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??????????? [1] (?? ??????? , ? ?????? : Animatio , ?????? ? ????? : "???????") ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ?????? , ? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? . ????? ????? "Anima" ??????? ??? ??? , ?? ?"???" ??????. ????? ????? "?????", ????? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? .

???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????

????????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? .

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? . ??????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????.

? ???-? ???'?? , ??? ? ????? , ????? ???? ?? 5,200 ????. ?? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???. [2] ???? 1833, ? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? (1866), ???? ???????? (1868), ? ??????????? (1877) ?? ?????? .

???? ????? , "??? ??????", ??? ????? ?? ?????????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? " ???????? ????? ", ?? ??? ????? ??????: "???? ????", "????? ??????" ?-"????? ?????". ????? ??, ?????? ?- 28 ???????? 1892 ? ??????? ????? ? ???? , ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???. ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 300 ?-700 ??????? , ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? 10 ?-15 ????. ?????? ?????, ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? .

???? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? - ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? (??? ?????? ???????), ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ?? ???? 1902 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.

?'?? ??????? ?????? , ???? ???????-????? ???? 1900, ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????: " The Enchanted Drawing " (????? ??????), ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????. ???? 1906 , ????? ??????? ??? ????: " Humorous Phases of Funny Faces ", ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. [3] ???? 1908 , ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? " Fantasmagorie ", ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? (??? ?????? ???) ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [3]

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? , ?????????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?- 1903 . ????? ??? ???? ????? "?????? ????" ??????? ???? ?-40 ????? ??? ???? "???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????". ?- 1904 ??? ?? ??????? "???? ???" (????? ?? 1915) ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? - ???? ??? - ???? ???? 1911 .

???? 1914 ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? . ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? [ ???? ???? ] .

? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?-20 , ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??? "cartoons", ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?'?? ?????? ???? , ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??Cels, ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???.

???? 1917, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ??? - ???? ?????????? " El Apostol ". ??? ??? 58,000 ??????? ????? ??? ??? 70 ????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? . ??? ????? ???, ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? , ??? ??????? ????? ???? 1926 . ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? , ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????.

??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? " ????? ????? ?????? " ?? ???? ????? - ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???

??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? " ????? ?????? ???? " ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??? , ????-??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? 1928 , ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ???????? . ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? , ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? 1932 ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????: " ????? ????? " , ??? ?????? ?????? ???? (???? ????? ? ????????? ).

??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ????, ???? ???? , ???? ??? , ????? ??? , ??????? ????? , ?????? , ??? ??? , ????? ???? , ???? , ??? ??'?? ????.

???? 1937 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? " ?????? ????? ?????? ", ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? $7,846,000 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ?'??? ?'???? ????? ?? ???? ?"???? ???? ???????", ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???.

??? ????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????-????? , ???? 1958, ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ???????

?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????-????? ????? ? ??? ????? "???? ?????" ???? 1976 , ?? ????? ?? ????? ???-?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? - ??? 4: ????? ???? ???? 1977 , ???? ???? 1982 ?"???? ??????? ??????" ???? 1984 . ????? ????-????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 1985 ????? ?? ???? ??????? "????? ????? ?????".

???? 1986 ????? ???? "??????" ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.

??????? ????-????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? 1989 , ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?'???? ????? "??????" ???? ? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? . ???? Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???-??? ????? ????. ?-CGI ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1991 ??? ???? " ?????? ?????? 2 " ??? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? T-1000. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? CGI ??-????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? " ???? ????? ".

????? ???? ????? ???? 1993 , ???? ?????? CGI ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? " ???? ????? ". ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? " ????? ???? ", ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? , ????? ???? , ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????.

???? 1993 , ???? ????????? ? ??? ??????? " ?????? 5 " ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??. ??? 1995 ????? ?????? ???? " ????? ?? ????? " ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?-ILM ???????, ???? ???????? ???? ??? Weta Digital, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? "?? ??????" , " ?????? ?????: ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? " ?????? " ?????? ?????: ????? ?????? " ?" ???? ???? " ??????.

????? ???? 1995 ?- 2005 , ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?-5 ?????? ???? ?-40 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?-2000 , ?-CGI ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? (?????? ????? ????? ???? "?? ??????" ??????? ???? " ?????? ???? ") ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? (????? ???? ???? ????? "?? ??????").

???? 2001 ??? ??????? ???? ????-???? "????? ?????" ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?-CGI, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????-???????? ??????? ????. ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? "????? ??????? ?? ????????" ?? ???? ???? ???????? " The Animatrix ", ??? ???? ???????? ????-???? "???????" ???? 2007 . ???? " ?????? ?????: ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? " ???? 2005 ????? ????? ?? ???? ?-1,851 ???????, ???? 742 ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? . ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? .

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ???????
????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. (????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????). ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? - ?? ????? ???? ????? "????" ?"???????" ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? .

?????? ??????? (?? ???? ??????: ????? ???????) ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?? ????? 24 ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? (Storyboard) -???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? . ????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. [4] ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? "Animatic", ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? "Animatic" ????.

?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? (Keyframes), ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????: ???? ???? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???, ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? (????????) ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? "In-betweening" (?? ?????? "Tweening") ????? ????? ??? ?????? "???" ??????? - "Between", ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ????? ??? (?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???) ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??, ???? ???, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????: ???, ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????, [5] ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????. [6]

????? ???? ?-21 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ? ???? , ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 35 ?"? . ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? "tradigital" ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? - ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?'??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????.

?????: " ??????? ???? ", " ??????? ??? ????? " ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? " ???'? ???'? ".

????? ????-???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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????? ? ????????

????-???? (Stop motion) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ( ????? ). ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???, ????, ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? 24 ?? 30 ??????? ??????.

??? ????? ?? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • ????? ????? - ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? "??????" ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??: " ????? ????? ?? ????? ", " ????? ?????? " ?" ??????? ???? ?????? ".
  • ????? ???????? - ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? "??????" ?????. " ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? " ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.
  • ????? ???-???? - ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? .
  • ???????? - ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????.

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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????? ??????? (CGI - computer-generated imagery) ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (SFX - Special Effects).

??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???-??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ???-????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???-???? . ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? Render. ?????? ?? ???? ????? (?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????) ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ????? , ? ????? , ???? ??????? ????.

??????, ???? " ????? ?? ????? ", ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ?-117 ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ??????) ????? 294 ?????? ????? ????? ?-Render. ????? ?? ????, ?????? ????, ?-800,000 ???? ????.

??-??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ??-????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? ???? ????????? .

????? ?????? ??-????? (????? ?????? Compositing - ????? ????? ) ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? . ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? (??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???) ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??-????? ???????. ??????, " ????' ????: ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? " (1999).

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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? ??????? , ?? ??????: ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.

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????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????-????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?-20 ??-30, ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? (????? ????????), ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????.

??? ???? ???? ?-70 ????? ???? ?-80 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ?-90 ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???.

" ???? ?? ????? " ?-" 9.99$ ", ??? ???? ??????? ?- 2008 ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ???; ??? ??? ???? " ????? ??? " ?- 2006 ????? ????? ??????? ?- DVD .

???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? (??? " ?.?. 22 ") ??? ?????? (??? " ????????? ") ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? . ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

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ויקישיתוף ?????? ????? ???????????: ?????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? . [ ???? ???? ]
  2. ^ Burnt City animation VL
  3. ^ 1 2 Beckerman, Howard., Animation : the whole story , Rev. ed, New York: Allworth Press, 2003
  4. ^ ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbK3TB_9228&ab_channel=TheArtofAaronBlaise
  5. ^ ????? ???????? https://animation-nuggets.com/en/how-to-do-pixilation-animation/
  6. ^ ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????: Neighbours, The Wizard of Speed and Time. ( ?? ???? ???? IMDb)
  7. ^ https://www.nfb.ca/playlists/donald_mcwilliams/mclaren/


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