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????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??????: ? ?????????? ?????????????? -? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ???????????????? ? ? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? [??] [??]

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???? ????, ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? (????? ?????? ??????? $? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????), ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? [??] ????? ????????? ????-? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????-??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????-?? ??? ?????, ??,??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????? $??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????, ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??,??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??,?? ??? [??]

?????? [ ???????? ]

A Thai temple complex with several ornate buildings and a stupa, and a lot of visitors
????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????

???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? (???????) ????????????? ???????? ????, ??.?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? [??]

?????? [ ???????? ]

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Source: "UN report 2004 data" (PDF).
???? ?? ???? ?????????? PopulationData.net ?????? ?????? ??? ???

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??????:

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????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World ? Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society (U.S.)? ????? ?????? ????  
  2. ↑ " " World Population prospects ? Population division " " ? population.un.org ? United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?, ???? ?  
  3. ↑ " " Overall total population" ? World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx) ? population.un.org (custom data acquired via website)? United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?, ???? ?  
  4. ↑ "GDP PPP, current prices" ? International Monetary Fund? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?  
  5. ↑ "GDP Nominal, current prices" ? International Monetary Fund? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?  
  6. ↑ "Nominal GDP per capita" ? International Monetary Fund? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?  
  7. ↑ "Population of Asia" ? populationof.net ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  8. ↑ "Like herrings in a barrel" ? The Economist ? The Economist online, The Economist Group (Millennium issue: Population)? ?? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?   .
  9. ↑ "Asia" ? eb.com, Encyclopædia Britannica ? Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.? ?????  
  10. ↑ ? ? National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ???????)? Washington, DC: National Geographic ? ????? ????????   978-0-7922-7528-2 ?   "Europe" (pp. 68?9); "Asia" (pp. 90?1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
  11. ↑ ? ? "Asia" ? AccessScience ? McGraw-Hill? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  12. ↑ ? ? ? Lewis ? Wigen 1997 , ??. 170?173
  13. ↑ Lewis ? Wigen 1997 , ??. 27?28
  14. ↑ Lewis ? Wigen 1997 , ??. 36?37
  15. ↑ Lewis ? Wigen 1997 , ??. 7?9
  16. ↑ "Asia-Pacific" ? BBC Mobile News ? BBC? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  17. ↑ Schwartz, Benjamin (???????? ????)? "Geography Is Destiny" ? The Atlantic ? Atlantic Magazine?  
  18. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Reid, T.R. Confucius Lives Next Door: What living in the East teaches us about living in the west Vintage Books(1999).
  19. ↑ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott; Henry Stuart Jones; Roderick McKenzie (????) [1940]? "?σ?α" ? A Greek-English Lexicon ? Medford: Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University?  
  20. ↑ Book IV, Articles 37?40.
  21. ↑ Book IV, Article 45.
  22. ↑ "Asie" ? Encyclopedia: Greek Gods, Spirits, Monsters ? Theoi Greek Mythology, Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature and Art? ??????????  
  23. ↑ Theogony , Line 345 ff.
  24. ↑ Theogony , Line 364ff.
  25. ↑ Μ95, Π717.
  26. ↑ Β461.
  27. ↑ Ventris ? Chadwick 1973 , ??. 536.
  28. ↑ Ventris ? Chadwick 1973 , ??. 410
  29. ↑ Bossert, Helmut T., Asia , Istanbul, 1946.
  30. ↑ ANCIENT SILK ROAD TRAVELLERS
  31. ↑ "A Map of the Countries between Constantinople and Calcutta: Including Turkey in Asia, Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan" (?????? ??????)?  
  32. ↑ Ping-ti Ho. "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Etudes Song , Series 1, No 1, (1970). pp. 33?53.
  33. ↑ "BBC ? History ? Black Death" ? BBC? ?? ??????????? ?????  
  34. ↑ "Asia" ? Encyclopædia Britannica Online ? Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc? ?????  
  35. ↑ Vulnerability to Climate Change: Adaptation Strategies and layers of Resilience ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ICRISAT , Policy Brief No. 23, February 2013
  36. ↑ "Largest_Economies_in_Asia" ? Aneki.com (?????? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  37. ↑ "Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo World's Top Office Destinations" ? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?   ????? ??????????? |1= ??????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? )
  38. ↑ Five Years of China's WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism , Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 263?304, 2006. by Paolo Farah
  39. ↑ The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Angus Maddison
  40. ↑ http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf
  41. ↑ "Professor M.D. Nalapat. Ensuring China's "Peaceful Rise". Accessed 30 January 2008" ? Bharat-rakshak.com? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?  
  42. ↑ "Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st century. WBI Development Studies. World Bank Publications. Accessed 30 January 2008" ? Eric.ed.gov ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?  
  43. ↑ "The Real Great Leap Forward. The Economist. 30 September 2004" ? The Economist ? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?  
  44. ↑ Chris Patten. Financial Times . Comment & Analysis: Why Europe is getting China so wrong. Accessed 30 January 2008.
  45. ↑ "Rise of Japan and 4 Asian Tigers from" ? emergingdragon.com? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?  
  46. ↑ "Commonwealth Business Council-Asia" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?  
  47. ↑ "Philippine potential cited" ? sme.com.ph? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?  
  48. ↑ "Asia has more millionaires than Europe" ? Toronto?   [ ???????? ????? ]
  49. ↑ Vallikappen, Sanat (?? ????? ????)? "Citigroup Study Shows Asian Rich Topping North American" ? Bloomberg ?  
  50. ↑ "Milan and Rome named among the most widely visited cities in the world in the Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index report" ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  51. ↑ ? ? ? "2010 Human Development Report: Asian countries lead development progress over 40 years" (??????) ? UNDP? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  52. ↑ "The Jewish Population of the World" ? Jewishvirtuallibrary.org ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?  
  53. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing - 2008, Page 285. ????????   ???-?-????-????-? .
  54. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  55. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  56. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  57. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  58. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  59. ↑ "Department of Census and Statistics" ? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  60. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  61. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  62. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  63. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  64. ↑ "China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2005" ? US Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor ? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?  
  65. ↑ "China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2006" ? US Department of State : Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor ? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?  
  66. ↑ "China (includes Taiwan only): International Religious Freedom Report 2007" ? US Department of State : Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor ? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?  
  67. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  68. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  69. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  70. ↑ "CIA ? The World Factbook" ? Cia.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  71. ↑ Travel China Guide ? Han Chinese , Windows on Asia ? Chinese Religions ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????
  72. ↑ "Culture of North Korea ? Alternative name, History and ethnic relations" ? Countries and Their Cultures ? Advameg Inc. ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?  
  73. ↑ "CIA The World Factbook ? North Korea" ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  74. ↑ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (2009-2)? "Background Note: North Korea" ? U.S. State Department? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? 4 July 2009 ?   ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: |?????= ( ??????? )
  75. ↑ His Holiness's Teachings at TCV? "A Brief Biography ? The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama" ? Dalailama.com? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?  

??????????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

  • Higham, Charles. Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations . Facts on File library of world history. New York: Facts On File, 2004.
  • Kamal, Niraj. "Arise Asia: Respond to White Peril". New Delhi:Wordsmith,2002, ????????   ???-??-?????-??-?
  • Kapadia, Feroz, and Mandira Mukherjee. Encyclopaedia of Asian Culture and Society. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1999.
  • Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002.

????????? [ ???????? ]

  • "Display Maps" ? The Soil Maps of Asia ? European Digital Archive of Soil Maps ? EuDASM? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  • "Asia Maps" ? Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection ? University of Texas Libraries? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  • "Asia" ? Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
  • Bowring, Philip (?? ??????????? ????)? "What is Asia?" ? Eastern Economic Review ? Columbia University Asia For Educators? 135 (7)? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?  
' https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????&oldid=7355646 ' ???? ????