Kwa maana nyingine za jina hili angalia
Ruanda
Rwanda
(zamani pia "Ruanda") ni nchi ya
Afrika ya Mashariki
isiyo na
pwani
kwenye
bahari
yoyote.
Imepakana na
Uganda
,
Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo
,
Burundi
na
Tanzania
.
Rwanda ni mwanachama wa
Umoja wa Mataifa
na wa
Umoja wa Afrika
.
Jiografia
Rwanda huitwa
nchi ya vilima elfu
(kwa Kinyarwanda:
Igihugu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi
; kwa Kifaransa:
Pays de Mille Collines
): ndivyo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake inavyoonekana, hasa
magharibi
.
Ni
nyanda za juu
na
milima
; sehemu kubwa ni
mita
1500 juu ya
UB
. Milima
kaskazini
mwa nchi inapanda hadi mita 4507 juu ya UB. Kutokana na
urefu
huo
hali ya hewa
haina
joto
kali.
Mpaka
na Kongo ni hasa
Ziwa Kivu
ambalo ni mojawapo kati ya
maziwa
ya
bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki
.
Mpakani kwa Kongo na Uganda ndiyo milima ya ki
volkeno
ya
Virunga
.
Huko kuna
mazingira
ya pekee
duniani
yenye
sokwe wa milimani
. Wako
hatarini
kuangamizwa
kutokana na
uwindaji
na upanuzi wa
mashamba
unaopunguza mazingira wanamoishi.
Miji
Miji
mikubwa zaidi ndiyo:
Kigali
wakazi 745.261,
Butare
wakazi 89.800,
Gitarama
wakazi 87.613,
Ruhengeri
wakazi 86.685 na
Gisenyi
wakazi 83.623.(namba za Januari 2005)
Kigali
ni
mji mkuu
wenye
kiwanja cha ndege
cha kimataifa na ma
hoteli
makubwa.
Gisenyi
ni mji kwenye ncha ya kaskazini ya Ziwa la Kivu mpakani kwa Kongo ukiwa jirani na mji wa
Goma
. Kuna
usafiri
wa
mashua
kwenda
Kibuye
na
Cyangugu
.
Kibuye
ni mji mdogo
ufukoni
mwa Ziwa la Kivu. Una
wavuvi
wengi, kituo cha
watalii
na nyumba za kihistoria za
wamisionari
. Hadi mwaka
1994
Watutsi
250,000 waliishi katika
wilaya
ya Kibuye, lakini tangu
uangamizaji wa Watutsi
katika
vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe
wamebaki 8000 pekee.
Butare
ni
kitovu
cha
utamaduni
kusini mwa nchi chenye
chuo kikuu
.
Wakazi
Wakazi wa Rwanda ni zaidi ya
milioni
11. Banyarwanda milioni 2 wako Uganda na wengi zaidi Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.
Makabila
Kwa kawaida vikundi vitatu hutajwa kuwa wakazi wa Rwanda ndio
Wahutu
,
Watutsi
,
Watwa
. Lakini kuna tofauti kali kati ya mawazo kama vikundi hivyo ni makabila, mataifa ya pekee au
matabaka
ya kijamii. Hali halisi wanatumia lugha ileile ya
Kinyarwanda
na wanafuata
utamaduni
uleule.
Wanahistoria
wengi wanasema ya kuwa Watwa walikuwa wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa wawindaji, Wahutu ndio
wakulima
wa
Kibantu
waliopatikana kwa uenezi wa
Wabantu
katika
Afrika ya Kati
na ma
babu
wa Watutsi waliingia kama
wafugaji
kutoka kaskazini.
Watutsi walikuwa tabaka la ki
kabaila
, pia
mfalme
alikuwa Mtutsi. Lakini wengine wanaamini ya kwamba vikundi vyote vitatu vilijitokeza nchini si kama tokeo la uhamiaji mbalimbali lakini zaidi kama matabaka yaliyotofautiana kikazi: wakulima, wavindaji na wafugaji waliokuwa pia askari wa mfalme.
Wakati wa
ukoloni
Wabelgiji
walihesabu mwaka
1931
wakazi wa nchi kama ifuatavyo: 84 %
Wahutu
, 15 %
Watutsi
na 1 %
Watwa
.
Kabla ya
uhuru
vilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza
vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe
kati ya makabila mawili makubwa viliyosababisha kupungua kwa Watutsi kutokana na mauaji na zaidi kwa Watutsi kukimbilia nchi jirani. Mnamo
1990
asilimia ya Watutsi ilikadiriwa kuwa 9 - 10 %.
Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya
miaka ya 1990
vilileta uangamizaji mkubwa wa Watutsi. Kati ya
asilimia
75 hadi 90 za wakazi Watutsi waliuawa katika
wiki
chache za mwaka 1994. Baada ya mwisho wa vita Watutsi wengi ambao wenyewe au
wazazi
wao walikuwa wamekimbilia Uganda na Tanzania walirudi tena Rwanda.
Demografia
Kwa
wastani
kuna wakazi 300 kwa
kilomita ya mraba
ambayo ni
msongamano
mkubwa kabisa katika
Afrika
. Karibu
nusu
ya wakazi ni watoto hadi
umri
wa miaka 14.
Wastani wa
muda wa maisha
ni miaka 40 pekee.
Vita
vimesababisha idadi kubwa ya
wagonjwa
wa
UKIMWI
.
Lugha
Lugha ya taifa
,
lugha rasmi
na
lugha ya mama
kwa Wanyarwanda wote ni
Kinyarwanda
ambayo ni
lugha ya Kibantu
, mojawapo ya
Niger-Kongo
.
Mijini
na
sokoni
Kiswahili
kinatumika pia lakini si
lugha asilia
ya Rwanda.
Lugha rasmi
tangu enzi za ukoloni ni Kifaransa. Tangu mwaka 1994
serikali
mpya, iliyoongozwa na Watutsi walioishi miaka mingi Uganda, imetumia pia
Kiingereza
kama lugha rasmi ya tatu.
Dini
Tazama makala
Uislamu nchini Rwanda
Kadiri ya
sensa
ya mwaka
2012
wakazi wengi ni
Wakristo
, hasa
Waprotestanti
(49.5%) na
Wakatoliki
(43.7%).
Waislamu
ni 2%.
Kwa sasa
serikali
inazidi kufungia
maabadi
. Miezi
saba
ya kwanza ya
mwaka
2018
, imefungia tayari
makanisa
8,000.
Historia
Tazama makala "
Historia ya Rwanda
"
Rwanda ilikuwa
ufalme
tangu
karne ya 16
kwa
jina
la
Rwanda Rugali
.
Mwanzo wa
karne ya 20
ilikuwa sehemu ya
Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani
na sababu ya
mzozo
kati ya
Ujerumani
na Ubelgiji.
Baada ya
Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia
Rwanda ikawa chini ya Ubelgiji kama
eneo lindwa
.
Uhuru katika mwaka
1961
ulifika pamoja na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Uhusiano kati ya vikundi hivi viwili uliendelea kuwa vigumu.
Kuuawa kwa
rais
Juvenal Habariyama
mwaka 1994 kulisababisha mauaji ya watu karibu milioni moja (walau 600,000) kati ya Watutsi, Watwa pamoja na Wahutu wasio na msimamo mkali.
Kikundi cha
RPF
chini ya
Paul Kagame
kiliingia kati na kuchukua
madaraka
.
Tangu ushindi wake wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF ilianzisha
serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa
.
Mwaka
2003
palitokea
uchaguzi
wa kwanza.
Rwanda pamoja na Burundi zilijiunga na
Kenya
, Uganda na Tanzania kama wanashirika wa
Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki
kwa maendeleo muhimu katika
elimu
,
afya
,
uchumi
na mambo mbalimbali. Mwaka 2017 bunge la Rwanda liliamua kufanya Kiswahili kuwa moja ya lugha rasmi nchini.
[2]
Vita vya Kongo
vilivyokuwa na majeshi ya mataifa mbalimbali (Kivu Conflict) vilimalizika mwaka
2012
.
Siasa
Serikali
Rais na mkuu wa dola ndiye
jenerali
Paul Kagame
(RPF).
Waziri Mkuu
ni
Anastase Murekezi
.
Ugatuzi
Kuanzia
mwaka
2006
kuna
mikoa
mi
tano
inayogawanyika katika
wilaya
kadhaa:
Mkoa
|
Jina la Kinyarwanda
|
Makao makuu
|
Eneo
(km
2
)
[3]
|
Wakazi
(sensa ya mwaka 2012)
[4]
|
Kigali
|
Umujyi wa Kigali
|
Kigali City
|
730
|
1,132,686
|
Kusini
|
Amajyepfo
|
Nyanza
|
5,963
|
2,589,975
|
Magharibi
|
Iburengerazuba
|
Kibuye
|
5,883
|
2,471,239
|
Kaskazini
|
Amajyaruguru
|
Byumba
|
3,276
|
1,726,370
|
Mashariki
|
Iburasirazuba
|
Rwamagana
|
9,458
|
2,595,703
|
Tazama pia
Marejeo
- ↑
1.0
1.1
"World Economic Outlook database: April 2022"
.
imf.org
.
- ↑
Rwanda moves to make Swahili its fourth official language
Africa News 10 Februari 2017
- ↑
"Rwanda at GeoHive"
. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka
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. Iliwekwa mnamo
2018-04-10
.
- ↑
"Fourth Population and Housing Census: Main Indicators Report (Final Results)"
,
Rwanda Population and Housing Census 2012
(Kigali:
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
), 2014: 3,
Distribution of the Rwandan resident population in 2012 by sex, Province and District
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