??????? ????????? ???? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? 2012

??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ≪??????? ????????? ???? ?????≫ ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ≪???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ≫ ????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ??????? . [1] [2] [3]

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1975? [4] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? [5] [6] ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????????. [7]

????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? 103 ??? 107 ???? ??? 100 ???? ??? ???????. [8] [9]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. [5] ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????. [7] [10]

????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 2002 ?? 106 ???? ????? 100 ????. [11] ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 106 ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????.

???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? (???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????).

??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? 105-107 ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??????? [12] ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. [13]

?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? [14] ? ???? ??????? ??? Amartya Sen ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? (106) ????????? ??????? ????????? (105) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? (107)? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? (???) ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. [9] [15] [16]

?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? 103-107 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???: ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? X ?Y ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? . ?? ???? X ?Y ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????)? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. [17]

???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 102 ?108 ????? 100 ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. [7] [18]

???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? 100 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 94 ?99 ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????. [7] [17]

???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 35 ????? (??? 1628 ???? 1662)? ???? 1.07? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? 1.13 ???????? ??? ?????? ???? 5 ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? 10 ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????. [19] [20]

?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? 1970-2002 105 ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? 104 ?????????? ??????????? 103 ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? 107 ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. [21] ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?. ?? ??? 2001? ?????? ????? ??? 104 ? 107. [22] [23] [24] ?? ??????? ????????? ?? 56 ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? 103? [25] ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???. [26]

?? ????? ????? ??? 2005? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 1940 ??? ??? 62 ?????. [27] ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???: ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? 106 ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? 107. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? 106 ??? 103? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????: ???? ?????? ????????? 105 ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 25 ? 35 ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 15 ????? ?? ???? ?? 40 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 94 ? 111 ????? ????? ????????? 104. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 114 ????? ???? ???? ????? 107 ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? 62 ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? 250 ?????? ?? 1751 ??? 1997 ?.

?? ??? 2017? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? [28] ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? (125)? ??? ??????? ???????? (116)? ????? (114)? ??????? (112)? ??? ??????? (112)? ????? (112)? ??????? (110) ????? ???? (110) ??????? (110) ???????? (109) ????????? (109) ???? ?????? (109) ?????? ??? (108) ??????? (108) ???????? (108). ??? ??? 2017 ?????? ???? ???? ???? (?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????) ?? ????? (0.83). ???? ???? ??? 102 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? / ???????? ????? ????????: ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????? . [29] ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2002 ???????? [30] ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 1.06 ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? 103-107 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????. [31] [32] ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? 100? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. [33] ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? 94 ? 99? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ≪????????≫ ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????????. [28]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. [34] ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 106? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 107. [35] ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? CIA ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? 105? [36] ????? ???? FPA ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? 110? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? 111. [37] [38]

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. [34] ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? 112 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2009 ???? 120 ??? ??? 100 ????? [39] ?? ??? ???? FPA ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2011 ?? 118. [40] [41] [42]

??????? ?????? ???? FPA ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? 111 ???? ?????? 2008-10? [42] ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 2011 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? 108. ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 108 ??? 109 ?????? ?? 117 ??? 118 ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? 100000 ????. [43] [44]

???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???.

??????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? 98?. [45] [46]

???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 3\4 ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 2001. [47] ???? ????? ?????? ????? 50? ??????? 100? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? 13 ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? 100? ?? ???????.

???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????.

???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? (CVS) ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? (???????? ?? ??????? ) ??????? ????????? ? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. [48]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (??? ?????? ?????) ???? 1994. [49] [50] [51]

?????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? 11.9 ????? ???? ? 10.6 ????? ???? ?? ??? 23 ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 2019. [52]

???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????. (???? ? ???? ? 2008)

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? BBC ??? 2010 ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? 119 ????? ????? 100 ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? 130 ????? ????? 100 ????. [53] [54] ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2020? ????? ???? 24 ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. [55]

???? ????? ??? 1979 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? 2015. [10] [56]

????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1960? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??? 111.9 ????? ??? 1990 ???? 118 ????? ??? 2010 ?? ????? ????. [57] [58] [59] ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??????. (1993)? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ≪??? ????????≫ (????? ????? ????? ??????). [59] [59]

???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 1800. ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.

?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. [60] ?? ??? 1986? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. [61] [62]

????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? "????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????"

???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? (1987) ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 27 ? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? 92? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [63] [64] [65]

?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 2020 ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? 55 ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 28 ? 49 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. [66]

????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 2012? ??? 117 ??? ????? ??? 100 ????. [67] [68]

????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 2005? ???? ???? ?? ?????? 2005 ??? ????? 1 ? ?? ????? ??????. [68]

??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 100 ????
1 ??????? 143
2 ???? 142
3 ????? 138
4 ?????? 134
5 ????? 133
5 ????????? 133
7 ???? 129
8 ?????? 127
9 ???? 125
10 ??????? 123
11 ??? 122
11 ??????? 122
13 ????? 120
14 ?????? 119
14 ?????????? 119
16 ??????? 118
17 ??????? 116
17 ??????? 116
19 ????? 115
20 ???????? 114
21 ??????? 113
22 ???? 112
22 ????? 112
22 ????? 112
22 ??????? 112
26 ??????????? 111
28 ?????? 109
29 ??????? ???????? 107
30 ???????? 106
31 ????? 104
????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 2011.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? 2011 ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 103 ?107? [69] [70] ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? [71] ?? Haryana (120) ??????? (118) ????? ??????? (116). [41] [72]

???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????) ????? ??????? ?? ????? 1991 ?2001 ?2011. [69] [73] [74] [75]

???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? 115 ????? ????? 100 ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? (?? 104 ??? 106 ???? ????? 100 ????) ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. [69] ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. [76]

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1941 ??? ??? 2011. ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 2003? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. [77] ??? ???????? - ??? ???? ??????? ???? - ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 17 ?? 29 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. [78]

????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 2002 ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 2000 ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 1\6 ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? [79] [80] [81] [82]

?? ?????? 2007? ??? ????????? ?? 100000 ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. [83]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. [84] ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. [85] ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. [84] ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. [85]

??? ?????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . [86] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???? 2012? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? 111 ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? 116. ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? 110. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? - ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? - ???? ??? ???? ?? 112 (??? ?? 900 ???? ??? 1000 ???). [87] ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? 6 ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????. [88] ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1.07 ? 1.11 ?? ??? ?? ???? 4 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? 20 ????? ?? 1991 ??? 2011. [89] ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. [90] ??????? ?? ??? 2015? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? 1.07 ??? / ????. [91] [92] [93] ?? ??? 2015? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? 1.12 ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ??? 2001 ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ≪?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????≫. [94] [95]

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? CIA? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. [96] [97]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. [98]

?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? 105 ??? 108? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 20 ?????. [99] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 21. [100] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? 2005 ?2009 ??? 120? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? The Economist. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. [100]

???? ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? 138 ??? ??? 100 ????. ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? 115 ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 108. [100] [101] [102] ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????. [99]

?????? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. [3] [103] [104] ??? ????? ??? 2017? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? CIA? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? 109. [96] ????? ???? ???????? ???????? Eurostat ??????? ???????? ??? ???? 2008 ?2011 ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? 112 ?110 ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. [42]

????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. [105] ??? ?????? ??? CIA ?? ??? 2017 ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 2010 ???? 112 ?? ??????. [106]

????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????????? (??? ???????) John Bongaarts ??? 2013 [102] ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? 61 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? 35 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 110 ???? ????? 100 ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. [100]

???????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????.

?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? [107] ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? 2011? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 40? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 28? ??? ????. [108] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? 40? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? 2006. [109]

??? ???  ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. [110]

???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? 2000 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? 1.51: 1. [111]

????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ≪????????≫ ??? 103 ? 107? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 2005 ?? ???? ?? 90 ????? ???? ≪???????≫ ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 107 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 60 ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? 89 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? . ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? 2010 ?????? ????? (???????? ??????? )? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? - ??? ??????? - ?? 0? ????? ??????? 19. [112] ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? (1990) ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? (????? ?????? 2011). [113]

???? ????? ?????? (1983) ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? (1997) ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? . [114] ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? (??? 1990). ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? (??? 1990). ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????. [115]

????? ??????? ????????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? . [83] ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. [41]

?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????. [116] [117] ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????.

??? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. [118] [119]

????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ≪???≫ ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ≪???????≫ ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. [120] ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. [121] ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ≪??? ???????≫ ???? ??????. [122] [123] [124]

??????? - ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? - ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ’’sati‘‘? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. [125] [126] ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? 3/4 ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. [127] [128]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ? 2000 ???. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????.

????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? (???????).

???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. [119] [126]

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [121] [129]

????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1949 ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1959-1961 ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ??? 1964? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??. [130] [131]

?? ??? 1979 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? (????? ?? ?????? ?????)? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????. [132]

??? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (2001) ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? (???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????)? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. [132] [133]

?? ??? 2013? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 2015? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????. [134] [135]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ????? ??? ?? ????)? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? (??? ???? 2001). [136] ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. [137] ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (1989) ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? (?? ???????? ??????? ??????) ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. [138] [139]

????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ???? (1995) ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? (???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ≪????? ?????≫). [138] [140] ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? (1989) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ≪????? ?????≫. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????. [141]

????? ??????? ??????? (1983) ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [142] [143]

?????? ????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? (1995) ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ≪????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????≫ (75). ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? (1983) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????. [144] [145]

????? ??????? (2002) ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. [146] [147]

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ?????) ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????: ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????. [148] ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [149] ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? [148] ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? 78 ? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? - ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? - ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. [150] ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? "??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? (???? ???? ??????? ??????) - ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? - ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????. [148] [151] [152]

???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? 1994? ???? ???? ?? 180 ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ≪?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????≫. [153] [154] ?? ??? 2011? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? [155] [156] [157]

???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? "????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????" ???????? ?????????? ????????.

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????.

???? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? [155] [156]

???????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????. [158] ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. [136] [159]

??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? [160] ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 2011 ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????. [160] [161] [162]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? . [163] ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. [164] [165] ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? 181 ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? 11 ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? BPAS ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????. [166] [167]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ??? 2005 ???? ?????? ???? ≪??????? ??????? ???????≫. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 2000 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ≪????? ???????≫. [168] ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ≪???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????≫. [169] ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????. [168] ?? ??? 2005? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 2000 ??? 2005 ?? ????? ??? ???????? [170] ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. [170]

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. [171] [172]

????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 2007 ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? (????? PCPNDT) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????.  ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. [73] [173]

???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 2011 ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? MTP ? PCPNDT. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. [113] [174]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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