???????

???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????

???? ???? ????

?????? ????? ??????? ( ?????? : Nature ) ?????? ?????????, ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ??????? "???????" ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????

???????? ?????? nature ?????? ????? ???? natura ? ??? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? "essential qualities, innate disposition", ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? "???? (birth)"? Natura ???? ????? ???? physis (φ?σι?)? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ^[1]^[2] ??????????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ^[3] "?????" ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? "?????????" ?????? ??????? ??? ??????

??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???, ????- ???, ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? " ????????? ?????? " ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????, ???, ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? , ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ????; ? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? (terrestrial planet) ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ^[4] ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ^[5] ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?'?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?'?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ^[6] ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ^[7]

??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??% ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ^[8] ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????

????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???.?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ^[9] ?????? ??? ????? ??.?/? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? (???.?? ??????) ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ^[10] ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?'? ??????? ?.?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?.? ???????? ??? ?.? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????

????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φ?σι? may be found in Naddaf, Gerard (2006) The Greek Concept of Nature , SUNY Press. The word φ?σι?, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs very early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word nature is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W.K.C. Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (volume 2 of his History of Greek Philosophy ), Cambridge UP, 1965.
↑ The first known use of physis was by Homer in reference to the intrinsic qualities of a plant: ?? ?ρα φων?σα? π?ρε φ?ρμακον ?ργε?φ?ντη? ?κ γα?η? ?ρ?σα?, κα? μοι φ?σιν α?το? ?δειξε. (So saying, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature .) Odyssey 10.302?03 (ed. A.T. Murray). (The word is dealt with thoroughly in Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon Archived March 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .) For later but still very early Greek uses of the term, see earlier note.
↑ Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), for example, is translated "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", and reflects the then-current use of the words " natural philosophy ", akin to "systematic study of nature"
↑ "World Climates" . Blue Planet Biomes . http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm ? ???? ??? ????: September 21, 2006 .
↑ Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London. 190 (1): 205?221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14.
↑ Burton, Kathleen (2002-11-29). "Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land"
↑ Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare?common differences.
↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Ocean". NOAA.gov.
↑ Yoder, Charles F. (1995). T. J. Ahrens, ed. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p. 8.
↑ Williams, David R. (2004-09-01). "Earth Fact Sheet".

[1] An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φ?σι? may be found in Naddaf, Gerard (2006) The Greek Concept of Nature , SUNY Press. The word φ?σι?, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs very early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word nature is used, as confirmed by Guthrie, W.K.C. Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (volume 2 of his History of Greek Philosophy ), Cambridge UP, 1965.

[2] The first known use of physis was by Homer in reference to the intrinsic qualities of a plant: ?? ?ρα φων?σα? π?ρε φ?ρμακον ?ργε?φ?ντη? ?κ γα?η? ?ρ?σα?, κα? μοι φ?σιν α?το? ?δειξε. (So saying, Argeiphontes [=Hermes] gave me the herb, drawing it from the ground, and showed me its nature .) Odyssey 10.302?03 (ed. A.T. Murray). (The word is dealt with thoroughly in Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon Archived March 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .) For later but still very early Greek uses of the term, see earlier note.

[3] Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), for example, is translated "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", and reflects the then-current use of the words " natural philosophy ", akin to "systematic study of nature"

[4] "World Climates" . Blue Planet Biomes . http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm ? ???? ??? ????: September 21, 2006 .

[5] Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London. 190 (1): 205?221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14.

[6] Burton, Kathleen (2002-11-29). "Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land"

[7] Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare?common differences.

[8] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Ocean". NOAA.gov.

[9] Yoder, Charles F. (1995). T. J. Ahrens, ed. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p. 8.

[10] Williams, David R. (2004-09-01). "Earth Fact Sheet".

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