??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
????????? ???? ???????
(
International System of Units
) ?????
???
,
?????
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????
SI
??????? ????????????
???????? ??????
????????
Systeme International d'Unites
????????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????????
??????????
?????????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????, ???????-??????? ???????????????? ?????????????.
???? SI ???? ??????? ???????-???? ??????-???? (MKS) ???????????? ??
???????? ??????????????
1960?? ????????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????.
??????
[
????
]
???????? ???????
1790 ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????? ?????.
1830
??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????????
- ?????
- ????
- ?????
. ???????????
???????
[
????
]
????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? SI ??????? ??????? ??????? SI ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????????????. ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????????. ??????????? ??? ?????????,
??????????
??????????
???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? (Captial) ?????????????? ????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? 22 ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????.
[1]
???????? ???????
[
????
]
???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???
????????????
????????? ???????. ???? ???????
?????????
??????????? ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????.
???????,
- ????
- ?????
- ?????
???????? ????????? ???????
[2]
:23
[3]
[4]
????????? ????????
|
????????? ???????????
|
????????? ????????
|
??????????? (?????? ?????????)
|
???????????? ???????????
|
???????
|
m
|
?????
|
- ??? ????????
(1793): ??????? ????????
1
/
10
000
000
??????
??????
????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????.
FG
- I????????? ?????
(1960):
1
650
763
.73
????????????? ??????????? ,
???????????
??????? . 2p
10
and 5d
5
??????? ??????.
- ???????
(1983): ??????????? ????????
1
/
299
792
458
????????? ?????? ??????.
|
L
|
??????????
[n 1]
|
kg
|
??????
|
- ??? ????????
(1793): ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ?? ??.?? ???????? ??????????.
FG
- ???????
(1889): ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? (?? ???????? ??).
[5]
|
M
|
????
|
s
|
?????
|
- ??? ????????
:
1
/
86
400
??? ???????????
- ????????? ?????
(1956):
1
/
31
556
925
.9747
1900
??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? 12 ??? ????????? 0 ??????? ?????
|
T
|
????????
|
A
|
??????? ?????
|
|
I
|
????????
|
K
|
?????????? ?????????
|
|
Θ
|
????
|
mol
|
???????? ????
|
|
N
|
????????
|
cd
|
??????????? ????
|
|
J
|
|
?????????????? ???????
[
????
]
?????????????? ???????
[2]
:3
?????
|
???????
|
????
|
??? ? ????????? ???? ??????????
|
????????? ???????? ???????
|
???????
|
rad
|
?????
|
1
|
m/m
|
???????????
|
sr
|
????? ?????
|
1
|
m
2
/m
2
|
????????
|
Hz
|
??? ?????
|
|
s
?1
|
?????????
|
N
|
???????? , ???
|
|
kg?m?s
?2
|
???????
|
Pa
|
????????
|
N/m
2
|
kg?m
?1
?s
?2
|
????
|
J
|
??????, ????
|
N?m = Pa?m
3
|
kg?m
2
?s
?2
|
??????
|
W
|
??????, ???????? ????????
|
J/s
|
kg?m
2
?s
?3
|
??????
|
C
|
???????????
|
|
s?A
|
??????
|
V
|
???? ????????
|
W/A = J/C
|
kg?m
2
?s
?3
?A
?1
|
?????
|
F
|
???????????
|
C/V = C
2
/J
|
kg
?1
?m
?2
?s
4
?A
2
|
???
|
Ω
|
???????????
|
V/A = J?s/C
2
|
kg?m
2
?s
?3
?A
?2
|
???????
|
S
|
???????????? ?????
|
Ω
?1
|
kg
?1
?m
?2
?s
3
?A
2
|
?????
|
Wb
|
??????? ???
|
V?s
|
kg?m
2
?s
?2
?A
?1
|
??????
|
T
|
??????? ??? ????????
|
Wb/m
2
|
kg?s
?2
?A
?1
|
?????
|
H
|
???????????
|
Wb/A
|
kg?m
2
?s
?2
?A
?2
|
?????? ?????????
|
°C
|
????? ????
|
|
K
|
?????
|
lm
|
??????? ?????
|
cd?sr
|
cd?sr
|
?????
|
lx
|
????????????
|
lm/m
2
|
cd?sr?m
?2
|
????????
|
Bq
|
?????? ???????????
|
|
s
?1
|
????
|
Gy
|
???????????? ????
|
J/kg
|
m
2
?s
?2
|
???????
|
Sv
|
|
J/kg
|
m
2
?s
?2
|
??????
|
kat
|
?????????????
|
|
mol?s
?1
|
|
???????? ??????? - ??????? ???????
[
????
]
SI ???? ???????
?????
|
????????
|
????
|
??????
|
rad
|
?????????
|
???????????
|
sr
|
????????????
|
?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 1995??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????????.
[7]
??????? ???????
[
????
]
??? ???????? ?????????
?????????
???????
????????
???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????.
????????? ?????
|
????????
|
????
(???????)
|
????
(????????????)
|
??????
|
?????x?????
|
??
2
|
m
2
|
??????
|
??????x?????
|
??
3
|
m
3
|
??????
|
?????????????/?????
|
?? ??
?1
|
m s
?1
|
?????????
|
??????/?????
|
?? ??
?2
|
m s
?2
|
????????
|
????/??????
|
???? ??
?3
|
kg m
?3
|
??????
|
????x??????
|
???? ?? ??
?1
|
kg m s
?1
|
????
|
????x?????????
|
???? ?? ??
?1
(??????)
?????????
|
kg m s
?2
(or)
N
(or)
newton
|
???????????
|
???????????x?????
|
???????? ??
|
A s
|
????????? ???? ????????? (SI) ???? ???????????
?????????????
??????????
|
???????? 10
|
????????
|
?????????????
[nb 1]
|
????? ?????
|
?????
|
?????????? ???????
|
|
????????
|
quetta
|
Q
|
10
30
|
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
|
2022
|
????
|
ronna
|
R
|
10
27
|
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
|
2022
|
??????
|
yotta
|
Y
|
10
24
|
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
|
1991
|
??????
|
zetta
|
Z
|
10
21
|
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
|
1991
|
?????
|
exa
|
E
|
10
18
|
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
|
1975
|
??????
|
peta
|
P
|
10
15
|
1
000
000
000
000
000
|
1975
|
????
|
tera
|
T
|
10
12
|
1
000
000
000
000
|
1960
|
????
|
giga
|
G
|
10
9
|
1
000
000
000
|
1960
|
????
|
mega
|
M
|
10
6
|
1
000
000
|
1873
|
????
|
kilo
|
k
|
10
3
|
1
000
|
1795
|
?????
|
hecto
|
h
|
10
2
|
100
|
1795
|
??????
|
deca
|
da
|
10
1
|
10
|
1795
|
|
|
10
0
|
1
|
?
|
????
|
deci
|
d
|
10
?1
|
0.1
|
1795
|
????????
|
centi
|
c
|
10
?2
|
0.01
|
1795
|
??????
|
milli
|
m
|
10
?3
|
0.001
|
1795
|
??????
|
micro
|
μ
|
10
?6
|
0.000
001
|
1873
|
????
|
nano
|
n
|
10
?9
|
0.000
000
001
|
1960
|
??????
|
pico
|
p
|
10
?12
|
0.000
000
000
001
|
1960
|
?????????
|
femto
|
f
|
10
?15
|
0.000
000
000
000
001
|
1964
|
?????
|
atto
|
a
|
10
?18
|
0.000
000
000
000
000
001
|
1964
|
????????
|
zepto
|
z
|
10
?21
|
0.000
000
000
000
000
000
001
|
1991
|
??????
|
yocto
|
y
|
10
?24
|
0.000
000
000
000
000
000
000
001
|
1991
|
??????
|
ronto
|
r
|
10
?27
|
0.000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
001
|
2022
|
????????
|
quecto
|
q
|
10
?30
|
0.000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
001
|
2022
|
|
- Notes
- ↑
Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. The introduction of the
CGS system
was in 1873.
|
SI ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????
[
????
]
??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????.
[8]
???,
- ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ???????? ???? ??????? ???? Newton ?? ?????? ??????, newton ?? ???? ????????.
- ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? N ????????????? ????????. n ??????????????? ??????.
- ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ????????? ???? ??????? ???? m ????????????? ????????, M ?? ?????? ??????.
- ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) ????????? ?????????? ???? 324 km ???? ????????? ????????, 324kms ???? ??????????? ??????.
- ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? (??? ???????????? ???????).
- (?.??:) 250 kg ???? ????????? ????????. 250 kg. ?????? 250 kg, ??????????? ?????? ??????.
- ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? (/) ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????.
- (?.??:) J/K/mol ????? ???????????? ??????, ???? JK
?1
mol
?1
????? ???? ????????.
- ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????.
- (?.??:) 486 km ????? ?????? ??????, 486 km ????? ???? ????????.
- ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????.
- (?.??:) kgms
?2
????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? kg m s
?2
?????.
- ????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????.
- (?.??:) second ?????? sec ????? ?????????????????? (??? ???????????? ???????). ?????????????????? ????????? s ???????? ?????????? ???????? (??????? ???????????? ???????; ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? с ????? ???????????????).
?????????? ???????
[
????
]
???????????
[
????
]
- ↑
Despite the prefix "kilo-", the kilogram is the base unit of mass. The kilogram, not the gram, is used in the definitions of derived units. Nonetheless, units of mass are
named
as if the gram were the base unit.
???????????
[
????
]
- ↑
??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 223
- ↑
2.0
2.1
Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (2008).
The International System of Units (SI) (Special publication 330)
(PDF)
. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 3 ???? 2016
. ????????????? ????
18 June
2008
.
- ↑
Quantities Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
, IUPAC
- ↑
Page, Chester H; Vigoureux, Paul, eds. (20 May 1975).
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875?1975: NBS Special Publication 420
. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 238?244.
- ↑
NIST - Redefining the Kilogram, The Past
- ↑
Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed.
The International System of Units (SI)
(PDF)
. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 23. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2016-06-03
. ????????????? ????
2008-06-18
.
- ↑
??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 225
- ↑
????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ????? ??????, ?????? 18