? ???????? ?????? ?-FARC
[5]
. ?-2 ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????
???? ??
?????? ?????. 50.23% ???????? ?????? ???, ??? 49.76% ??????? ???, ?????? ????
[6]
.
?-2016 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ???????
?????? ?????
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?????? ????
?? ????? ?? ???????
[7]
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.
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. ?? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???????? 2005, ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
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??????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ???? 1,143,748 ??"?. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????/??? ??? ?'??? ??????. ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?-5,500 ??? ??? ??? ???.
- ????? ??????? ?
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[10]
.
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???? ?
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?????? ????????
.
30 ???? ?????? ?? ???? 100,000 ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ????? 54% ???? ??????, ???? ?? 3 ???? ?? ??????????.
???? ???? 2021, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? 7,715,800 ??????, ?????, ?? 2,490,200 ??????, ????, ?? 2,205,700 ??????, ????????, ?? 1,273,600 ??????.
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????
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[11]
. ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ?? ?
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2,205,700
|
13
|
???? ????
|
??????
|
484,000
|
4
|
???????
|
?????????
|
1,273,600
|
14
|
????????
|
????
|
468,200
|
5
|
??????
|
??????
|
914,600
|
15
|
??????
|
????
|
420,900
|
6
|
????'?
|
??????????
|
749,000
|
16
|
??????
|
???????
|
399,300
|
7
|
??????
|
????? ?? ??????
|
748,900
|
17
|
???????
|
???????
|
395,200
|
8
|
?????
|
?????????
|
664,100
|
18
|
?????
|
????
|
340,500
|
9
|
????????
|
??????
|
597,300
|
19
|
?? ???? ?? ????
|
??????
|
305,400
|
10
|
????
|
????????
|
536,400
|
20
|
??????
|
??????
|
297,100
|
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ?-49% ?? ?????????? ??
??????
, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?
????? ??????
, 37% ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????), 23% ??
???????
, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?
??????
, 3% ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?
?????
??
???? ?-16
???
???? ?-19
. ??? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? "???????" (Mestizaje) ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??????.
???? ???? 2023, ?-64.8% ?? ??????? ??
??????
, 18.2% ??
??????????
. 0.3% ???? ????? (
?????
,
?????
,
?????
?
???????
) ?-16.6% ???? ??/
????????
/
???????????
.
?????? ??????? ????? ??
??? ????
???
????????
, ??? ??????? ?? ????
??????????
?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????-???????.
????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????
[12]
?-5,000 ?? 10,000 ???
[13]
.
?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???
??? ?????
, ????
?????? ????????
, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????.
- ??? ???????? ?????
?? ????????
(???????)
- PEC
- ????? ?????? ???? (??????)
- Casa de Narino
- ???? ???????? ????? (??????)
- ???? ?????,
????????: ???????? ?'??? ????? ????? ??????'
, ????
ynet
, 6 ???? 2012
- ?????? ???,
?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????
, ????
?????
, 01 ??????? 2017
- ??? ???, ?
?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????
, ????
GoTravel
- ??? ?????, ?
?? ?? ??????: ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
, ???? ?
????
?, 10 ??????? 2023
- ????????
, ????
??????????? ????????
(???????)
- ????????
, ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
- ^
????? ??? ?????
- ???? ???
Worldometer
, ??? ?????? ?-28 ???? 2021
- ^
????? ?????????
- ???? ???
Worldometer
- ^
????? ??"?
- ???? ???
???? ??????
, ??? ?????? ?-1 ????? 2023
- ^
??? ?????? ?????? ???? 2022
???"? ?????? ?-2024 ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (UNDP) ??
?????? ????????
- ^
??-??,
??? ?-50 ???? ?????: ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????
, ????
?????
, 27 ??????? 2016
- ^
???????? ???????,
????? ?????????: ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
, ????
?????
, 3 ???????? 2016???????? ???????,
????? ?????????: ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
, ????
?????
, 3 ???????? 2016
- ^
????????: ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 24 ?????? ??? ?? ??????
, ????
????? ????
- ^
???? ?????, ?
????????: 24 ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
, ???? ?
????
?, 6 ???? 2021
- ^
???:
List of countries and dependencies by area
? ????.
- ^
"
Colombia
".
Ethnologue.com
- ^
Colombia
. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^
Moreno, Aliza.
Conversos de origen judio en la Cartagena colonial
. Universidad Javeriana, 2018
- ^
"
Colombia
".
U.S. department of State