포그롬

포그롬 ( 러시아語 : погром , 英語 : pogrom )이란 특정한 民族集團(特히 유대人 )에 對하여 일어나는 虐殺 과 掠奪 을 隨伴하는 群衆暴動 을 가리키는 말이다. 大迫害 (大迫害)라고 부르기도 한다. 넓게는 러시아 民族을 除外한 少數民族에 對한 迫害를 의미하며, 20世紀初에는 革命運動을 彈壓하는 手段으로 利用되었다. 러시아語 "포그롬"이라는 單語에서 由來하였으며, 이는 그 自體로 迫害라는 뜻을 갖는다.

이 表現은 英語로 輸入되어 19世紀에서 20世紀 사이에 러시아 帝國 에서 發生한 反유대主義暴動, 特히 오늘날의 벨라루스 및 우크라이나 地域의 强制居住區域인 體르打誤세들路스티 에서 發生한 暴動을 가리키는 固有名詞가 되었고, 그 뒤에는 같은 時期에 유럽 곳곳에서 發生한 反유대主義暴動까지 意味가 擴張되었다. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

1881年에서 1921年間 있었던 러시아와 東歐에서 約 1,000餘件의 크고 작은 유대人虐殺과 迫害가 있었으며 ^[6]^[7], 이를 避해 많은 유대人들이 西部 유럽과 美國으로 大擧移住하였다. ^[8]

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포그롬

[네이버 知識百科] 포그롬 [pogrom] (두산百科)

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↑ "Pogrom" , Encyclopædia Britannica . " pogrom , (Russian: "devastation," or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries."
↑ “The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789” . 2015年 2月 15日에 確認함 .
↑ John Klier (2011). Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881?1882 . Cambridge University Press. p. 58 ."By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life."
↑ For this definition and a review of scholarly definitions see Wilhelm Heitmeyer and John Hagan, International handbook of violence research, Volume 1 (Springer, 2005) pp 352?55 online
↑ Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Edited by Jonathan Dekel-Chen, David Gaunt, Natan M. Meir, and Israel Bartal "No doubt many will contend that history suggests the need for a serious attempt to clarify what a pogrom is or is not. In the event, however, no such clarification is possible, for "pogrom" is not a pre-existing natural category but an abstraction created by human beings in order to divide complex and infinitely varies social phenomena into manageable units of analysis. As a result, in the absence of universal agreement concerning the specific behaviours to which the word refers or of some supreme authority to whom the power of definition has been delegated, there can be no logically or empirically compelling grounds for declaring that some particular episode does or does not merit the label. "Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank, ... involved collective violent applications of force by members of what perpetrators believed to be a higher-ranking ethnic or religious group against members of what they considered a lower-ranking or subaltern group, ... appliers of the decisive force tended to interpret the behaviour of victims according to stereotypes commonly applied to the groups to which they belonged, ... perpetrators expressed some complaint about the victims' group, ... [and] a fundamental lack of confidence on the part of those who purveyed decisive violence in the adequacy of the impersonal rule of law to deliver true justice in the event of a heinous wrong."
↑ 백재선 <世界史의 主役猶太人> 모아드림 1999.8.5, p103
↑ 이무열 <한卷으로 보는 러시아史 100場面> 嘉藍企劃 1994.10.20,p246
↑ 백재선 <世界史의 主役猶太人> 모아드림 1999.8.5, p99

	이 글은 社會에 關한 토막글 입니다. 여러분의 知識으로 알차게 文書를 完成해 갑시다.
	이 글은 民族에 關한 토막글 입니다. 여러분의 知識으로 알차게 文書를 完成해 갑시다.

[Britannica-1] "Pogrom" , Encyclopædia Britannica . " pogrom , (Russian: "devastation," or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries."

[WileyBlackwell-2] “The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789” . 2015年 2月 15日에 確認함 .

[Klier58-3] John Klier (2011). Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881?1882 . Cambridge University Press. p. 58 ."By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life."

[google-4] For this definition and a review of scholarly definitions see Wilhelm Heitmeyer and John Hagan, International handbook of violence research, Volume 1 (Springer, 2005) pp 352?55 online

[Engel-5] Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Edited by Jonathan Dekel-Chen, David Gaunt, Natan M. Meir, and Israel Bartal "No doubt many will contend that history suggests the need for a serious attempt to clarify what a pogrom is or is not. In the event, however, no such clarification is possible, for "pogrom" is not a pre-existing natural category but an abstraction created by human beings in order to divide complex and infinitely varies social phenomena into manageable units of analysis. As a result, in the absence of universal agreement concerning the specific behaviours to which the word refers or of some supreme authority to whom the power of definition has been delegated, there can be no logically or empirically compelling grounds for declaring that some particular episode does or does not merit the label. "Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank, ... involved collective violent applications of force by members of what perpetrators believed to be a higher-ranking ethnic or religious group against members of what they considered a lower-ranking or subaltern group, ... appliers of the decisive force tended to interpret the behaviour of victims according to stereotypes commonly applied to the groups to which they belonged, ... perpetrators expressed some complaint about the victims' group, ... [and] a fundamental lack of confidence on the part of those who purveyed decisive violence in the adequacy of the impersonal rule of law to deliver true justice in the event of a heinous wrong."

[6] 백재선 <世界史의 主役猶太人> 모아드림 1999.8.5, p103

[7] 이무열 <한卷으로 보는 러시아史 100場面> 嘉藍企劃 1994.10.20,p246

[8] 백재선 <世界史의 主役猶太人> 모아드림 1999.8.5, p99

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