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[1]
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??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??
????
???? ??? 1989. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??. ???? ?????????? ?? 15 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 4 ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????
??? ??????? ??????
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????
. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? '89 ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??.
???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? (?? ?? ???) ?? ??????? ?? ????? 1989 ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????
????? ???????
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[3]
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????? ??????? ??????
??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? 20 ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ??? 300,000 ???? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 4 ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.
[5]
[6]
[7]
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[8]
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1978
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. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? 1989 ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.
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1987
? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????.
???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????
???? ????? ????
≪????? ????????????≫ ??
4 ????
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1919
? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? 1975 ???? ????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????
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???? ?????????
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1987
? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???
1989
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.
???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???
???????? ?? ??????
? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????.
???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??
??????????
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????
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30 ????
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?????????
.
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???????? ????????
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??? ???????? ??? 1989
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????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? 15 ????? 1989? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????
????? ???????
. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? 15 ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (??? ??? ??) ?????? ?????-??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 16 ?????. ?? 17 ?????? ??? ????? ??
????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????
??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? 17 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 500 ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
[9]
[10]
[11]
???????? ?? ???? 17 ?????? ??? 3,000 ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1,000 ???? ?? ????? ?????-???. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? (??????? ??????) ???????:
- ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.
- ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????.
- ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.
- ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
- ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????.
- ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????.
- ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.
?? ???? ??? 18 ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????.
?? 20 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????.
?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 22 ?????. ?? ???? ??? 21 ?????? ????? ??? 100,000 ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? 40 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.
????? ????????
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20 ????
? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ???? ????
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4 ?????
. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.
???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 10 ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ≪??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????≫.
[12]
???? ?????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
Sonnad? Nikhil (3 ????? 2019).
"261 ways to refer to the Tiananmen Square massacre in China"
.
Quartz
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2022-07-09
. ???? ???? ??????
2022-06-21
.
- ^
Su? Alice (24 ????? 2021).
"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too"
.
??? ?????? ?????
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2022-07-20
. ???? ???? ??????
2022-05-10
.
- ^
Gen. Yang Baibing Dies at 93; Led Tiananmen Crackdown
,
??????? ?????
, January 17, 2013
???? ??????
2022-06-14 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
The Tiananmen Papers, edited by Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link, compiled by Zhang Liang, pp. 468-477, Abacus, 2002
- ^
"Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour"
(PDF)
.
Berkshire Publishing Group LLC
. 2009.
?????
(PDF)
?? ????? ?? 2017-05-17.
- ^
Ma, Damien (23 Jan 2012).
"After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment"
.
The Atlantic
(??????????? ?????????).
Archived
from the original on 2019-08-16
. Retrieved
2020-05-01
.
- ^
"The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms"
.
South China Morning Post
(???????????). 14 Nov 2018.
Archived
from the original on 2020-02-26
. Retrieved
2020-05-01
.
- ^
Bodeen? Christopher (3 ????? 2019).
"Prosperity, repression mark China 30 years after Tiananmen"
.
AP News
.
?????
?? ????? ?? 2019-06-03
. ???? ???? ??????
2019-06-03
.
- ^
Deng? Xiaoping.
"On the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership"
.
en.people.cn
.
?????
?? ????? ?? 2018-03-02
. ???? ???? ??????
2020-04-29
.
- ^
Ng-Quinn? Michael (1982).
"Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order"
.
Asian Survey
. ?. 22 ?. 12: 1187?1205.
DOI
:
10.2307/2644047
.
ISSN
:
0004-4687
.
JSTOR
:
2644047
.
- ^
Whyte? Martin King (1993).
"Deng Xiaoping: The Social Reformer"
.
The China Quarterly
. ?. 135 ?. 135: 515?535.
DOI
:
10.1017/S0305741000013898
.
ISSN
:
0305-7410
.
JSTOR
:
654100
.
S2CID
:
135471151
.
- ^
????? ???? ????????: ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? "10 ???? ????" - BBC News Arabic
???? ??????
6 ????? 2019 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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