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World Wide Web
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- 1980:
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- 1981:
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- 1987:
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- 1988:
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- 1989:
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- 1989:
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- 1980:
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- 1980:
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- 1981?1983:
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- 1986:
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- 1980:
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- 1980:
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- 1982:
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- 1980:
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???????
?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ??????
?
????
???????? ????????
???????????
????? ?????? ?
???????????
?? ???. ?
??????
???? ???????
?????? ???????????
?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?
????? ????? ??????? ??1989
??? ????? ?? ???
??? ?????? ?????
.
- ??????? ?????? ???????
:
- ????? ????? ??'?? ????????
? ????? ???? ??80 ????? ????? ???'? ?
??? ????? ???????
???????
?????? ???????
. ?????? ????? ???? 1979 ??? ?????? 1990, ???? ????? ??????? "??? ?????". ???? ????? ???? ??70 ????????
??????
?????? ??????? ?????, ??????
?????
?
????????
. ???'? ????? ?
????????
??????
??? ?????
?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????
??????? ????????
??????????? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?
?????
[1]
.
- ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
? ????? ????? ???? ?
???? ????? ?????
????? 1981?1989, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?
?????
. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????
[1]
.
- ????? ????? ??????
? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???'? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?
?????
????? ???
[
???? ????
]
[1]
.
- ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????:
- 1981:
???????? ????? ?????????
? ?????? ??
???
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???
????? ?????
????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?
?????
?????? ?????
[2]
.
- 1985:
????? ??? ????? ????????????
? ???? ????? ?????,
????? ?????
, ???? ?? ?
???
?? ?????
????
?
??????
. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
[3]
.
- ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??:
AOL
(1983),
????????
(1985),
????? ????
(1986).
?????????, ???????, ????????? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??????????, ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????):
- 12 ??????
1980
? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ?'?????
???? ?????
????? ?????
.
- 8 ??????
1980 ? ???????? ??????
?'?? ????
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???
??? ??????? ?'???
???? ????? ????.
- 30 ????
1981
?
?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
? ?????? ?'?? ??????, ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ???????
?'??? ?????
??? ??? ????? ???? ??-?????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ???? ???? ?
??? ???????
, ???? ?? ???? ?
????'
??? ????.
???? ???? ????
,
?'???? ??????
, ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????.
- 13 ????
1981 ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?
???????
????? ?????? ????
?
???? ????? ?????
?????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
???? ??? ??'?
. ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?
???? ?????
.
- 6 ????????
1981
?
???? ?????
????? ?????
???? ?????
???? ????
?
????
, ???? ????
??'???? ?????
??? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?????
????? ??????
????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.
- 14 ???????
1982
? ?????? ??????? ??????
???? ?'??????
???? ???? ?????? ?
???? ?????
- 21 ???????
1983
? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????? ?'?????
???? ?
?????
.
- 1 ??????
1984
? ???? ????????
?????? ???
???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???'?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? 45 ????.
- 31 ????????
1984 ? ???
????? ????
??????? ????
????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?
?????
???. ?????? ???? ?????? ?
??? ????
?????? ??? ?????? ??2,000 ????? ???? ????.
- 12 ????????
1984
?
?????? ????? ???? ????????
: ?????
???? ????? ??????????
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
????? ???'?
???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???'? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??34 ?????.
- 28 ???????
1986
?
??? ????? ??????
????? ????
???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????.
- 15 ????????
1987
? ???? ??????? ????
????? ???????
???? ????? ????? ?????.
- 16 ??????
1988
? ??????
???? ???? ?????
?????
????? ???"?
?????? ??????
?????
??
??? ?'????
, ??????? ?????
??"?
??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
-
?-6 ???????? 1981 ???? ???? ?????
????? ?????
?? ??? ???? ??'???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
-
?????? ???????? ?
???? ????? ?????
????? ?????
?-30 ???? 1981
-
?-8 ?????? 1980 ???????? ??????
?'?? ????
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?'??? ???? ????? ????
???? ????
?????? ???
??????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????
?????? ????
?????,
????????
???????,
??????
?
?? ?????
?????? ????? ??? ????? ??
??? ??????
?????? ?????.
- 1980:
??????? ?? ???? ??? ????
?
???????
??? ????? ??
?? ???? ??? ????
??????? ??
1980
, ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.
- 1985:
??????? ????? ?? ?????
? ???
????? ???
????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????
???
????? ??
???? ??????
. ?
??????
???? ????? ?? 268 ?????, ?-20 ?????? ????? ??? ?????.
- 1985:
????? ????? ??????? ????
? ??? ?-9,000 ??????, 30,000 ?????? ???50,000 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?
??????
.
- 1985:
"??????? ?? ?????"
? ??????? ?? ????
?????? ?? ?????
?
????????
????? 22,000 ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????
??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????.
- 1986:
??????? ????? ???? ????
?
??????? ?????
?????? ?
??? ????
, ??? ??? ?????? ?????
?????
, ?????? ????? ?? 1700 ???.
- 1984:
???? ?????
? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 42
?????
??
???? ?????????
(MIC) ????? ??????
????? ?????
. ??500,000 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??8,000 ?
???????
????? ?????. ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? 8,000 ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??150,000 ???.
- 1986:
???? ?????? ???? ?'???'?
? ??? ???? ??????? ???????
???"?
. ????? ?????
STS-51-L
, ??????? ??????
?????? ????
?'???'?
73 ????? ???? ??????? ?
???? ???? ????
,
???????
. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????????.
- 1986:
???? ?'??????
? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?
??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????
, ??16 ?"? ?????? ??
??????
, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?
???? ???????
.
???? ????
??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????
?'??????
??? ?????-????
????????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ???????????
????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.
- 1987:
????? ??????? MV ????? ???
? ???? ????? ?????? ?
?????????
. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?
????? ???
??? "MT ?????". ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 4,386, ??? 24 ?????? ?
??????
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
- 1989:
???? ???? ?? ????? ?????
?
???? ???????
, ????? ??????
??? ?????
?????? ????
????? ?????
, ?????? ?
???? ????? ??????
??????
?????
. ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.
- ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
?
???? 655 ?? ????? ????
(?????),
???? 1771 ?? ??????? ????'???? ?????????
(??? ???? ?????),
???? 007 ?? ?????? ????
(?????),
???? 123 ?? ?'??? ?????????
(???????)
????????
????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? 1985 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1986, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????.
????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????
(
??'
)
, ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????????? ?
?????? ?????
????? ??????, ??????? ?????????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.
???? ?
?????
????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??
CDC
, ???? ???? ?? ????? 1981 ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ??
HIV
. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??70. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??? ??, ???? ??HIV ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??
??? ?????
,
?????'?
, ?
?'?? ????'?
. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??HIV ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????
???? ????
(???? ?????? ??1990), ????
???' ?????
(???? ?????? ??1990), ????
???? ???????
(???? ?????? ??1991), ?????
?????? ??????
(???? ?????? ??1992), ?????
????? ??????
(???? ??HIV ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??1992), ?????????
??? ??????
.
- 1989:
????? ???????
? ?????? ??????? ????
?????
?
??????
. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 25,000 ??????
[4]
.
?
???? ?????
???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????????
, ?
??????
?? ??????.
-
IBM 5150, ???? ?????? ?? IBM PC, ????? ???? 1981. ????? IBM ?-????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
-
???? ?
??????? 64
, ??? ??? ????? 1982 ?? 1994 ????? ??????? 17 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????.
-
?
???????
??
???
, ??? ???? ?-1984 ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????
-
???? ?-"????? 500", ??? ???? ????? 1987, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? 16 ?-32 ??????
- ????? ?????
?????????
?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
MS-DOS
(1981),
Windows 1.0
(1985), ??
Windows 2.0
(1987).
- ?
???????
(????? ????? Compact Disc ?? CD) ? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? 1982 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? 74 ???? ?? ??????.
- TCP/IP
?
ARPANET
????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??NCP ?-TCP/IP ??1 ?????? 1983, ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??TCP/IP ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?
???????
.
- ?????? ???
(1983).
????? ?????? ??????
(1985).
- ???
FidoNet
(
??'
)
? ??1984 ????? ??? FidoNet ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
BBS
????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????????) ???????? (??????) ??? ?????? BBS ??? ??? ??????? ???? FidoNet, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??90 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? FidoNet.
- World Wide Web
? ???? 1989 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????
??? ?????-??
?????
????????
??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? (Web) ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????-??. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????
NeXTStep
??? ??????,
HTML
, ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? (
URL
/
URI
), ????? ??? ?????? ???? (
?????
), ??????? ?
????????
HTTP
.
-
?
???????
?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? 1982 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
-
?-1981 ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
MS-DOS
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??80 ??????? ??????? ?? ??90.
-
???? 1989 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????-?? ?? ?-
World Wide Web
???? ???? ????? ?????
- 1981:
HDTV
? ????? ?????? ?
??????????
????? ???????, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ??21
.
- 1981:
????
? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
"
Smartmodem
"
. ??Smartmodem ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ??Smartmodem ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
BBS
????? ??80 ?????? ????-90 ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ???? ??
???????
???
World Wide Web
????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??90.
- 1983:
????? ?????
? ????
????
?????? ??????? ?? ??camcorder ?????? (?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????) ? ??
Betacam
(
??'
)
.
- 1984:
?????? ?????
DynaTAC 8000X ??
????????
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
- 1984: ???? D-50, ???? ?
??????
??????, ???? ???? ??????? 1984, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????? ????????
?????? ?????.
- 1985:
???? ??????????
? ??30 ???? 1985 ????
??????
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????.
- 1988:
CD-R
? ?????? ??????? ???????
?????
?
????????
??CD-R ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????.
- ??? ???? ??????:
???
? ???? ???? ?? Group 3 ??
?????? ????????? ?????????????
??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????
[5]
. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??80 ?? ????? ???? ??90. ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?????????
, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????.
- ????? ????? ????? ??
VHS
???? ?? ?????? ??????
Betamax
????? ??????? ?????? ???????
?????
??????. ????? ????? ??VHS ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.
- 1981-1980:
??? ????? ??????? ???????
? ?
???????
?
?????????
?????'? 1
?
?????'? 2
, ??? ????? ???? ????
???? ??70
, ?????? ????? ?????
?????
?????
1980
?
1981
. ????'?? 2 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????
?????
????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?
?????
.
- 1981:
?????? ???? ????????
? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
???"?
?? ?
????? ????
?? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? 28 ?????? ???? ?????? 160
???????????
.
- 1982:
?????? 7
?
???? ???
????????
??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????
???????????
??? ??? ????? ??????? ?
???? ????????
.
- 1986:
??? ?????? ??????? ??????
? ?
??????
?????????
?????'? 2
?????? ?
??????
, ???? ????
?????
????? ?????? ?? ?
?????????
???????? ??
???? ????
.
- 1986:
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????
? ???????? ??????????
?????'? 1
??????'? 2 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?
????? ????
, ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ???? 2018, ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????
??? ???? ?????
(DSN), ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???
2020
? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
??????
, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ?
???
????.
- 1986:
???? ?????? ???? ?'???'?
? ????? ???????? ???????
???"?
. ????? ?????
STS-51-L
, ??????? ??????
?????? ????
?'???'?
, 73 ????? ???? ??????? ?
???? ???? ????
,
???????
. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????????, ????? ?
????? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????.
- 1986:
??? ???? ???? ?????
? ????? ??
???? ????? ?????
?
????? ????
????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
???????
: ????? ??
???? ???????
?
????
, ?????
??????
???? ??
?????? ???? ????????
, ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?? ?????
(?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????).
- 1986:
???? ???? ???
? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???
???? ????
??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??19 ??????? 1986 ?? 1996. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???
???? ????
??23 ???? 2001.
- 1988:
???? 1
? ????? ????? ?? ???? 1 ???????
????
.
- 1989:
??? ????? ??????? ??????
? ?
??????
?????????
?????'? 2
?????? ?
?????
, ?????, ??? ????, ??
???? ???? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????? (????? ???, ??? ?????? ??
?????? ???? ????
).
- 1981:
MTV
? ?
????
???? ??????? ?
????? ?????
. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ????????
. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??80 ???90, ?????? ????? ?'????, ????? ???? ?'???.
- 1983:
??? ???????? ?? ?.?.?
? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?*?*? ????? 106 ?????? ??? (????? ?????
????? ?????
). ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?? ??
2010
?? ????? ???? ?
???????
.
- ??????
? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????.
- ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????
? ????? ??? ???? ??80, ??????? ????? ???
?????
?
?? ?????
????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?
??????????
???? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ????, ?????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????
??????
?????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ; ????? ?
?????? ????
??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????
??????? ????
??? ???;
???? ?????
??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
????????
???? ????? ?
????? ?????
??? ?
???
.
- ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
:
?????, ??? ????
(1980),
?????
(1981),
???? ?? ??????
(1982),
????? ?? ???
(1982),
???? ?????
(1982),
???? ??????
(1983),
?? ?????
(1984),
????? ???? ????
(1984),
???? ????
(1985),
???? ????
(1985),
????????
(1985),
???
(1986),
????? ????????
(1987),
??? ??? ??????: ???? ???
(1987),
?????? ????
(1987),
??? ????? ????
(1987),
???? ????
(1988), ????? (1988),
???? ????
(1988),
????? ???????
(1989),
???? ?????
(1989),
?????? ?????
(1989),
????? ??????
(1989),
????? ???????
(1989),
???????
(1989).
- ??? ????? ?
????? ??????? ????? ????? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20
??????? ????? ??
???? ??????
???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?
??? ????
??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????,
?'??? ????
, ?????? ?????
????
.
??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?
???
, ??
????
.
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ?'???? ??'???, ?????
???
, ?????
??????
, ?????
?'???
???? "pleated acid-washed", ?????? ????, ?
??????
(??? ???? ?????
??????
???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?"
?????
" ?"
???????
").
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???,
???????
?????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???
(??? ???? ?????
??????
?????? ???? "
???? ??????
"), ????? ??? ???? "Wayfarer" ?? ???? ??? ??? (??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? "
??????? ???????
" ?"
????? ????
"), ?????
?????
,
???? ????
, ??
?????? ????????
(???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????).
- ??? ????? ?
???? ?-80 ?? ???? ?-20 ??????? ?????????
???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?
???
???, ?? ?????? ????
?????
,
????? ??????
,
?????
,
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Guns N' Roses
?????? ?????
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U2
?
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[6]
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, ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???.
?????, ?
????????????
, ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?
?????? ????
????? ???.
???? 1981 ???? ????
MTV
?????? ?????, ??????? ??, ???????,
????? ??????
??????? ?????? ???? ??
?????? ????????
.
????? ???? ??80 ????
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???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
(9 ?????) ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? (27 ??????).
???? 1985 ????? "
???? ????
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.
????? ?
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????? ?? ??? ?
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??? ???????
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- ???? ?????:
????? ??????
(1980),
?????? ???
(1981),
????
(1982),
????? ?? ????
(1983),
??????
(1984),
???????? ???????
(1985),
??????
(1986),
????? ??????
(1987),
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(??????? ????? ?????? ????) ?
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- ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?
????? ???-???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????
:
???? ?????
(1980), The Covenant
(
??'
)
(1981), Space
(
??'
)
(1982),
??????? ?????
(1983),
??? ???????
(1984), Skeleton Crew
(
??'
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(1985),
??
(1986),
????? ????
(
??'
)
(1987),
??????? ????????
(1988),
????? ????
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???? ????? ???????
(1989)
- ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???"? ????? ?????:
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?? ??? ?????
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(1984),
?????? ?????
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???????
(1986),
??????
(1989).
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????? ???????
?
????? ???????
???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??
1980
??? ?????
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, ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?
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, ???? ???
1983
?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?
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. ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????
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???? ?????, ???? ?? ?????.
???????
????? ??????? ?? ???????,
Nintendo Entertainment System
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????
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???? ???
, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???
LCD
???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?
?????
.
????? ????????? ????? "
Game & Watch
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???? ???
???????? ????.
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??-??
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????? ???? ????
,
?????
,
????? ????
,
Final Fantasy I
,
????? ????
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????? ?? ????
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??????
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????? ????????
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???? ???????
,
Galaga
,
????? ????? 1
,
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,
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Castle Wolfenstein
,
Q*bert
,
???? ????
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Duck Hunt
,
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,
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Xonix
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Out Run
(
??'
)
?
???????
.
-
?????
????? ???? ????
, ??? ???? ????? 1985, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??
?????
???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????
-
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ????
-
?"
Game & Watch
" ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?-90 ?????? ?
???? ???
???????? ????.
-
?????
??-??
, ??? ???? ????? 1980, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?-80
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? "????"
:
- ????? ?????
(1980) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
[9]
.
- ?? ??????
(1981) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
???? ?????
[10]
.
- ????? ?????
(1983) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? 1983, ????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??
?????? ??????
????? ??
????? ????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
[9]
.
- ???? ????????
(1983) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????
[11]
.
- ??? ????????
(1985) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?"??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????"
[12]
.
- ?????? ?????
(1986) ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????
[13]
.
- ?????? ?????'??
(1987) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????'?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?
?????????
[14]
.
- ?????? ?????'??
(1989) ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??1989 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
[14]
.
???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????:
??1981 ?????
????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? ???? ?????.
??
1982
????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?
????
?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?
???? ????? ?? ?????
.
??
1982
???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
???? ???? ?????
(?? ????? ????: "????? ?????"). ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? "
??????
". ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? 40 ?"?, ??
??"?
???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????
??????
. ??"?
???? ?? ???? ??"? ??????
, ????? ?????? ??? ?
?????
, ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??"? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? 1986, ?????
?????-???
????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.
??????, ????? ???? ?
????????
?????, ?????? ????? ?-444.9% ????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?-20% ????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ????
1986
????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ?
??? ????
.
????
1983
???
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,
???? ????
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??????
?
??????
? ????? ???????.
????? ????? ???????
, ?
????????
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1984
?????
????? ????? ??????
??????? ??
???? ??????
?????? ??????. ???????
1988
???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
????
, ??? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??
15 ????
1990
?????
?"?
?
?????
?? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ????-?????, ????? ????? ????? ??? "
?????? ??????
". ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ????-????? ???.
??? ?????? 1984 ??????
1985
?? ???? ????, ??? ???? "
???? ???
". ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??8,000 ??????
???????
, ???????
???? ???????
?? ??????
???????
?
?????
??????.
????
1988
????? ????
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????? ????? ????? ?"???? ????????". ????? ????? ????? ?'?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?
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?????
) ????? ??? ???? ?
???????
, ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? "?????? ?????". ?
???? ??90
, ???? ???????? ?
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, ?
???? ???? ????
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1987
???
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???? ?????? ???????. ?
?????????
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1991
?? ?? ?????? ??
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1993
.
- ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
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???? ??????
(1983),
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(1986),
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(1987).
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(25 ?????) ????? ?????.
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, ???? 56:30-49:18
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, ??? 31:34
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- ^
George C. Kohn,
Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present
- ^
The History of Fax (from 1843 to Present Day)
, faxauthority
- ^
??? ?????, ?
??????? ???? ??????? ???: ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-80
, ????
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, 04 ?????? 2017
- ^
"All-Time Worldwide Box Office"
.
IMDb
.
????? ?-
?????
?-2011-11-26
.
- ^
Postmodern architecture
, Designing Buildings Wiki
- ^
1
2
"Ronald Reagan: 1980, 1983 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME"
. Content.time.com. 2006-12-16
. ???? ?-
2018-08-02
.
- ^
"Lech Walesa: 1981 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME"
. Content.time.com. 2006-12-16
. ???? ?-
2018-08-02
.
- ^
"President Reagan and Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, the heads... - UPI Archives"
. Upi.com. 1983-12-26
. ???? ?-
2018-08-02
.
- ^
Jennings Parrott (
30 ?????? 1985
).
"Time Picks China's Deng Xiaoping as Man of the Year"
. Los Angeles Times.
- ^
"Corazon Aquino: 1986 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME"
. Content.time.com. 2006-12-16
. ???? ?-
2018-08-02
.
- ^
1
2
"Mikhail Gorbachev: 1987, 1989 - Person of the Year: A Photo History - TIME"
. Content.time.com. 2006-12-16
. ???? ?-
2018-08-02
.