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??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????-????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??????? (????? ???????) .

????? "?????? ????????" ???? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-1957 ????? "?????? ????????" ????? 1993?2009, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? .

??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? " ??? ????? ".

??? ?? ? ???? ????

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??-????? ?? 27 ?????? ? ?????? . ^[4]^[5] ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 4,233,255 ??"?, ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-448 ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ????.

???? 2020, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? 5.8% ?????????? ????? ????? 2020 ????? ??????? ?????? ??"? (???? ????? ????? ???????) ?? ?-16.6 ??????? ????, ^[6] ?????? ????"? ??????. ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???"? (UNDP). ??? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? , ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ??????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ^[7] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? , ^[8] ?????? , ??? ^[9] ?????? ?????. ^[10] ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? . ^[11] ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?-20 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???"?, ? ????? ???? ?????? , ?- G7 ??- G20 . ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.

?????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?-1993, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?-2009. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? "????????" (?????, ????, ??????, ?????????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ), ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?-1948 ????? ????? ?? ? ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? 22 ?????? ????? ?-1973 ?? 2013.

???? 2012 ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? . ^[12] ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?-2020. ^[13] ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????

???: ?????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?-19, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???? 1920, ?'?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ^[14] ????? 1923 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ????-?????? , ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????????-????? , ?????? ???? ????? 1947 ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? (EPU*, ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????-??????, ??? ??????? ????? (??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????) ???? ? ??? ??????? ??'??? ?-5 ??????? 1929 ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????-?????? ?????????. ^[15]^[16]

?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-20 ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?'???? ???? 1941, ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? 1941, ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ??"? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? (1945) ?? ???? ?????-???? (1944). ^[17]

????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?-1943, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?-1944 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? , ??????? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?-1945, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? .

?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????. ^[18] ?-19 ??????? 1946 ????? ???? ????, ??????? ?'??'?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? 1930 ?"????? ??????" ?"????? ??????". ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? , ??? ????? ?? ???-?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ^[19]

???? 1947 ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?-1947, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ???, ?-12 ???? 1947 ?????? ???????? ????? ??-4 ???? 1947, ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.

??? ???? ?????? ??????? 1948 ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ?'????????? , ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? . ????? ??? 1948 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????.

????? ???????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? 1948 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? . ???? 1948, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (WU) . ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (OEEC), ????? ?? ?- OECD , ???? 1948 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? , ??????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? - ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? 1948 ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ????' ?????? , ^[20] ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?-5 ???? 1948 (???? ?????? ??"? ??? ??? ?????? ). ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? (?? ??????? ????) ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????.

???, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? 1950. ????? ????? ?????? ?-9 ???? 1950 (????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?? ?????? (????, ?????, ?????, ?????????, ???? ?????? ???????) ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ???? 1952 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? (ECSC), ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? , ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? 1949 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ^[21] ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 1948, ?-ECSC ??? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ^[22] ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ^[23] ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? 1951 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????"? ?????? ?-1949. ???? 1954 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (WU) ? ????? ????? ?????? (WEU). ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?-WEU ??? ? ???"? ?-1955, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?-1955 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ???? (1958-1972) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1957, ?????, ????, ??????, ?????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? , ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? (EEC) ????? ????? ???? ??????? . ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? (Euratom) ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1958. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (?-ECSC), ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?-EEC ??? ? ???? ???????? ( ?????? ???????? ) ?????? ?? Euratom ???? ???? ????? ( ?????? ????? ) ????? ??? ????? ???? ( ?????? ???? ). ^[24]^[25] ?-OEEC ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1961 ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? , ??? ?-OECD, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?-60 ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???-????? ???????. ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? 1965 ???? ????, ??-1 ????? 1967 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ????????? . ^[26]^[26] ?'?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ( ?????? ??? ). ^[27]

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (1973-1993) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1973 ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? (???? ???????), ?????? ???????? . ^[28] ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???, ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? (CSCE), ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? (OSCE). ?-1979 ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[29] ???? ?????? ???? 1981, ???? ???? 1985 ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ^[30] ???? 1986 ???? ? ??? ??????? ????? . ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?-1986. ^[31] ?-1990, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ^[32]

????? ????????, ??????? ???? (1993-2004) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? - ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? , ^[33] ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? - ????? ????? ?-1 ??????? 1993. ^[34] ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? 1993 ????????? ??????? , ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ?-1995, ??????? , ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?-2002, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?-12 ???????? ??????. ???, ??? ????? ??? ????? ?-20 ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? 2004, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? , ?'??? , ??????? , ??????? , ????? , ???? , ???? , ????? , ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????. ^[35]

???? ?????? ???????? (2004 - ????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-2007 ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ^[35] ?????? ??????? ????? ?-2008, ??????? ?-2009, ??????? ?-2011, ????? ?-2014 ????? ?-2015.

?-1 ?????? 2009, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ( ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ) ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? , ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? . ^[36]^[37]

???? 2012, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?"??? ?????? ????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???????". ^[38]^[39] ???? 2013 ???? ??????? ????? ?-28 ?????? ???????. ^[40]

?????? ???? ?-2010, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? , ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ^[41] ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? 2016, ???? 51.9 ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[42] ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?-29 ???? 2017, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?-31 ?????? 2020, ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 31 ?????? 2020. ^[43]

?????? ???? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-20 ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? "???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????" (NGEU). ^[44]

?-24 ??????? 2022, ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? , ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???. ^[45]^[46] ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ^[47]

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ???? 35 ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2030. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ^[48]^[49]^[50]

????? ??? ????? ???? 1989 ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????: ????? ???? ?????
??? ???? 2002 , ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ???? . ???? ??, ????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????
??? ???? 2008 , ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? , ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????: ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????-??????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? (????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????), ??? ?? ????? ??????????? (????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????). ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????: ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? (?????), ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? (??????).

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??, ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?-170.6 ??????? ???? ???? 2022, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 1,082.5 ??????? ???? ?????? 2014?2020, ?????? 1.02% ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1960, ????? ?????? ???????? ??? 0.03 ???? ?? ??"? .

?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?-54 ??????? ????, ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?-42 ??????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?-16 ??????? ????, 13 ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, 20 ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????, 2 ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????, 2 ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????,1.5 ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?-13 ??????? ???? ?????? ??????.

??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 22 ???? 27 ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?-10,000 ???? ????? ????? ??"? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 10 ?????? ????.

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??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????:


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?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????	???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???.	?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????	????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????	?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? (????? ??????) ????? ????? ??????

?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ????????: ??????? ??????? , ?????? ???????? , ????? ?????? ??????? , ??????? ???????? , ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? , ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ????? (????? ???????) ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.

??????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ?????? ????????
??? ???????	?????? ?????
1957	??????? ????????: ?????? ?????? ; ????? ????? ; ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ; ????????? ????????? ; ???? ????
1973	?????? ?????? ; ????? ????? ; ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?- 2020 )
1981	???? ????
1986	???? ???? ; ??????? ???????
1990	?????? ?????? ???????
1995	??????? ??????? ; ?????? ?????? ; ?????? ??????
1 ???? 2004	??????? ??????? ; ??????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ; ???? ???? ; ???? ???? ; ??????? ??????? ; ??????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ; ?'??? ?'??? ; ??????? ???????
1 ?????? 2007	??????? ??????? ; ?????? ??????
1 ????? 2013	??????? ???????

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? , ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????:

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?- 22 ???? 2004 ???????? ??????, ??- 17 ?????? 2005 ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ???????? ????? ???? 2008 ???? ???????? ??????, ^[51] ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?- 17 ?????? 2010 .
????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?- 2009 , ^[52] ??- 1 ???? 2012 ????? ??????? ????.
?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 2009 , ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 2014 .
???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?- 28 ??????? 2022 , ^[53] ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?- 23 ????? 2022. ^[54]
??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?- 3 ???? 2022 , ^[55] ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?- 23 ????? 2022.
?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?-15 ??????? 2016 ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?-15 ?????? 2022. ^[56]
??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?- 3 ???? 2022 ^[57] ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?-8 ??????? 2023.

?????? ?????? ?? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????:

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? 2009 , ^[58] ?????? 2010 ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???. ?- 2015 ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ^[59]

?????? ?????? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ?? ???????? ??? ?????.

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?-15 ?????? 2022. ^[60]

?????? ????? ???????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ???????? ????? ?- 1994 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ???????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ???? 1994 ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? 70% ???????. ^[61]
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?- 14 ?????? 1987 , ??????? ???? ??????? ????, ?- 1999 ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????????? 2005 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????. ???????? 2012 ???? ??? ????? ?????? , ??'? ???? ?????? , ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 2023 ??? ???? ?? ????????. ^[62] ?-2019 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ???????, ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????.

??? ??, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?:

?????? - ?????? ???????? ?????????, ??????, ??? ???????? ?????.
????????? - ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? .
????? ???????? - ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.

?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ??????? ????), ?????? ???, ??????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ??????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????:

?????? ???????? : ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? . ^[63]^[64]
????? ?????? ??????? : ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? (??????? ?? ? ??????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????? , ?? ??????? ???????? ). ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????:

??????? ??????? : ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? , ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? (??????? ?? ? ????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????? , ?? ??????? ???????? ). ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? 1979 . ??????? ?? ???? 766 ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???-????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? (???? ????). ^[65]^[66]
??????? ???????? : ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????). ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????-??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (??????? ??????? ?????? ??????). ?? ???, ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????; ????????, ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ????: ???? ?????? ??????? , ??? ??????? ??????? , ??? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? .

????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? , 1987
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???-???? ????, ????? , ????? .
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? , ??????

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ???? 17 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?"???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????" ??? ????? ?? "??????? ?????????? ??? ????????????".

?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? "?????? ????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ??????". ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??, ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? (?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????), ????? ??????????? ???? (?????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???), ???????? ???????????? ???????. ???? 2009, ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? 13 ??????, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????.

?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 2015 ?? ??? Eurobarometer, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? 71.6 ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??????? 45.3 ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???????????? ?????? 11.1 ??????, ?????-??????????? ?????? 9.6 ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? 5.6 ??????.

???? ??? ???? ?? Eurostat ???? ?-2005 ?-52% ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???, 27% ?"??????? ??? ?? ??? ????", ??-18% ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? (16 ????) ??'??? (19 ????). ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? (95 ????, ????? ???????) ??? ??????? ??????? (????? ???????????? ?????) ?? ??? ?? ?-90 ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???????, ???? ????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? 15 ?? 16, ???? "??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????".

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? 24 ???? ??????: ??????? , ??????? , ?'??? , ???? , ??????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? , ?????? , ?????? , ?????? , ??????? , ??????? , ????? , ????? , ?????? , ?????? , ?????? , ????????? , ?????? , ??????? , ??????? , ?????? ? ?????? . ?????? ??????, ???? ?????, ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????: ??????, ?????? ???????. ????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? 2012, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ??? 51 ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??. ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2020, ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?-13 ???? ?-1 ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? (18% ?????????? ?????? ???????), ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? (13% ?????????? ?????? ???????). ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? (56 ????) ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???.

??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????-????????, ???????? ?? ??? ?????-???????, ?????????, ????????, ???????, ???????? ??????. ?? ???? ????, ????? ???????, ?????, ??????? (?????? ??????) ??????? (????), ???? ???? ????-????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? (??????, ?????? ??????? ???????) ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????.

??????????? (??????????) ??????? (????????) ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?-26 ??????? 2016, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?"?????" ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ?-2004 ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????.

???? 24 ????? ???????, ?? ?-150 ???? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?? ??? ?? 50 ?????? ???. ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? (????): ?????, ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?-26 ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????
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?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (??"? ???? ?? 17.2 ??????? ???? ???? 2012). ^[67] ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? , ?????? ? ????? ; ?????? ? ???????? ??????; ????? ???????? ???????; ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ? ? ???? .

?? ???, ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?-2000 , ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? , ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?? ???, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.

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?? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? , ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? .

?????? ??????? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ? ????? ????? , ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????, ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??????????? . ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?'??? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.

**???? ????**
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????

???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (???: ???? ???? ), ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? 2010) ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? Frontex , ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.

???? 2019 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 2021 , ??????? ?? ???? ?-60 ??????, ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? , ETIAS. ^[68] ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 2025.

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????????

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????????, ????? ?????? ? ????? ? ??? , ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???? ???????-???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? , ? ?????? , ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ????? , ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???????? , ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??. ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? , ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ^[^{???? ????
]}

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????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? Culture 200 ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????, ?????? ???????: ????? ????????? ??-?????? , ?? ????: ?????? , 2014.
??? ?????????, ?????? ???????: ????????, ?????? ???????? , ?????: ??????????? ?????? , 2016.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????????, ??'???, ?????, ???????, ????????, ???????, ???????, ???????, ???????, ??????, ????????, ????????, ???????, ??????, ????????, ??????, ????????, ???????, ??????????, ???????, ????????, ????????, ?????? ????????)
??? ??????? ?????? ????????
??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
"??????? ??????" , ?????? ?????? 62, ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
????????? , 28 ??????, 24 ????, 500 ?????? ?????? - ???? ??? ??? ???? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 24 ????? 2016
????? ?????????, ? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????: 5 ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? , ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? , 19 ?????? 2019
??????: ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ???? ???? , 22 ????? 2021
?????? ??????? , ???? ??? ???? (???????)
?????? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? (???????)
?????? ??????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????
???? ?????, ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? (INSS) , ?? ????, ??? 2018

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ? ?????????
^ ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-CET - ???? ??????? ?????? (UTC+1), ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.
^ ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 2022 ???"? ?????? ?-2024 ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (UNDP) ?? ?????? ????????
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^ "Nobel Committee Awards Peace Prize to E.U"
^ "Croatia: From isolation to EU membership" . BBC News (??????? ??????). 2013-04-19 . ???? ?- 2024-04-12 .
^ EU Referendum Results - BBC News , www.bbc.com (??????? ??????)
^ "Britain Votes to Leave E.U., Stunning the World"
^ At the Stroke of Brexit, Britain Steps, Guardedly, Into a New Dawn , The New York Times
^ Recovery plan for Europe - European Commission , commission.europa.eu (???????)
^ Kurmelovs, Royce; Singh, Maanvi; Oladipo, Gloria; Rankin, Jennifer; Bryant, Miranda; Farrer, Martin; Singh, Royce Kurmelovs (now); Maanvi; Farrer (earlier), Martin (2022-03-09). "Foreigners travelling to Ukraine to fight invasion will be given citizenship ? as it happened" . the Guardian (??????? ??????). ISSN 0261-3077 . ???? ?- 2024-04-12 .
^ Photos: Russia invades Ukraine , CNN, ‏2022-02-15 (???????)
^ "EU Approves 450 Million Euros of Arms Supplies for Ukraine" . Bloomberg.com (???????). 2022-02-27 . ???? ?- 2024-04-12 .
^ EWB, Informal meeting of European Council in Grenada to discuss EU enlargement , European Western Balkans, ‏2023-10-03 (??????? ????????)
^ JAMnews, Charles Michel: EU and accession candidates must be ready for enlargement by 2030 , English Jamnews, ‏2023-08-28 (??????? ????????)
^ EU should be ready to accept 10 new countries: Official , Turkiye Newspaper, ‏2023-09-01 (???????)
^ ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 15 ?????? 2008
^ ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 22 ?????? 2009
^ ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 28 ??????? 2022
^ ????? ?????: ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 23 ????? 2022
^ Alexander Tanas, With war on its doorstep, Moldova applies for EU membership , ?????? , ‏3 ???? 2022 (???????)
^ ?????? ????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? " ?????? ", 13 ?????? 2022
^ Georgia’s PM Signs Application to Join the EU , ???? civil.ge, ‏3 ???? 2022 (???????)
^ ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 23 ????? 2009
^ ????? ?? ???????: ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ????? ‏, 14 ???? 2015
^ ??????‏, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ‏, 15 ?????? 2022
^ ????? ?????, ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ???? , ???? ????? , 2 ???? 2016
^ "???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? 2023 ?? ?????? ????" , ???? ? ???? ?, 31 ???????? 2012
^ measures taken regarding the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon
^ Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community , Article 9 B
^ "Professor Farrell: "The EP is now one the of the most powerful legislatures in the world"" . European Parliament. 18 June 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
^ Brand, Constant and Wielaard, Robert (8 June 2009). "Conservatives Post Gains In European Elections" . The Washington Post . Associated Press. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
^ Retrieved 26 April 20111= "Eurostat ? Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" . Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
^ ??? ?-2021: ????? ???"? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 8 ???? 2019

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[39] "Nobel Committee Awards Peace Prize to E.U"

[40] "Croatia: From isolation to EU membership" . BBC News (??????? ??????). 2013-04-19 . ???? ?- 2024-04-12 .

[41] EU Referendum Results - BBC News , www.bbc.com (??????? ??????)

[42] "Britain Votes to Leave E.U., Stunning the World"

[43] At the Stroke of Brexit, Britain Steps, Guardedly, Into a New Dawn , The New York Times

[44] Recovery plan for Europe - European Commission , commission.europa.eu (???????)

[45] Kurmelovs, Royce; Singh, Maanvi; Oladipo, Gloria; Rankin, Jennifer; Bryant, Miranda; Farrer, Martin; Singh, Royce Kurmelovs (now); Maanvi; Farrer (earlier), Martin (2022-03-09). "Foreigners travelling to Ukraine to fight invasion will be given citizenship ? as it happened" . the Guardian (??????? ??????). ISSN 0261-3077 . ???? ?- 2024-04-12 .

[46] Photos: Russia invades Ukraine , CNN, ‏2022-02-15 (???????)

[47] "EU Approves 450 Million Euros of Arms Supplies for Ukraine" . Bloomberg.com (???????). 2022-02-27 . ???? ?- 2024-04-12 .

[48] EWB, Informal meeting of European Council in Grenada to discuss EU enlargement , European Western Balkans, ‏2023-10-03 (??????? ????????)

[49] JAMnews, Charles Michel: EU and accession candidates must be ready for enlargement by 2030 , English Jamnews, ‏2023-08-28 (??????? ????????)

[50] EU should be ready to accept 10 new countries: Official , Turkiye Newspaper, ‏2023-09-01 (???????)

[51] ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 15 ?????? 2008

[52] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 22 ?????? 2009

[53] ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 28 ??????? 2022

[54] ????? ?????: ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 23 ????? 2022

[55] Alexander Tanas, With war on its doorstep, Moldova applies for EU membership , ?????? , ‏3 ???? 2022 (???????)

[56] ?????? ????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? , ???? " ?????? ", 13 ?????? 2022

[57] Georgia’s PM Signs Application to Join the EU , ???? civil.ge, ‏3 ???? 2022 (???????)

[58] ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ynet , 23 ????? 2009

[59] ????? ?? ???????: ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? , ???? ????? ‏, 14 ???? 2015

[60] ??????‏, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ‏, 15 ?????? 2022

[61] ????? ?????, ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ???? , ???? ????? , 2 ???? 2016

[62] "???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? 2023 ?? ?????? ????" , ???? ? ???? ?, 31 ???????? 2012

[63] sures taken regarding the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon

[64] Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community , Article 9 B

[65] "Professor Farrell: "The EP is now one the of the most powerful legislatures in the world"" . European Parliament. 18 June 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.

[66] Brand, Constant and Wielaard, Robert (8 June 2009). "Conservatives Post Gains In European Elections" . The Washington Post . Associated Press. Retrieved 17 August 2010.

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???? ??? ???? ?????
1901 ? 1925	???? , ???? (1901) ? ??????? , ????? (1902) ? ???? (1903) ? ????? ???? ???????? (1904) ? ??? ????? (1905) ? ??????? (1906) ? ????? , ??? (1907) ? ????????? , ????? (1908) ? ?????? , ?? ?????? (1909) ? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? (1910) ? ??? , ???? (1911) ? ??? (1912) ? ?? ????? (1913) ? ?? ????? (1914?1916) ? ???? ????? (1917) ? ?? ????? (1918) ? ?????? (1919) ? ????'??? (1920) ? ?????? , ????? (1921) ? ???? (1922) ? ?? ????? (1923-1924) ? ?'?????? , ??? (1925)
1926 ? 1950	????? , ?????? (1926) ? ?????? , ?????? (1927) ? ?? ????? (1928) ? ???? (1929) ? ???????? (1930) ? ???? , ????? (1931) ? ?? ????? (1932) ? ???'? (1933) ? ??????? (1934) ? ??? ???????? (1935) ? ????? (1936) ? ???? (1937) ? ???? ???? ????-????? ??????? (1938) ? ?? ????? (1939?1943) ? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? (1944) ? ??? (1945) ? ????' , ??? (1946) ? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? , ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (1947) ? ?? ????? (1948) ? ??? (1949) ? ????' (1950)
1951 ? 1975	?'??? (1951) ? ??????? (1952) ? ???? (1953) ? ?????? ???"? ??????? (1954) ? ?? ????? (1955?1956) ? ?????? (1957) ? ??? (1958) ? ????-????? (1959) ? ?????? (1960) ? ?????? (1961) ? ??????? (1962) ? ???? ????? (1963) ? ???? ???? (1964) ? UNICEF ‏ (1965) ? ?? ????? (1966?1967) ? ???? (1968) ? ????? ?????? ????-????? (1969) ? ?????? (1970) ? ????? (1971) ? ?? ????? (1972) ? ??????'? , ?? ?? ??? (???? ????) (1973) ? ??????? , ???? (1974) ? ????? (1975)
1976 ? 2000	??????? , ??????? (1976) ? ?????? ??????????? (1977) ? ???? , ????? (1978) ? ???? (1979) ? ?????? (1980) ? ?????? ???"? ??????? (1981) ? ?????? , ????? (1982) ? ?????? (1983) ? ???? (1984) ? ?????? ????-?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? (1985) ? ???? (1986) ? ????? (1987) ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? (1988) ? ?????? (1989) ? ?????'?? (1990) ? ?? ?'? (1991) ? ???'? (1992) ? ????? , ?? ???? (1993) ? ???? , ??? , ????? (1994) ? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? (1995) ? ??? , ????? (1996) ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ??????? (1997) ? ??? , ?????? (1998) ? ?????? ??? ?????? (1999) ? ??? (2000)
2001 ?????	?????? ???????? , ???? (2001) ? ???? (2002) ? ????? (2003) ? ?????? (2004) ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? , ??-?????? (2005) ? ????? , ????? (2006) ? ??? , ????? ????-?????? ?????? ?????? (2007) ? ???????? (2008) ? ????? (2009) ? ?????? (2010) ? ?'?????-?????? , ???? , ????? (2011) ? ?????? ??????? (2012) ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (2013) ? ??????? , ???????'? (2014) ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (2015) ? ????? (2016) ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? (2017) ? ????? , ?????? (2018) ? ??? ???? ? (2019) ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? (2020) ? ??????? , ??? ? (2021) ? ???????? , ??????? , ????? ???????? ??????? (2022) ? ????? ?????? , (2023)