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???? ??2023 ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??5.3 ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? 65% ?? ?????????? ???????? ^[1] ??? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ^[2] ????? ??? ?????? 2016 ??? ??78% ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ^[3] ????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ? ????? , ???????? ????? (?? ????? ??? ???? ???) ????????: ?????, ??? (?? ?? ??????), ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????. ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? .

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?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? . ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? . ????: ????? ????, ???????, ?????? ????????????? , ????? ???????? ????. ^[4]

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• FTP - ???????? ????? ?????. ???? FTP ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??FTP ?????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? Archie . ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? FTP ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? (???? ??????).
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• Gopher - ??? Gopher ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????.
• Veronica - ????? ???? ?? ??? Gopher, ?? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???.
• Usenet - ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ????? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??WWW, ????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ???? FTP, ????? ??? ?? ???? Gopher.

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???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? " ????? ?????? ", ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? , ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??2011 ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 2015.

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• ???? ???????? (e-commerce) - ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? . ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.
• ????? ????? - ??????? ????? ??????? (banners), ????? ????? ?????? ????? , ????? ?????? , ????? ???????? ????.
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• ???? ???????? ??? ????? ( B2B - ???? ?????? ?? Business to Business) - ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????.
• ????? - ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? (??????? ?? ?? ??? ???????), ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????.
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????? ???? ????? ?? 2009 ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ^[5] ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??3 ?????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??, ????? ?????? ??? ?????? 1.9 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

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???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ^{[ ???? ???? ]} , ?? ????? ???? ??????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? "A Logic Named Joe" ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??1946. ^[6] ?????? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? "?????", ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ???????? , ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? (packet switching). ???? ??? ???? ? ????? RAND ?? ??? ??? ??? , ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 29 ???????? 1969 ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???'?? ???? ?'???? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? , ???? ????? ????? LOGIN.

????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ???? 1969 ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? (Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ?? DoD ARPA) ????? ????? ARPANet . ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?-RAND ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? 1 ?????? 1983 , ?????? ?????? ?? ARPANet, ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? NCP ?????? ??????????? TCP/IP , ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? - ?????? ?????? ??????.

???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? , National Science Foundation, ?????? ???? 1986 ???? ???? (backbone) ????????????????, ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ARPA, ??? ?? ????? NSFNet.

???? 1989 ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? (Web) ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? NeXTStep ??? ??????, HTML , ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ( URL / URI ), ????? ???? ( ????? ) ?????? ???, ??????? ? ???????? HTTP .

?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? 1990 , ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? CERN - ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? 1991 ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? CERN, ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? 6 ??????? 1991 ???? ????? ??WWW ?????? ?? CERN ???? ??? ????????. ??? ??WWW ?????? ???????? ??? info.cern.ch. ^[7] ?????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ?????? 2 ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??600 ???? WWW. ???? 1995 ??? ?????? ??100 ??? ???? WWW ????? 1997 , ??? ??? ??????? ???? WWW.

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• "?????? ?? ??? ?????" ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
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??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? IP . ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? IP . ??? ???? ?????? IP ?????? ???????, ???????, ????? ??? ????; ?????? IP ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????, ???? ?????? , ????? , ????? ????. ?????? ??IP ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???????? ??IP ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???, ?????? LAN , WiFi , DSL ????. ???????? ??IP ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? UDP ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (?????? ??????? ????? ???? ), ????????? ?? TCP ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? (?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ). ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? TCP/IP ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????.

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????? "???????" (???????, internet) ??? ????? ?? ????? "Interconnected Networks"‏, ^[11] ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? (??????? the Internet) ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??20 ?????? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??.

??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? (?? "??? ?????? ???????") ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ^[12] ??? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????????? ??? ?? ??1998. ?? ?? ?? "????? '?????????' (?? ???? '?????'; '?????') ????? ????? ?? ????? '???' ?????? ?? ????? ??"? ???? ????? ????? '?????'". ^{[13] [14]} ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?? ???, ?????? ?"???????" ????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ???????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? (???? ??? ????) ^[15] ; ?? ??? ?????? - ????? ????.

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• ???? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? , ?????? 2011 - ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? - ????????
• ?`???? ????, Popular Science, ??? ????? ????? , ???? nana10 ‏, 15 ????? 2009 (?????? ???? ????, 20.11.2021)
• ?????? ?????? | ??????, ???? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ???????? , ???? ???? , 10 ??????? 2009
• ??? ????, ????????? ?? ???????? , ????? " ???? ???? " ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? , 11 ????? 2011
• ??? ????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? , ????? " ???? ???? " ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? , 8 ??????? 2011
• ???????? ???????: 1.73 ??????? ?????? ???? ?-2009 ( ????? 04.02.2010 ??????? Wayback Machine ) , ???? TheMarker
• ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? , ???? E-News.co.il ‏, 12 ??????? 2010
• ?? ??? , ?? ????????? ?? ????????, ?? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? " ????? ???????? " (????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???)
• ??? ????????, ??????? ???? , ???? ????? ???? , 12 ??????? 2010
• ???? ???????, ??? ????? , ???? ????? ???? , 12 ??????? 2010
• IDG, 20 ?????? ???????? ?? ???? - ??? ?' , ???? TheMarker ‏, 9 ?????? 2011 (?????? ???? ????, 20.11.2021)
• IDG, ????? ??? ??????: ?????? ???????? ?? ???? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 30 ?????? 2011 (?????? ???? ????, 20.11.2021)
• ?"? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ???????? , ?? ???? ????? ??????
• How the Internet Works in 5 Minutes - ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? (???????)
• How the Internet Crossed the Sea , ????? ???? ?????? (????: 22:04) ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? (???????)

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