Драма

Драма ?е жанр у к?ижевности , ко?и ?е настао у петом веку пре нове ере, за време античке Грчке и ко?и се и данас разви?а. ^[1] Драма ?е к?ижевно дело, ко?е, углавном, служи ?авном изво?е?у у позоришту . У току 18. и 19. века опера ?е настала као комбинаци?а драме, поези?е и музике . Основне подврсте драме су: трагеди?а , комеди?а и драма у ужем смислу, ко?е се прво по?ав?у?у неколико векова пре наше ере. Старогрчка драма ?е према легендама настала за време верског фестивала , када се ?едан певач одво?ио од збора и почео певати сам. Грчка трагеди?а се углавном бавила познатим митолошким темама. Трагеди?е су, слично као и данас, радови озби?ни?ег и тежег карактера и тичу су се углавном ?удских трагичних судбина . За разлику од ?их, комеди?е су ве?ином ведри?ег карактера и готово увек има?у сре?ан завршетак. Грчки фестивали драме били су такмичарског типа, а писци су се за такмиче?е при?ав?ивали са тетралоги?ама: три трагеди?е и ?едном комеди?ом. На?познати?и антички драмски писци су Есхил , Софокле и Еурипид , као и комедиограф Аристофан .

Сматран жанром поези?е уопште, драмски модус ?е био у супротности са епским и лирским модусима ?ош од Аристотелове Поетике ^[2]^[3]^[4] (око 335. п. н. е.) ? на?рани?ег дела драмске теори?е . ^[5] На енглеском (као што ?е био аналоган случа? у многим другим европским ?езицима), реч play или игра (превод англосаксонског ple?an или латинског ludus ) била ?е стандардни термин за драме све до времена Вили?ама Шекспира ? баш као што ?е ?ен творац био пле?ме?кер , а не драматург , а зграда ?е била играоница , а не позориште . ^[6]

Употреба ?драме“ у ужем смислу за означава?е одре?ене врсте представе датира из модерног доба. ?Драма“ се у овом смислу односи на комад ко?и ни?е ни комеди?а ни трагеди?а ? на пример, Золина Тереза Ракин (1873) или Чехов?ев Иванов (1887). То ?е ужи смисао ко?и су филмска и телевизи?ска индустри?а, за?едно са филмским студи?ама , усво?иле да опишу ? драму ” као жанр у сво?им меди?има. Термин ? радио драма ” ?е кориш?ен у оба смисла - првобитно преношен у живо? изведби. Тако?е се може користити да се односи на префи?ени?и и озби?ни?и вид драматурске продукци?е ради?а . ^[7] Изво?е?е драме у позоришту , ко?у глумци изводе на сцени пред публиком , претпостав?а колаборативне начине продукци?е и колективни облик рецепци?е. На структуру драмских текстова , за разлику од других облика к?ижевности , директно утиче ова сарадничка продукци?а и колективна рецепци?а. ^[8]

Пантомимизам ?е облик драме где се рад?а приче исприча само кроз покрет тела. Драма се може комбиновати са музиком : драмски текст у опери се углавном пева у целини; што се тиче неких балета, плес ?изражава или имитира емоци?е, карактер и наративну акци?у“. ^[9] М?узикли ук?учу?у и говорне ди?алоге и песме ; а неки облици драме има?у успутну музику или музичку прат?у ко?а наглашава ди?алог ( мелодрама и ?апански но , на пример). ^[10] Драма у прмару ?е форма ко?а ?е наме?ена чита?у, а не изво?е?у. ^[11] У импровизаци?и , драма не посто?и пре тренутка изво?е?а; изво?ачи смиш?а?у драмски сценарио спонтано пред публиком. ^[12]

Истори?а западне драме [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Класична грчка драма [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Западна драма потиче из класичне Грчке . ^[13] Позоришна култура града-државе Атине произвела ?е три жанра драме: трагеди?у , комеди?у и сатирску представу . ?ихово порекло оста?е не?асно, иако су до 5. века пре нове ере били институционализовани у такмиче?има ко?а су се одржавала као део прослава бога Диониса . ^[14] Историчари зна?у имена многих древних грчких драматичара, ме?у ко?има ?е и Теспис , ко?и ?е заслужан за иновативност глумца (? хипокрита “) ко?и говори (а не пева) и опонаша лик (уместо да говори у сво?о? личности), док оствару?е интеракци?е са хором и ?еговим во?ом (? корифе?и “), ко?и су били традиционални део изво?е?а недрамске поези?е ( дитирамске , лирске и епске ). ^[15]

Види ?ош [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Референце [ уреди | уреди извор ]

^ Elam (1980, 98).
^ Aristotelis Opera . XI . Превод: Bekker, August Immanuel . 1837.
^ Dukore, Bernard F. (1974). Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski . Florence, Ky.: Heinle & Heinle. стр. 31 . ISBN 0-03-091152-4 .
^ Aristotle (1987). Aristotle: Poetics, with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the Fragments of the On the Poets . Превод: Janko, Richard. London: Hackett.
^ Francis Fergusson writes that "a drama, as distinguished from a lyric , is not primarily a composition in the verbal medium; the words result, as one might put it, from the underlying structure of incident and character . As Aristotle remarks, 'the poet, or "maker" should be the maker of plots rather than of verses; since he is a poet because he imitates , and what he imitates are actions '" (1949, 8).
^ Wickham (1959, 32?41; 1969, 133; 1981, 68?69). The sense of the creator of plays as a "maker" rather than a "writer" is preserved in the word playwright . The Theatre , one of the first purpose-built playhouses in London, was an intentional reference to the Latin term for that particular playhouse, rather than a term for the buildings in general (1967, 133). The word 'dramatist' "was at that time still unknown in the English language" (1981, 68).
^ Banham (1998, 894?900).
^ Pfister (1977, 11).
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica
^ See the entries for "opera", "musical theatre, American", "melodrama" and "N?" in Banham (1998).
^ Manfred by Byron , for example, is a good example of a " dramatic poem ." See the entry on "Byron (George George)" in Banham (1998).
^ Some forms of improvisation, notably the Commedia dell'arte , improvise on the basis of 'lazzi' or rough outlines of scenic action (see Gordon (1983) and Duchartre (1929)). All forms of improvisation take their cue from their immediate response to one another, their characters' situations (which are sometimes established in advance), and, often, their interaction with the audience. The classic formulations of improvisation in the theatre originated with Joan Littlewood and Keith Johnstone in the UK and Viola Spolin in the US; see Johnstone (1981) and Spolin (1963).
^ Brown (1998, 441), Cartledge (1997, 3?5), Goldhill (1997, 54), and Ley (2007, 206). Taxidou notes that "most scholars now call 'Greek' tragedy 'Athenian' tragedy, which is historically correct" (2004, 104). Brown writes that ancient Greek drama "was essentially the creation of classical Athens : all the dramatists who were later regarded as classics were active at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the time of the Athenian democracy ), and all the surviving plays date from this period" (1998, 441). "The dominant culture of Athens in the fifth century ", Goldhill writes, "can be said to have invented theatre " (1997, 54).
^ Brockett and Hildy (2003, 13?15) and Banham (1998, 441?447).
^ Banham (1998, 441?444). For more information on these ancient Greek dramatists.

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Спо?аш?е везе [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Greek & Roman Mask Timeline

[elam98-1] Elam (1980, 98).

[2] Aristotelis Opera . XI . Превод: Bekker, August Immanuel . 1837.

[dukore-3] Dukore, Bernard F. (1974). Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski . Florence, Ky.: Heinle & Heinle. стр. 31 . ISBN 0-03-091152-4 .

[Janko87-4] Aristotle (1987). Aristotle: Poetics, with Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the Fragments of the On the Poets . Превод: Janko, Richard. London: Hackett.

[5] Francis Fergusson writes that "a drama, as distinguished from a lyric , is not primarily a composition in the verbal medium; the words result, as one might put it, from the underlying structure of incident and character . As Aristotle remarks, 'the poet, or "maker" should be the maker of plots rather than of verses; since he is a poet because he imitates , and what he imitates are actions '" (1949, 8).

[6] Wickham (1959, 32?41; 1969, 133; 1981, 68?69). The sense of the creator of plays as a "maker" rather than a "writer" is preserved in the word playwright . The Theatre , one of the first purpose-built playhouses in London, was an intentional reference to the Latin term for that particular playhouse, rather than a term for the buildings in general (1967, 133). The word 'dramatist' "was at that time still unknown in the English language" (1981, 68).

[7] Banham (1998, 894?900).

[8] Pfister (1977, 11).

[Encyclopaedia_Britannica-9] Encyclopaedia Britannica

[cgt-10] See the entries for "opera", "musical theatre, American", "melodrama" and "N?" in Banham (1998).

[closet-11] Manfred by Byron , for example, is a good example of a " dramatic poem ." See the entry on "Byron (George George)" in Banham (1998).

[impro-12] Some forms of improvisation, notably the Commedia dell'arte , improvise on the basis of 'lazzi' or rough outlines of scenic action (see Gordon (1983) and Duchartre (1929)). All forms of improvisation take their cue from their immediate response to one another, their characters' situations (which are sometimes established in advance), and, often, their interaction with the audience. The classic formulations of improvisation in the theatre originated with Joan Littlewood and Keith Johnstone in the UK and Viola Spolin in the US; see Johnstone (1981) and Spolin (1963).

[13] Brown (1998, 441), Cartledge (1997, 3?5), Goldhill (1997, 54), and Ley (2007, 206). Taxidou notes that "most scholars now call 'Greek' tragedy 'Athenian' tragedy, which is historically correct" (2004, 104). Brown writes that ancient Greek drama "was essentially the creation of classical Athens : all the dramatists who were later regarded as classics were active at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the time of the Athenian democracy ), and all the surviving plays date from this period" (1998, 441). "The dominant culture of Athens in the fifth century ", Goldhill writes, "can be said to have invented theatre " (1997, 54).

[14] Brockett and Hildy (2003, 13?15) and Banham (1998, 441?447).

[15] Banham (1998, 441?444). For more information on these ancient Greek dramatists.

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