Kwa maana nyingine za jina hili angalia
Ruanda
Rwanda
(zamani pia "Ruanda") ni nchi ya
Afrika ya Mashariki
isiyo na
pwani
kwenye
bahari
yoyote.
Imepakana na
Uganda
,
Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo
,
Burundi
na
Tanzania
.
Rwanda ni mwanachama wa
Umoja wa Mataifa
na wa
Umoja wa Afrika
.
Jiografia
Rwanda huitwa
nchi ya vilima elfu
(kwa Kinyarwanda:
Igihugu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi
; kwa Kifaransa:
Pays de Mille Collines
): ndivyo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake inavyoonekana, hasa
magharibi
.
Ni
nyanda za juu
na
milima
; sehemu kubwa ni
mita
1500 juu ya
UB
. Milima
kaskazini
mwa nchi inapanda hadi mita 4507 juu ya UB. Kutokana na
urefu
huo
hali ya hewa
haina
joto
kali.
Mpaka
na Kongo ni hasa
Ziwa Kivu
ambalo ni mojawapo kati ya
maziwa
ya
bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki
.
Mpakani kwa Kongo na Uganda ndiyo milima ya ki
volkeno
ya
Virunga
.
Huko kuna
mazingira
ya pekee
duniani
yenye
sokwe wa milimani
. Wako
hatarini
kuangamizwa
kutokana na
uwindaji
na upanuzi wa
mashamba
unaopunguza mazingira wanamoishi.
Miji
Miji
mikubwa zaidi ndiyo:
Kigali
wakazi 745.261,
Butare
wakazi 89.800,
Gitarama
wakazi 87.613,
Ruhengeri
wakazi 86.685 na
Gisenyi
wakazi 83.623.(namba za Januari 2005)
Kigali
ni
mji mkuu
wenye
kiwanja cha ndege
cha kimataifa na ma
hoteli
makubwa.
Gisenyi
ni mji kwenye ncha ya kaskazini ya Ziwa la Kivu mpakani kwa Kongo ukiwa jirani na mji wa
Goma
. Kuna
usafiri
wa
mashua
kwenda
Kibuye
na
Cyangugu
.
Kibuye
ni mji mdogo
ufukoni
mwa Ziwa la Kivu. Una
wavuvi
wengi, kituo cha
watalii
na nyumba za kihistoria za
wamisionari
. Hadi mwaka
1994
Watutsi
250,000 waliishi katika
wilaya
ya Kibuye, lakini tangu
uangamizaji wa Watutsi
katika
vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe
wamebaki 8000 pekee.
Butare
ni
kitovu
cha
utamaduni
kusini mwa nchi chenye
chuo kikuu
.
Wakazi
Wakazi wa Rwanda ni zaidi ya
milioni
11. Banyarwanda milioni 2 wako Uganda na wengi zaidi Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.
Makabila
Kwa kawaida vikundi vitatu hutajwa kuwa wakazi wa Rwanda ndio
Wahutu
,
Watutsi
,
Watwa
. Lakini kuna tofauti kali kati ya mawazo kama vikundi hivyo ni makabila, mataifa ya pekee au
matabaka
ya kijamii. Hali halisi wanatumia lugha ileile ya
Kinyarwanda
na wanafuata
utamaduni
uleule.
Wanahistoria
wengi wanasema ya kuwa Watwa walikuwa wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa wawindaji, Wahutu ndio
wakulima
wa
Kibantu
waliopatikana kwa uenezi wa
Wabantu
katika
Afrika ya Kati
na ma
babu
wa Watutsi waliingia kama
wafugaji
kutoka kaskazini.
Watutsi walikuwa tabaka la ki
kabaila
, pia
mfalme
alikuwa Mtutsi. Lakini wengine wanaamini ya kwamba vikundi vyote vitatu vilijitokeza nchini si kama tokeo la uhamiaji mbalimbali lakini zaidi kama matabaka yaliyotofautiana kikazi: wakulima, wavindaji na wafugaji waliokuwa pia askari wa mfalme.
Wakati wa
ukoloni
Wabelgiji
walihesabu mwaka
1931
wakazi wa nchi kama ifuatavyo: 84 %
Wahutu
, 15 %
Watutsi
na 1 %
Watwa
.
Kabla ya
uhuru
vilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza
vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe
kati ya makabila mawili makubwa viliyosababisha kupungua kwa Watutsi kutokana na mauaji na zaidi kwa Watutsi kukimbilia nchi jirani. Mnamo
1990
asilimia ya Watutsi ilikadiriwa kuwa 9 - 10 %.
Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya
miaka ya 1990
vilileta uangamizaji mkubwa wa Watutsi. Kati ya
asilimia
75 hadi 90 za wakazi Watutsi waliuawa katika
wiki
chache za mwaka 1994. Baada ya mwisho wa vita Watutsi wengi ambao wenyewe au
wazazi
wao walikuwa wamekimbilia Uganda na Tanzania walirudi tena Rwanda.
Demografia
Kwa
wastani
kuna wakazi 300 kwa
kilomita ya mraba
ambayo ni
msongamano
mkubwa kabisa katika
Afrika
. Karibu
nusu
ya wakazi ni watoto hadi
umri
wa miaka 14.
Wastani wa
muda wa maisha
ni miaka 40 pekee.
Vita
vimesababisha idadi kubwa ya
wagonjwa
wa
UKIMWI
.
Lugha
Lugha ya taifa
,
lugha rasmi
na
lugha ya mama
kwa Wanyarwanda wote ni
Kinyarwanda
ambayo ni
lugha ya Kibantu
, mojawapo ya
Niger-Kongo
.
Mijini
na
sokoni
Kiswahili
kinatumika pia lakini si
lugha asilia
ya Rwanda.
Lugha rasmi
tangu enzi za ukoloni ni Kifaransa. Tangu mwaka 1994
serikali
mpya, iliyoongozwa na Watutsi walioishi miaka mingi Uganda, imetumia pia
Kiingereza
kama lugha rasmi ya tatu.
Dini
Tazama makala
Uislamu nchini Rwanda
Kadiri ya
sensa
ya mwaka
2012
wakazi wengi ni
Wakristo
, hasa
Waprotestanti
(49.5%) na
Wakatoliki
(43.7%).
Waislamu
ni 2%.
Kwa sasa
serikali
inazidi kufungia
maabadi
. Miezi
saba
ya kwanza ya
mwaka
2018
, imefungia tayari
makanisa
8,000.
Historia
Tazama makala "
Historia ya Rwanda
"
Rwanda ilikuwa
ufalme
tangu
karne ya 16
kwa
jina
la
Rwanda Rugali
.
Mwanzo wa
karne ya 20
ilikuwa sehemu ya
Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani
na sababu ya
mzozo
kati ya
Ujerumani
na Ubelgiji.
Baada ya
Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia
Rwanda ikawa chini ya Ubelgiji kama
eneo lindwa
.
Uhuru katika mwaka
1961
ulifika pamoja na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Uhusiano kati ya vikundi hivi viwili uliendelea kuwa vigumu.
Kuuawa kwa
rais
Juvenal Habariyama
mwaka 1994 kulisababisha mauaji ya watu karibu milioni moja (walau 600,000) kati ya Watutsi, Watwa pamoja na Wahutu wasio na msimamo mkali.
Kikundi cha
RPF
chini ya
Paul Kagame
kiliingia kati na kuchukua
madaraka
.
Tangu ushindi wake wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF ilianzisha
serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa
.
Mwaka
2003
palitokea
uchaguzi
wa kwanza.
Rwanda pamoja na Burundi zilijiunga na
Kenya
, Uganda na Tanzania kama wanashirika wa
Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki
kwa maendeleo muhimu katika
elimu
,
afya
,
uchumi
na mambo mbalimbali. Mwaka 2017 bunge la Rwanda liliamua kufanya Kiswahili kuwa moja ya lugha rasmi nchini.
[2]
Vita vya Kongo
vilivyokuwa na majeshi ya mataifa mbalimbali (Kivu Conflict) vilimalizika mwaka
2012
.
Siasa
Serikali
Rais na mkuu wa dola ndiye
jenerali
Paul Kagame
(RPF).
Waziri Mkuu
ni
Anastase Murekezi
.
Ugatuzi
Kuanzia
mwaka
2006
kuna
mikoa
mi
tano
inayogawanyika katika
wilaya
kadhaa:
Mkoa
|
Jina la Kinyarwanda
|
Makao makuu
|
Eneo
(km
2
)
[3]
|
Wakazi
(sensa ya mwaka 2012)
[4]
|
Kigali
|
Umujyi wa Kigali
|
Kigali City
|
730
|
1,132,686
|
Kusini
|
Amajyepfo
|
Nyanza
|
5,963
|
2,589,975
|
Magharibi
|
Iburengerazuba
|
Kibuye
|
5,883
|
2,471,239
|
Kaskazini
|
Amajyaruguru
|
Byumba
|
3,276
|
1,726,370
|
Mashariki
|
Iburasirazuba
|
Rwamagana
|
9,458
|
2,595,703
|
Tazama pia
Marejeo
- ↑
1.0
1.1
"World Economic Outlook database: April 2022"
.
imf.org
.
- ↑
Rwanda moves to make Swahili its fourth official language
Africa News 10 Februari 2017
- ↑
"Rwanda at GeoHive"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-05-22
. Iliwekwa mnamo
2018-04-10
.
- ↑
"Fourth Population and Housing Census: Main Indicators Report (Final Results)"
,
Rwanda Population and Housing Census 2012
, Kigali:
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
, uk. 3, 2014,
Distribution of the Rwandan resident population in 2012 by sex, Province and District
Viungo vya nje
Serikali
Taarifa za jumla
Utalii
- Adekunle, Julius (2007).
Culture and customs of Rwanda
. Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press
.
ISBN
978-0-313-33177-0
.
- African Development Bank (AfDB)
(19 Novemba 2009).
"AfDB Approves Funding for Burundi-Rwanda-Tanzania Railway Project Study"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2010-01-30
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- African Development Bank (AfDB)
(26 Agosti 2011).
"Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
2 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- African Development Bank (AfDB); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre (2006).
African Economic Outlook
(toleo la 5). Paris: OECD Publishing.
ISBN
978-92-64-02243-0
.
- Agutamba, Kenneth. "
BNR 'defeats' speculators but exchange rate woes continue
",
The New Times
, 9 August 2015. Retrieved on 31 August 2015.
- Agutamba, Kenneth. "
Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected
",
The New Times
, 4 December 2014. Retrieved on 30 August 2015.
- Al Jazeera
. "
Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence
", 20 September 2007. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Amnesty International
(2015).
"Amnesty International Report 2014/15: The State of the World's Human Rights"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2020-03-14
. Iliwekwa mnamo
3 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Anyango, Gloria I.. "
The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast
",
The New Times
, 4 February 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2014-04-22
.
- Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010).
Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
(toleo la illustrated). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-533770-9
.
- Asiimwe, Bosco R. "
Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth
",
The New Times
, 28 September 2011. Retrieved on 14 March 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Asiimwe, Dicta. "
Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date
",
The East African
, 20 December 2014. Retrieved on 31 August 2015. Archived from
the original
on
2017-10-10
.
- Banda, Honore. "
Rwanda's job crunch
",
The Africa Report
, 12 February 2015. Retrieved on 7 September 2015.
- Auzias, Dominique (2007).
Rwanda
(kwa French). Paris: Petit Fute.
ISBN
978-2-7469-2037-8
.
CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
link
)
- BBC News (I). "
Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass
", 3 January 2006. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- BBC News (II). "
Team reaches Nile's 'true source'
", 31 March 2006. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- BBC News (III). "
Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'
", 12 January 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- BBC News (IV). "
Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote
", 11 August 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- BBC News (V). "
Rwanda country profile
", 25 November 2011. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- BBC News (VI). "
Q&A: DR Congo conflict
", 27 August 2010. Retrieved on 27 February 2012.
- BBC News (VII). "
Rwanda gives DR Congo back tonnes of smuggled minerals
", 3 November 2011. Retrieved on 12 April 2012.
- BBC Weather
. "
Kigali
",
BBC News
. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Best Country Reports (2007).
"Temperature Map of Rwanda"
. World Trade Press. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-03-10
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Birakwate, Bruno. "
Google Maps to promote Rwanda's tourism
",
Rwanda Focus
, 26 March 2012. Retrieved on 3 April 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-04-18
.
- Bishumba, Richard. "
Meet Mutokambali, the national hoops team coach
",
The New Times
, 7 February 2015. Retrieved on 9 April 2015.
- BiztechAfrica. "
Rwanda mobile penetration tops 57%
", 1 May 2013. Retrieved on 3 May 2013. Archived from
the original
on
2013-06-07
.
- Bowdler, Neil. "
Apprentice adviser Nick Hewer's Rwanda mission
",
BBC News
, 14 May 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Boyd, J. Barron (Desemba 1979). "African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study".
African Studies Review
.
22
(3): 1?14.
ISSN
0002-0206
.
JSTOR
523892
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Bralirwa (I)
.
"History and Background Information"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-07-03
. Iliwekwa mnamo
13 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Bralirwa (II)
.
"Sparkling beverages"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-07-04
. Iliwekwa mnamo
13 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Bralirwa (III)
.
"Beer"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-11-06
. Iliwekwa mnamo
13 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Briggs, Jimmy. "
A dance of hope in Rwanda
",
Dance Magazine
, August 2004. Retrieved on 28 June 2015. Archived from
the original
on
2014-06-11
.
- Briggs, Philip; Booth, Janice (2006).
Rwanda ? The Bradt Travel Guide
(toleo la 3rd). London: Bradt Travel Guides.
ISBN
978-1-84162-180-7
.
- Butera, Saul. "
MTN Rwanda deploys new Internet technology
",
The New Times
, 9 January 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Butera, Saul. "
Mobile subscribers rise 51%
",
The New Times
, 17 March 2011. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Butera, Saul. "
MTN, Tigo Reaping From Rwandatel Misery
",
The New Times
, 6 April 2011. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2014-04-17
.
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (I)
.
"Rwanda"
.
The World Factbook
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2018-12-24
. Iliwekwa mnamo
2 Aprili
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (II).
"Rank Order ? Area"
.
The World Factbook
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2014-02-09
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (III) (2011).
"Rank Order ? Life expectancy at birth"
.
The World Factbook
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2018-12-26
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (IV) (2013).
"The World Factbook"
.
The World Factbook
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2018-12-24
. Iliwekwa mnamo
29 Julai
2013
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Chretien, Jean-Pierre (2003).
The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History
. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
ISBN
978-1-890951-34-4
.
- City Population (2012).
"Rwanda: Cities"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
7 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Clark, Phil. "
Rwanda: Kagame's power struggle
",
The Guardian
, 5 August 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Coleman, Isobel. "
Rwanda: Road to Recovery
",
The Huffington Post
, 7 April 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Commission Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) (26 Mei 2003).
"Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2009-03-25
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Dallaire, Romeo (2005).
Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
. London: Arrow.
ISBN
978-0-09-947893-5
.
- Delawala, Imtiyaz. "
What Is Coltan?
",
ABC News: Nightline
, 7 September 2001. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Department of State (I)
(2004).
"Background Note: Rwanda"
.
Background Notes
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2014-01-14
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
link
)
- Department of State (II) (2007).
"Rwanda"
.
International Religious Freedom Report 2007
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
link
)
- Department of State (III) (2012).
"Background Note: Rwanda"
.
Background Notes
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
link
)
- Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration, Republic of Rwanda.
"General Information"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2011-10-03
. Iliwekwa mnamo
7 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Dorsey, Learthen (1994).
Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
ISBN
978-0-8108-2820-9
.
- "
Health Equity in Rwanda: The New Rwanda, Twenty Years Later
",
Harvard International Review
, 2014-06-15. Retrieved on 19 August 2015. Archived from
the original
on
2015-09-20
.
- Embassy of Rwanda in Japan.
"Akagera National Park"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-06-03
. Iliwekwa mnamo
29 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Emery, Neal. "
Rwanda's Historic Health Recovery: What the U.S. Might Learn
",
The Atlantic
, 20 February 2013. Retrieved on 20 August 2015.
- Encyclopædia Britannica
(2010).
"Rwanda"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Evans, Ruth. "
Rwanda's health service evolution ? podcast
",
The Guardian
, 20 January 2014. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
- Fletcher, Pascal. "
Rwanda accepted into Commonwealth only 15 years after genocide
",
The Scotsman
, 30 November 2009. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Food and Agriculture Organization
/
World Food Programme
(FAO / WFP) (1 Julai 1997).
"Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Rwanda"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Francophonie
.
"Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's official website"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2010-11-04
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Freedom House
(2015).
"Freedom in the World: Rwanda"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2019-11-30
. Iliwekwa mnamo
23 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Global Nature Fund
.
"Lake Ihema"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2014-01-07
. Iliwekwa mnamo
29 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Gourevitch, Philip (2000).
We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families
(toleo la Reprint). London; New York, N.Y.: Picador.
ISBN
978-0-330-37120-9
.
- Government of Rwanda
.
"Official Holidays"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2019-09-16
. Iliwekwa mnamo
8 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Grainger, Sarah. "
East Africa trade bloc expanded
",
BBC News
, 18 June 2007. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Henley, Jon. "
Scar tissue
",
The Guardian
, 31 October 2007. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Heuler, Hilary. "
Uganda, Rwanda Move to Mend Troubled Relations
",
Voice of America News
, 12 December 2011. Retrieved on 26 March 2012.
- Human Rights Watch (HRW)
; Wells, Sarah (2008).
Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda
.
ISBN
978-1-56432-366-8
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Human Rights Watch (HRW). "
Rwanda: Silencing Dissent Ahead of Elections
", 2 August 2010. Retrieved on 28 February 2012.
- India Tech Online. "
Airtel launches operations in Rwanda, in 83 days: fastest Greenfield launch in history of Sub-Saharan Africa
", 31 March 2012. Retrieved on 3 May 2013.
- International Development Association (IDA)
.
"Rwanda: Bringing Clean Water to Rural Communities"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2010-07-11
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) (I)
(2012).
"Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 1994"
.
World Economic Outlook Database
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Februari
2013
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) (II) (2015).
"Rwanda"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
30 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
(2011).
"IUCN welcomes Rwanda as new State Member"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Inter-Parliamentary Union
(1 Agosti 2015).
"Women in national parliaments"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
31 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Jefremovas, Villia (1995). "Acts of Human Kindness: Tutsi, Hutu and the Genocide".
Issue: A Journal of Opinion
.
23
(2): 28?31.
doi
:
10.2307/1166503
.
ISSN
0047-1607
.
JSTOR
1166503
.
- Jørgensen, Sven Erik (2005).
Lake and reservoir management
. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
ISBN
978-0-444-51678-7
.
- Kabalira, Marie-Brigitte. "
Country on course to reduce infant deaths, but huge task ahead
",
Rwanda Focus
, 30 January 2012. Retrieved on 20 January 2013. Archived from
the original
on
2012-02-03
.
- Kigali City
.
"Kigali at a glance"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2014-02-28
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Kigali Health Institute (KHI) (22 Machi 2012).
"About KHI"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-08-26
. Iliwekwa mnamo
26 Aprili
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- King, David C. (2007).
Rwanda (Cultures of the World)
. New York, N.Y.: Benchmark Books.
ISBN
978-0-7614-2333-1
.
- Lacey, Marc. "
Rwandan President Declares Election Victory
",
New York Times
, 26 August 2003. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Lavelle, John. "
Resurrecting the East African Shilling
",
East African Business Week
, 5 July 2008. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Majyambere, Gertrude. "
Rwandatel's Landline Telephony Increases By 7 Percent
",
The New Times
, 14 May 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Mamdani, Mahmood
(2002).
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
ISBN
978-0-691-10280-1
.
- Mbabazi, Linda. "
Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry
",
The New Times
, 11 May 2008. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2014-02-22
.
- McGreal, Chris. "
'We are the future'
",
The Guardian
, 17 December 2008. Retrieved on 31 August 2015.
- McGreal, Chris. "
Why Rwanda said adieu to French
",
The Guardian
, 16 January 2009. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- McNeil, Donald G.. "
In Desperately Poor Rwanda, Most Have Health Insurance
",
The New York Times
, 14 June 2010. Retrieved on 26 April 2012.
- Media High Council, Republic of Rwanda.
"Constitution of June 2003"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
29 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Mehta, Hitesh; Katee, Christine (2005).
"Virunga Massif Sustainable Tourism Development Plan"
(PDF)
.
International Gorilla Conservation Programme
(IGCP). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2014-03-04
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Melvern, Linda (2004).
Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide
. Revised. London; New York, N.Y.: Verso Books.
ISBN
978-1-85984-588-2
.
- Milmo, Cahal. "
Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs
",
The Independent
, 29 March 2006. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2014-02-26
.
- Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI), Republic of Rwanda
(10 Juni 2006).
"Livestock production"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-05-13
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Republic of Rwanda
(13 Julai 2010).
"Achievements (2003?2010)"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2012-03-11
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Republic of Rwanda (Juni 2002).
"Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Republic of Rwanda
(Julai 2009).
"Electricity"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda
(2004).
"Administrative Units"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-10-22
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Ministry of Local Government (MINALOC), Republic of Rwanda (Agosti 2007).
"Rwanda Decentralization Strategic Framework"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 31 Agosti 2007
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Mufulukye, Fred. "
Analysing Rwanda's presidential term limits
",
ConstitutionNet
, 22 January 2015. Retrieved on 31 August 2015.
- Mukaaya, Eddie. "
Mining industry generated $93 million in 2008
",
The New Times
, 15 January 2009. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Munyakazi, Augustine; Ntagaramba, Johnson Funga (2005).
Atlas of Rwanda
(kwa French). Oxford: Macmillan Education.
ISBN
0-333-95451-3
.
CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
link
)
- Munyaneza, James. "
Women take 64% seats in Parliament
",
The New Times
, 18 September 2013. Retrieved on 31 August 2015.
- Musoni, Edwin. "
Kagame Promises 12 Years of Free Education
",
The New Times
, 28 July 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Nakayima, Lillian. "
Nkombo Island's Hope for the Future
",
The New Times
, 23 June 2010. Retrieved on 2 March 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Namata, Berna. "
Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries
",
The New Times
, 28 December 2008. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2013-11-07
.
- Nantaba, Eriosi. "
Rwanda services sector boosts GDP
",
East African Business Week
, 18 October 2010. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- National Census Service (Februari 2003).
"The General Census of Population and Housing, Rwanda"
(PDF)
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, Republic of Rwanda (15 Oktoba 2008).
"Law No 18/2008 of 23/07/2008 Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-11-08
. Iliwekwa mnamo
26 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (Februari 2012).
"The third Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV 3) ? Main indicators Report"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-11-13
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Machi
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (Januari 2014).
"Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012?Final Results: Main indicators report"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2015-09-24
. Iliwekwa mnamo
13 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (2015).
"Featured indicators"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
7 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Nielsen, Hannah; Spenceley, Anna (Aprili 2010).
"The success of tourism in Rwanda ? Gorillas and more"
(PDF)
.
African Success Stories Study
.
World Bank
&
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Nile Basin Initiative
(2010).
"Nile Basin Countries"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-03-14
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Ntambara, Paul. "
Minister Irked By Big Number of Grass-Thatched Houses
",
The New Times
, 9 December 2009. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2014-02-02
.
- Nzabuheraheza, Francois Dominicus (2005).
"Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda"
.
African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND)
.
5
(2).
ISSN
1684-5374
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Office of the Ombudsman, Republic of Rwanda.
"Office of the Ombudsman"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
14 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Organization of African Unity (OAU)
(2000).
"Rwanda ? The preventable genocide"
(PDF)
.
The Report of International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and Surrounding Events
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2015-09-08
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Partners In Health
. "
Rwanda Launches Bold Medical Education Partnership
", 20 November 2013. Retrieved on 20 August 2015. Archived from
the original
on
2017-06-13
.
- Percival, Valerie; Homer-Dixon, Thomas (1995).
"Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict, The Case of Rwanda"
.
Occasional Paper: Project on Environment, Population and Security
.
University of Toronto
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-02-22
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
;
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Prunier, Gerard (1995).
The Rwanda Crisis, 1959?1994: History of a Genocide
(toleo la 2nd). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
ISBN
978-1-85065-243-4
.
- Reporters Without Borders
(14 Aprili 2010).
"Two leading independent weeklies suspended for six months"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-06-24
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Reuters
. "
Rwanda completes $95 mln fibre optic network
", 16 March 2011. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2012-09-18
.
- Richards, Charles. "
Rwanda: Question Time: How could it happen?: Rebellion, slaughter, exodus, cholera: the catastrophe in Rwanda is beyond our worst imaginings. Who is to blame? Who are the Hutus and Tutsis? Can peace ever be restored? Some answers ...
",
The Independent
, 24 July 1994. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2014-02-26
.
- Rosenberg, Tina. "
In Rwanda, Health Care Coverage That Eludes the U.S.
",
New York Times
, 3 July 2012. Retrieved on 19 August 2015.
- Roth, Kenneth (11 Aprili 2009).
"The power of horror in Rwanda"
.
Human Rights Watch
. Iliwekwa mnamo
26 Machi
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)
.
"Ingoma"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (I) (6 Januari 2009).
"Tourism and Conservation Performance in 2008"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-05-11
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (II) (7 Mei 2010).
"World Environment Day & Kwita Izina"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-01-12
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (III) (2011).
"Highlights of Tourist Arrivals in Rwanda January?June 2011"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2014-03-20
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Rwanda Development Board (RDB) (IV).
"National Parks"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-05-11
. Iliwekwa mnamo
1 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Rwanda Development Gateway.
"National Ballet ? Urukerereza"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-03-14
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 2) (2009).
"Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements"
.
Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) (Chapter 5) (2009).
"Chap V. Biodiversity and Genetic Resources"
.
Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report
. Iliwekwa mnamo
17 Machi
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- Rwanda Governance Board
.
"Umuganda"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2019-10-20
. Iliwekwa mnamo
8 Septemba
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- RwandAir.
"Flights Schedule"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-10-08
. Iliwekwa mnamo
2 Machi
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Samuelson, Beth Lewis; Freedman, Sarah Warshauer (2010).
"Language policy, multilingual education, and power in Rwanda"
(PDF)
.
Language Policy
.
9
(3): 191?215.
doi
:
10.1007/s10993-010-9170-7
.
ISSN
1568-4555
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2013-12-07
. Iliwekwa mnamo
2015-09-19
.
;
- Shyaka, Anastase.
"The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies"
(PDF)
. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Southern Province
.
"Governor"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-06-05
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Streissguth, Thomas (2007).
Rwanda in Pictures
. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books.
ISBN
978-0-8225-8570-1
.
- Transit Transport Coordination Authority of the Northern Corridor (TTCA) (Juni 2004).
"Investment Opportunities in the Northern Corridor with emphasis in Transport Infrastructure"
(PDF)
.
OECD
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Transparency International
(2014).
"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014 Results"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-12-02
. Iliwekwa mnamo
30 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations (I)
.
"United Nations Member States"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations (II)
.
"International Trusteeship System"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
28 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations (III)
.
"Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945?1999)"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
28 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
. "
Rwanda: Statistics
", 19 July 2012. Retrieved on 20 January 2013. Archived from
the original
on
2014-03-20
.
- United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
. "
Rwandan Women Secure 56% of Parliamentary Seats in Historic Election Result
", 22 September 2008. Retrieved on 16 February 2012. Archived from
the original
on
2012-02-10
.
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (I)
(2007).
"Assessment of Development Results: Rwanda"
(PDF)
. 2. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2012-01-12
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (II) (2011).
"Human Development Index Trends, 1980?2011"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2013-11-02
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (III) (2010).
"Human Development Index Trends, 1980?2010"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2012-04-01
. Iliwekwa mnamo
29 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (IV) (2015).
"Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce child mortality"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-09-15
. Iliwekwa mnamo
20 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (V) (2015).
"Millennium Development Goal 5: Improve maternal health"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-09-15
. Iliwekwa mnamo
20 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (VI) (2015).
"Millennium Development Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2015-09-15
. Iliwekwa mnamo
20 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (VII) (2013).
"Human Development Report 2013: Rwanda"
(PDF)
. Iliwekwa mnamo
31 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United Nations Statistics Division.
"Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)"
.
UN Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Machi
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (I)
(2008).
"Rwanda: Water and Sanitation Profile"
(PDF)
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (II)
(2015).
"Health Insurance Expands Care For Rwanda's Poorest"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2016-03-04
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (III)
(2015).
"Rwanda: Global Health"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Universite Laval (2010).
"Rwanda: Amenagement linguistique dans le monde"
(kwa French). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2013-03-29
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
link
)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
(25 Machi 2008).
"Batwa"
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- USA Today
. "
Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops
", 29 October 2008. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Uwiringiyamana, Clement. "
Rwanda elections: MPs back move to let President Paul Kagame run for unprecedented third term
",
The Independent
, 14 July 2015. Retrieved on 31 August 2015. Archived from
the original
on
2015-09-25
.
- Walker, Robert. "
Rwanda still searching for justice
",
BBC News
, 30 March 2004. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Walker, Robert. "
Rwanda's religious reflections
",
BBC News
, 1 April 2004. Retrieved on 16 February 2012.
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
.
"Birds endemic to the Albertine Rift"
(PDF)
.
Albertine Rift Programme
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Wiredu, Kwasi; Abraham, William E.; Irele, Abiola; Menkiti, Ifeanyi (2006).
A companion to African philosophy
. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN
978-1-4051-4567-1
.
- World Bank (I)
.
"Rwanda"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (II).
"Internet users (per 100 people)"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (III).
"School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (IV).
"Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
27 Julai
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (V).
"Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 2010?2014"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (VI).
"Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 1995?1999"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (VII).
"Life expectancy at birth, total (years), graph"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (VIII).
"Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), graph"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (IX).
"Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), graph"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (X).
"GDP (current US$), graph"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Bank (XI).
"nternational tourism, number of arrivals, graph"
.
Data
. Iliwekwa mnamo
19 Agosti
2015
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2015).
WHO Country Cooperation Strategy at a glance: Rwanda
(PDF)
.
- World Health Organisation (WHO) (2008).
"Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda"
.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
.
86
(11): 817?908.
ISSN
0042-9686
.
- World Resources Institute (WRI)
(2006).
"Agriculture and Food: Country profile ? Rwanda"
.
EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2012-04-02
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Resources Report (2011).
"Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration"
(PDF)
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
(PDF)
mnamo 2012-03-24
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
(30 Septemba 2004).
"Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy"
.
Trade policy review: Rwanda
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
(2001).
"Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101)"
. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka
chanzo
mnamo 2004-12-22
. Iliwekwa mnamo
16 Februari
2012
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
|
Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya
Afrika
bado ni
mbegu
.
Je unajua kitu kuhusu
Rwanda
kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni?
Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa
kuihariri na kuongeza habari
.
|