????????? ???? ???????

*????????? ???? ???????* ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????????

????????? ???? ??????? ( International System of Units ) ????? ??? , ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? SI ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? Systeme International d'Unites ????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????, ???????-??????? ???????????????? ?????????????.

???? SI ???? ??????? ???????-???? ??????-???? (MKS) ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? 1960?? ????????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????.

?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????? 1790 ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????? ?????. 1830 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????????

?????
????
????? . ???????????

??????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? SI ??????? ??????? ??????? SI ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????????????. ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????. ??????????? ??? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? (Captial) ?????????????? ????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? 22 ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[1]

SI ???????? ???????
?????? ?????	?????? ????????????	????????	??????? ????????	??????	??????? ??????
Kilogram	??????????	kg	????	Mass	????????
Second	????	s	??	Time	?????
Metre	???????	m	??	Length	?????
Ampere	????????	A	?????	Electrical Current	???????????
Kelvin	????????	K	??	Temparature	?????????
Mole	????	mol	????	Amount of Substance	???????? ????
Candela	????????	cd	??????	Luminous Intensity	???????????

???????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????.

???????,

???????? ????????? ??????? ^[2]^:23^[3]^[4]
????????? ????????	????????? ???????????	????????? ????????	??????????? (?????? ?????????)	???????????? ???????????
???????	m	?????	??? ???????? (1793): ??????? ???????? 1 / 10 000 000 ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ^FG I????????? ????? (1960): 1 650 763 .73 ????????????? ??????????? , ??????????? ??????? . 2p ¹⁰ and 5d ⁵ ??????? ??????. ??????? (1983): ??????????? ???????? 1 / 299 792 458 ????????? ?????? ??????.	L
?????????? ^{[n 1]}	kg	??????	??? ???????? (1793): ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ?? ??.?? ???????? ??????????. ^FG ??????? (1889): ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? (?? ???????? ??). ^[5]	M
????	s	?????	??? ???????? : 1 / 86 400 ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? (1956): 1 / 31 556 925 .9747 1900 ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? 12 ??? ????????? 0 ??????? ?????	T
????????	A	??????? ?????		I
????????	K	?????????? ?????????		Θ
????	mol	???????? ????		N
????????	cd	??????????? ????		J

?????????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ??????? ^[2]^:3
?????	???????	????	??? ? ????????? ???? ??????????	????????? ???????? ???????
???????	rad	?????	1	m/m
???????????	sr	????? ?????	1	m ²/m ²
????????	Hz	??? ?????		s ^?1
?????????	N	???????? , ???		kg?m?s ^?2
???????	Pa	????????	N/m ²	kg?m ^?1?s ^?2
????	J	??????, ????	N?m = Pa?m ³	kg?m ²?s ^?2
??????	W	??????, ???????? ????????	J/s	kg?m ²?s ^?3
??????	C	???????????		s?A
??????	V	???? ????????	W/A = J/C	kg?m ²?s ^?3?A ^?1
?????	F	???????????	C/V = C ²/J	kg ^?1?m ^?2?s ⁴?A ²
???	Ω	???????????	V/A = J?s/C ²	kg?m ²?s ^?3?A ^?2
???????	S	???????????? ?????	Ω ^?1	kg ^?1?m ^?2?s ³?A ²
?????	Wb	??????? ???	V?s	kg?m ²?s ^?2?A ^?1
??????	T	??????? ??? ????????	Wb/m ²	kg?s ^?2?A ^?1
?????	H	???????????	Wb/A	kg?m ²?s ^?2?A ^?2
?????? ?????????	°C	????? ????		K
?????	lm	??????? ?????	cd?sr	cd?sr
?????	lx	????????????	lm/m ²	cd?sr?m ^?2
????????	Bq	?????? ???????????		s ^?1
????	Gy	???????????? ????	J/kg	m ²?s ^?2
???????	Sv		J/kg	m ²?s ^?2
??????	kat	?????????????		mol?s ^?1

???????? ??????? - ??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

SI ???????? ??????? ^[6]
?????	????????	????
???????	m	?????
??????????	kg	????????/ ????
????	s	?????
????????	A	???????????
????????	K	?????????
????????	cd	???????????
????	mol	???????? ????

SI ???? ???????
?????	????????	????
??????	rad	?????????
???????????	sr	????????????

?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 1995??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. ^[7]

??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????.

????????? ?????	????????	???? (???????)	???? (????????????)
??????	?????x?????	?? ²	m ²
??????	??????x?????	?? ³	m ³
??????	?????????????/?????	?? ?? ^?1	m s ^?1
?????????	??????/?????	?? ?? ^?2	m s ^?2
????????	????/??????	???? ?? ^?3	kg m ^?3
??????	????x??????	???? ?? ?? ^?1	kg m s ^?1
????	????x?????????	???? ?? ?? ^?1 (??????) ?????????	kg m s ^?2 (or) N (or) newton
???????????	???????????x?????	???????? ??	A s

????????? ???? ????????? (SI) ???? ??????????? ?????????????

??????????			???????? 10	????????	????????????? ^{[nb 1]}
????? ?????	?????	?????????? ???????	???????? 10		????????????? ^{[nb 1]}
????????	quetta	Q	10 ³⁰	1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000	2022
????	ronna	R	10 ²⁷	1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000	2022
??????	yotta	Y	10 ²⁴	1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000	1991
??????	zetta	Z	10 ²¹	1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000	1991
?????	exa	E	10 ¹⁸	1 000 000 000 000 000 000	1975
??????	peta	P	10 ¹⁵	1 000 000 000 000 000	1975
????	tera	T	10 ¹²	1 000 000 000 000	1960
????	giga	G	10 ⁹	1 000 000 000	1960
????	mega	M	10 ⁶	1 000 000	1873
????	kilo	k	10 ³	1 000	1795
?????	hecto	h	10 ²	100	1795
??????	deca	da	10 ¹	10	1795
			10 ⁰	1	?
????	deci	d	10 ^?1	0.1	1795
????????	centi	c	10 ^?2	0.01	1795
??????	milli	m	10 ^?3	0.001	1795
??????	micro	μ	10 ^?6	0.000 001	1873
????	nano	n	10 ^?9	0.000 000 001	1960
??????	pico	p	10 ^?12	0.000 000 000 001	1960
?????????	femto	f	10 ^?15	0.000 000 000 000 001	1964
?????	atto	a	10 ^?18	0.000 000 000 000 000 001	1964
????????	zepto	z	10 ^?21	0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001	1991
??????	yocto	y	10 ^?24	0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001	1991
??????	ronto	r	10 ^?27	0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001	2022
????????	quecto	q	10 ^?30	0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001	2022
	Notes ↑ Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. The introduction of the CGS system was in 1873.

SI ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????. ^[8] ???,

???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ???????? ???? ??????? ???? Newton ?? ?????? ??????, newton ?? ???? ????????.
???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? N ????????????? ????????. n ??????????????? ??????.
???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ????????? ???? ??????? ???? m ????????????? ????????, M ?? ?????? ??????.
????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ????????? ?????????? ???? 324 km ???? ????????? ????????, 324kms ???? ??????????? ??????.
????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) 250 kg ???? ????????? ????????. 250 kg. ?????? 250 kg, ??????????? ?????? ??????.
????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? (/) ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????.
- (?.??:) J/K/mol ????? ???????????? ??????, ???? JK ^?1mol ^?1 ????? ???? ????????.
??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????.
- (?.??:) 486 km ????? ?????? ??????, 486 km ????? ???? ????????.
?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????.
- (?.??:) kgms ^?2 ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? kg m s ^?2 ?????.
????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????.
- (?.??:) second ?????? sec ????? ?????????????????? (??? ???????????? ???????). ?????????????????? ????????? s ???????? ?????????? ???????? (??????? ???????????? ???????; ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? с ????? ???????????????).

?????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Despite the prefix "kilo-", the kilogram is the base unit of mass. The kilogram, not the gram, is used in the definitions of derived units. Nonetheless, units of mass are named as if the gram were the base unit.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 223
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (2008). The International System of Units (SI) (Special publication 330) (PDF) . Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 ???? 2016 . ????????????? ???? 18 June 2008 . {{ cite book }}: Check date values in: |archivedate= ( help )
↑ Quantities Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , IUPAC
↑ Page, Chester H; Vigoureux, Paul, eds. (20 May 1975). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875?1975: NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 238?244.
↑ NIST - Redefining the Kilogram, The Past
↑ Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) . Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03 . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-18 .
↑ ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 225
↑ ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 18

[9] Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. The introduction of the CGS system was in 1873.

[5] Despite the prefix "kilo-", the kilogram is the base unit of mass. The kilogram, not the gram, is used in the definitions of derived units. Nonetheless, units of mass are named as if the gram were the base unit.

[1] ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 223

[NIST330-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (2008). The International System of Units (SI) (Special publication 330) (PDF) . Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 ???? 2016 . ????????????? ???? 18 June 2008 . {{ cite book }}: Check date values in: |archivedate= ( help )

[BIPM1975-3] Quantities Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , IUPAC

[4] Page, Chester H; Vigoureux, Paul, eds. (20 May 1975). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875?1975: NBS Special Publication 420 . Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 238?244.

[6] NIST - Redefining the Kilogram, The Past

[sp330-7] Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) . Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-03 . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-18 .

[8] ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 225

[10] ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 18

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[n 1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[nb 1]

[8]