?????

??? ?? ?? Usenet (?????? ????? ?????????? User network)? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? UUCP ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? (Duke University) ?????????? ??? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ???? ??? 1979 . ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????) ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏. ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???. ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "AOL shutting down newsgroups" . cnet.com/. 25 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-09-01 .
^ The jargon file v4.4.7 , Jargon File Archive. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "9 petabyte of usenet storage on giganews.com" . giganews.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-09-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-02-14 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[1] "AOL shutting down newsgroups" . cnet.com/. 25 ????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-09-01 .

[2] The jargon file v4.4.7 , Jargon File Archive. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] "9 petabyte of usenet storage on giganews.com" . giganews.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-09-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-02-14 .

[1]

[2]

[3]