??? 1980

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
??? 1980
??????? ????
??? ??
??????
??? 1980 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
????? ?????
1980 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
????? ????????
1989 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
???? ??? ?? ?????
إس تي إس-1الحرب الباردةحرب الخليج الأولىجدار برلينLive Aidحاسوب آي بي إم الشخصيكارثة تشيرنوبل
?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????: ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ≫ ??? 1981? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? 1989 ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? 1981? ????? ???? ≪???? ???≫ ??? 1985 ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? 1986? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????.

??? 1980 ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? 1 ????? ??? 1980? ?????? ?? 31 ?????? ??? 1989.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????.

?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? 39 ????? ??? (??? ??? 2013). [1] ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???.

??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????.

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????????? ≪???? ???≫ ?? ??? 1985.

??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ????? 1982 ? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? 1986? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? .

????? ??? 1986? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? (???????? ?????????) ?????????????? (?????) ???????? ????????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 1988? [2] ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??.

??? ???? ??? 1989 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? 1989 ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? . ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? 155 ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 1991 .

???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? 1985? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 1989? [3] ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1990. ?? ????? ??? ≪ ????? ?????? ≫? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1989? ????? ?? ????? 1990 ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ≪ ??????? ??????? ?????? ≫. [4] ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1985 ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1986? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????. [5]

???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 4% ??????.

???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????. [6]

?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? 1989? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. [7] ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1980 ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 1989 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1990 ?1991. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? 15 ?10 ??? ??? ???????. [8]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

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  2. ^ Lewis? Flora (29 ???? 1988). "FOREIGN AFFAIRS; Cold War Recedes" . New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-31.
  3. ^ "Recent advances in pediatrics-17" . Jaypee Brothers Publishers . ISBN : 978-81-8448-103-7 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-16 .
  4. ^ "Genetic Defect Screened Out; Healthy Twins Born" . latimes . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-16 .
  5. ^ "And Baby Makes Four: for the First Time a Surrogate Bears a Child Genetically Not Her Own" . people.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-16 .
  6. ^ "Sex-Selective Abortions During Past Three Decades May Explain Absence of Millions of Girls in India" . www.guttmacher.org . 29 ?????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-11-24.
  7. ^ Ian Brown (2013). Research Handbook on Governance of the Internet . Edward Elgar Publishing. ?. 7. ISBN : 978-1-84980-504-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.
  8. ^ Singhal? Arvind? Doshi? J.K.? Rogers? Everett M.? Rahman? S. Adnan. "The Diffusion of Television in India" (PDF) . Media Asia . ?. 15 ?. 4: 222?229. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-18 .