????????? ????? ????? ???

?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????????
????????? ????? ????? ???

?????? ????? ????????????: ???-?? ????????-??????? ??????? F-15E -???, F-16 -???, ?? F-15C ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? , ??????? ????? Lockheed AC-130 -???; ????????? ?????????? ; M728 ???????? ????????? ???????
?????? 2 ???????, 1990  – 17 ???????, 1991
17 ???????, 1991  – 28 ?????????, 1991
(6 ???, 3 ????? ?? 5 ???)
?????????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????????? ????
??????

????????? ??????????

  • ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????
  • ???????? ??????????????? ???????
  • ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????
  • ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
  • ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????
  • ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????
  • ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????
  • ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? 687 -? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????
  • ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? 689 -? ?????? ?????? ????-???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????????
  • ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????
  • 1991 ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????
  • ?????????????? ???????? ??????????
???????????
??????????
  • ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????
  • ???????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????
????????
ქუვეითის დროშა  ???????
აშშ-ის დროშა  ???
გაერთიანებული სამეფოს დროშა  ????????????? ??????
საფრანგეთის დროშა  ??????????
საუდის არაბეთის დროშა  ?????? ???????
ეგვიპტის დროშა  ???????
???????? :
ერაყის დროშა  ?????
?????????
??????
956 600 ????????, 700 000 ????????? ????????? ??????? [6] [7] 650 000 ????????
???????????
????????:
292 ??????? ???????? (147 ??????? ????????, 145 ???????? ??????????? ?????????)
467 ??????? ???????? ????????
776 ??????? ???????? [8]
31 ????????????? ?? ?????????????? [9] [10] [11] [12]
[13] [14] [15] [16]
28 ????????????? ?? ??????????? Bradley ??????? ???????? ???????
[17] [18]
1 ????????????? M113 ???????????????????
2 ????????????? ????????? Warrior ???????????????????
1 ????????????? ??????????? ?????????
75 ????????????? ???????????? [19]
???????:
4 200 ??????? ????????

12 000 ???????????? ????????
?200 ????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????
850-?? ???? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????
57 ????????? ????????????
8 ????????????? ???????????? ( Mirage F1 -???)
17 ???????? ?? 6 ???????????? ???? [20]

?????:
20 000?50 000 ??????? ???????? [21] [22]
75 000-?? ???? ??????? ???????? [8]
80 000?175 000 ???????????? ???????? [21] [23] [24]
3 300 ????????????? ????? [21]
2 100 ????????????? ??????????????????? [21]
2 200 ????????????? ??????????? ????????? [21]
110 ????????????? ???????????? [19]
137 ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ?? ??????????????? [19]
19 ???????? ?? 6 ??????????? ???? [19]
???????? ?????????? ???????????:
1 000-?? ???? ??????? [25]
600 ????-?????? ????????? [26]
?????? ?????????? ???????????:
3 664 ??????? [27]
?????? ?????????? ???????????:
75 ??????? ?? 309 ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????
????????? ????? ????? ??? ????????????

????????? ????? ????? ??? ? ???, ??????? ???? ???????????? 1990 ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 1991 ???? 34 ??????? ????????? ( ??????? ??? ) ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? -?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ( ????. Operation Desert Shield ) ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ( ????. Operation Desert Storm ).

???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???? ????

?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???-??? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????.

????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ??????, ????? 1990 ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????. ????-???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????.

XX ???????? 80-??? ?????? ????????? ????-?????? ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ????????????? 80 ???????? ???-?????? ????????. ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????. ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????.

????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????: ????-?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????? ????????????.

???? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

1990 ???? 2 ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???-???????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????. ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????“ ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????: ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??-19 ?????? ?????????? ?????????.

???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? 660 , ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????. 6 ???????? ????????? 661-?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. 29 ???????? ????????? 678-?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? 1991 ???? 15 ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????.

??? -?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ( ????. Desert Shield ). ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????.

??????????? ??????? ????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??????? ??? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ???????

1991 ???? 16 ??????? , ????????? 678 ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???. 17 ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ( ????. Operation Desert Storm ). ??????????? ??????? ?????? 1000-?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?? 10-??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????: ?????-????? , ???????-????? , ?????-?????? .

????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????: ???????????? ??????? ????????, ????????????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????, ?????-?????????? ????????, ???????, ?????????????????????? ?????????, ??????????????, ?????????? ?? ??????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? 4 %-?? ?????????.

????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????. ????????????? ????? ??. ???????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???-???? ????????? ??????? 300-??? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? 1000-??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????? , ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????????? , ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????????.

????????? ??? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? ??????????

1991 ???? 22 ????????? ????? ????????? ???? -?? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ???????? ????? 3 ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ?? ????????????? ??? ?? ?????????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????. ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? 24 ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????.

24 ????????? ???-?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????.

?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????. 26 ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???, ????-???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????????“ ????? ???????.

????????? ???? ?????????? 100 ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? 2 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???.

?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (?????. ?????) ?? ???????? (???. ?????) ???????? ??????. ?? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????.

???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????, ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????.

???????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? -?? ???? ?.?. ??????? ???????? ( smart bombs ) ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????-???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? 7,4% ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?.?. ?????????? ??????? ( ?????:Lang-enCluster bomb ), ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?.?. ????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? MIM-104 Patriot -?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.

?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? , ?.?. ??-??-?? -?, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ( ?????? ) ?? ?????????? ???????????.

???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

????????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????. ?????????, ??? ????? ??? -?? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? 378 ???????? ???????. ?????? 148 ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? 145 ??????? ????????????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? 1000-? ?? ?????????.

??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? 1500 ?? ???????? 200 000 ???????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? 25 000-???? 75 000 ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ??? -?? ?????? ???? ???? 71 000-??? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? 100-??? 35 000-??? ????????.

?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????:

აშშ-ის დროშა  ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? 294 (114 ????? ???????, 145 ??????? ??????????, 35 ????????? ???????)
სენეგალის დროშა  ???????? ? 92 (??????? ??????????)
გაერთიანებული სამეფოს დროშა  ????????????? ?????? ? 47 (38 ????????, 9 ????????? ???????) [28]
საუდის არაბეთის დროშა  ?????? ??????? ? 18 [29]
საფრანგეთის დროშა  ?????????? ? 2
არაბთა გაერთიანებული საამიროების დროშა  ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ? 6 [30]
კატარის დროშა  ?????? ? 3
ეგვიპტის დროშა  ??????? ? 1
ქუვეითის დროშა  ??????? ? 1 [31]

??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

??? -?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? 61,1 ???????? ???-?????? ????????. ?? ?????? 2/3 ?????? ???????? , ????????? , ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????.

?????????? ???????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

  • ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???-?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ( 1996 ???? ??????????) ?? ??????? ????? ( 1998 ???? ?????????) ??????????????????? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?? ???????????????.
  • ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??-??-?? -? ??????? ???, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
  • ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????????? 90.000-??? ????????? ???????? ?????????.
  • ??? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?.?. ????????? ????? ???? ????????? , ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? , ???????? ??? ?? ???????? .
  • ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????.
  • ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????-???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???-?? ??????????????? 2001 ???? 11 ?????????? ??????????? .

?????? ??????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

?????? [ ??????????? | ?????? ??????????? ]

  1. ↑ DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990?1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS . ????????????? ???????????? ? 2019-04-12. ????????? ??????: 2018-12-18
  2. ↑ Den 1. Golfkrig . Forsvaret.dk (24 September 2010). ????????????? ???????????? ? 12 ??????? 2011. ????????? ??????: 1 February 2011
  3. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (20 January 1991). ?WAR IN THE GULF: Turkey; Turkey's Role in Air Assault Sets Off Fear of Retaliation (Published 1991)“ . The New York Times .
  4. ↑ Persian Gulf War, the Sandhurst-trained Prince
    Khaled bin Sultan al-Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf     www.casi.org.uk/discuss ???????????? 2016-03-03 ?????? Wayback Machine .
  5. ↑ General Khaled was Co-Commander, with US General Norman Schwarzkopf, of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com ???????????? 2011-04-30 ?????? Wayback Machine .
  6. ↑ Gulf War coalition forces (latest available) by country www.nationmaster.com . ????????? ??????: 2007-09-13
  7. ↑ Hersh, Seymour (2005). Chain of Command . Penguin Books, ??. 181 .  
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Persian Gulf War . MSN Encarta. ????????????? ???????????? ? 25 ?????? 2019. ????????? ??????: 4 ??????? 2022.
  9. ↑ 18 M1 Abrams, 11 M60, 2 AMX-30
  10. ↑ CheckPoint, Ludovic Monnerat. Guerre du Golfe : le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna .
  11. ↑ Scales, Brig. Gen. Robert H.: Certain Victory . Brassey's, 1994, p. 279.
  12. ↑ Halberstadt 1991. p. 35
  13. ↑ Atkinson, Rick. Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War . Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. pp. 332?3
  14. ↑ Captain Todd A. Buchs, B. Co. Commander, Knights in the Desert . Publisher/Editor Unknown. p. 111.
  15. ↑ Malory, Marcia. Tanks During the First Gulf War – Tank History . ????????????? ???????????? ? 3 ????? 2016. ????????? ??????: 5 July 2016
  16. ↑ M60 vs T-62 Cold War Combatants 1956?92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby
  17. ↑ TAB H – Friendly-fire Incidents . ????????????? ???????????? ? 1 ?????? 2013. ????????? ??????: 5 July 2016
  18. ↑ NSIAD-92-94, "Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams". US General Accounting Office, 10 January 1992. Quote: "According to information provided by the Army's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, but four of these were quickly repaired. Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Pike, John. Operation Desert Storm . ????????? ??????: 5 July 2016
  20. ↑ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 (Air War) ???????????? 6 October 2014 ?????? Wayback Machine . . Acig.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2011
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Bourque (2001) , p. 455.
  22. ↑ Appendix - Iraqi Death Toll | The Gulf War | FRONTLINE | PBS . ????????? ??????: 2021-07-24
  23. ↑ The Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm 1990?1991
  24. ↑ Human Rights Watch
  25. ↑ The Use of Terror during Iraq's invasion of Kuwait . The Jewish Agency for Israel. ????????????? ???????????? ? 24 ??????? 2005. ????????? ??????: 22 June 2010
  26. ↑ Kuwait: missing people: a step in the right direction . Red Cross. ????????????? ???????????? ? 7 ????? 2016. ????????? ??????: 5 March 2014
  27. ↑ The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict . Project on Defense Alternatives. ????????????? ???????????? ? 4 ??????? 2016. ????????? ??????: 9 May 2009
  28. ↑ Roll of Honour . Britains-smallwars.com. ????????????? ???????????? ? 2011-05-01. ????????? ??????: 2011-05-13.
  29. ↑ Saudi Arabia ? Persian Gulf War, 1991 . Country-data.com. ????????? ??????: 2011-02-01.
  30. ↑ The Role of the United Arab Emirates in the Iran-Iraq War and the Persian Gulf War . Country-data.com. ????????? ??????: 2011-02-01.
  31. ↑ Role of Kuwaiti Armed Forces in the Persian Gulf War . Country-data.com (1991-02-24). ????????? ??????: 2011-02-01.
?????????? ? https://ka.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????????_?????_?????_???&oldid=4536918 “-???