????? ????????

????????? ????? ????????
???????????, ????? ???????? ????
??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????
????? ????????
A golden medallion with an embossed image of Alfred Nobel facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below.
????? ????????????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? ?????? , ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????
??? ?????? ,
?????? (????????? ???????? ????????)
???????????? ????????? ???????
?????? ??????? ???????
????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????????
???????????? ????? ?????
????? ???????? ????
???? (????????? ???????)
????????? nobelprize.org

????? ???????? ( ????????? ?????? : Nobelpriset? ?????????????? ) ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????, ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???: ????????????? , ????????? , ?????? , ??????? ??????? , ??????? ? ?????? ? [?] ????? ?????????? ? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? [?] ????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????

????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????

???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? , ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? [?] ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????

?????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????

??????? ????? ( ????? ⓘ ), ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? , ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??-??????? ????? ??, ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? [?] ?

???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? [?] ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? , ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? [?] ?

????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????-?????? ??????? [?] [?] ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? [?] ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (?? ??????? ?????? ??????) ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? [??] ?? ?????? ????-? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? [??] ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? [??]

???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????? , ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? [??] ? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? [?] ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? [??]

??????? ??????? ??? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? , ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? (?.? ??????? ???? , ?.? ??????? ??????? ???? )?

"The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:
The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.
The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not."

?  ??????? ????? [??]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? [??]

????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????? ????????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? , ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? [??] ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??-??????????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? [??] [??] [??] ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? :

????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????

????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? [??] [??] ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? [??] ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? [??] ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? [??]

?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ? ????, ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? [??] ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? [??] ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? [??] [??]

???????? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

??? ??????: ???????? ??????????

???? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????????????? ( ??????? ??? , ????????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ) ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? [??] ????????? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? [??] ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????-?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? [??]

?????? ??? ???? ????????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??, ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? [??]

?????????? ???????? ?????? [ ???????? ]

??? ??????: ?????????? ????? ????????
??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????

???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????

??? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? [??] [??] ???? ????? ???????? ???, ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? [??]

???????? ???? ?????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????? ?????????? ???, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????

???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????

???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? , ??????, ?????? ??? ???????

??????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? [??] [??] ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? [??] ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????

???????? [ ???????? ]

????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? [??] ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? [??] ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? [??] ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? [??]

???????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????: ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ( ?????????? ) ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? [??] ? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???; ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? [??]

?????????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

??? ????? ?????????????
মূল নকশা ®© দি নোবেল ফাউন্ডেশন ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien ???????????????????????????? ) ?????? ?????????? "??????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????"
মূল নকশা ®© দি নোবেল ফাউন্ডেশন ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? "???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????"
মূল নকশা ®© দি নোবেল ফাউন্ডেশন ??????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? (Karolinska Institutet ????????????? ??????????? ) ?????? ?????????? "???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????".
মূল নকশা ®© দি নোবেল ফাউন্ডেশন ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? (Svenska Akademien ???????????? ??????????? ) ?????? ?????????? "???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? "
মূল নকশা ®© দি নোবেল ফাউন্ডেশন ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? "???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? "
মূল নকশা ®© দি নোবেল ফাউন্ডেশন ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????

???????? ???????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????, ????????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????

???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????

????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? (???? - ????) ??? ???? ???????????????? ????-?? (???????????) (???? - ????) ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ? [??]

????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???; ???? ?????????, ???? ????????, ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? (? ??????? ????? ??????? ????/ ?.? ??????? ??????? ???? )? [??] [??] ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????

???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ; ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???????

???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???

??????????? ????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????

????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????:

  • ???? ??????
    • ?????????????: ???? (????????????? ????????)
    • ??????: ???? (??????? ???????? ????????)
  • ????? ??????
    • ??????: ???? (??????? ????? ??????)
    • ??????: ???? (????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????)
  • ?? ??????
    • ?????????????: ???? (??????????? ????????)
    • ?????????????: ???? (????????????? ??????)
  • ???????? ?????????
    • ??????: ???? (??????? ???? ??? ????????)
    • ??????: ???? (???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????)
  • ?????? ????????


?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????:

???????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????

?????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

?????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????

?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? [??] ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????, ???? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? [??] ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? [??] [??]

??????? ?????? , ????? ????? , ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? [??] ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? [??] [??] ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? [??] ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????-????????? ???????? ??? ????? [??]

???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? [??] ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? [??] ????? ????? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? [??] ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? [??]

??????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??-?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? [??] [??] ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? -?? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? [??] ???? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???? [??] ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????-? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? [??]

??????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?,??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? [??] [??]

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ↑ "??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? 8 October 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2011." ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?  
  2. ↑ Shalev, Baruch Aba (2005). 100 years of Nobel prizes
  3. ↑ ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? 3 October 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
  4. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz. ed. ????? ????????: ????? ??? ???
  5. ↑ Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000) "The Worst And The Brightest" ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
  6. ↑ Sohlman, Ragnar (1983). p. 13. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel ? The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes
  7. ↑ Sohlman, Ragnar (1983). p. 7. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel ? The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes
  8. ↑ von Euler, U. S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science" ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
  9. ↑ ? ? a b AFP (5 October 2009). "Alfred Nobel's last will and testament". The Local. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  10. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001) p.7. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. Watson Publishing International
  11. ↑ ? ? Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001) pp. 13?25.. Nils Ringertz. ed. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  12. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). pp. 7?8. Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. Watson Publishing International. ????????   ?-?????-???-?
  13. ↑ Crawford, Elizabeth T. (1984). p. 1. The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution ? The Science Prizes, 1901?1915
  14. ↑ ??????? ??????? ??? , ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??????????? ??, ????
  15. ↑ The History Channel, This Day in History ? "First Nobel Prizes: December 10, 1901" ? ???????? ????? July 30 ?   ????? ??????????? |accessyear= ??????? ??? ?????? ( |access-date= ????????? ??????? ????? ?????) ( ??????? ); ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: |????????-?????= ( ??????? ) [ ??????????? ???????? ????? ]
  16. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). pp. 39?41. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
  17. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). pp. 166?168.The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years]
  18. ↑ Crawford, Elizabeth T. (1984). p. 266. The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution ? The Science Prizes, 1901?1915
  19. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 297. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  20. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 134. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  21. ↑ Leroy, Francis (2003). pp. 117?118. A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine
  22. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). p. 77. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  23. ↑ Crawford, Elizabeth T. (1984). p. 118. The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution ? The Science Prizes, 1901?1915
  24. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 205. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  25. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). p. 144. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  26. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 69. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  27. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). pp. 242?244. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige.
  28. ↑ Leroy, Francis (2003).p. 233. A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine
  29. ↑ ? ? Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). p. 23. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  30. ↑ Wilhelm, Peter (1983). p. 85. The Nobel Prize. Springwood Books. ????????   ???-?-?????-???-? .
  31. ↑ All Nobel Laureates" . Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
  32. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 343. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  33. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). p. 207. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  34. ↑ " " Nobel Prize in Economic Science Awarded to Oliver E. Williamson " " ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?  
  35. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). pp. 16?17.The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  36. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). p. 26. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  37. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). p. 15. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates.
  38. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 52. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  39. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). pp. 25?28. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years
  40. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). p. 8. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
  41. ↑ Philp, Catherine (10 October 2009). "How the Nobel Peace Prize winner is decided" . The Times (London: Times Newspapers Limited). Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  42. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). p. 9. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
  43. ↑ "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate" . ????? ????????? . 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  44. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). pp. 21?23. Nils Ringertz. ed. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years.
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Amounts" . Nobel Foundation. 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2010
  46. ↑ "Video - Breaking News Videos from CNN.com" . CNN. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
  47. ↑ de Sousa, Ana Naomi (9 October 2009). "Top ten Nobel Prize rows" . The Times (London: Times Newspapers Limited). Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  48. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). p. 219. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
  49. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). p. 315. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  50. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). p. 315. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
  51. ↑ Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). p. 183.
  52. ↑ Frost, Caroline (5 July 2002) "Yasser Arafat:Profile" ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
  53. ↑ Miller, Judith (11 November 2004). "Yasir Arafat, Father and Leader of Palestinian Nationalism, Dies at 75" The New York Times
  54. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). pp. 15?16. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige
  55. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (2001). pp. 302?306. The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates
  56. ↑ "Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts"
  57. ↑ . "How the Nobel Peace Prize winner is decided"
  58. ↑ "Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize"
  59. ↑ "^ "Remarks by the President on winning the Nobel Peace Prize " " ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?  
  60. ↑ "Who deserves Nobel prize? Judges don’t agree". Associated Press. 11 October 2005. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  61. ↑ "Nobel judge steps down in protest" . BBC News (BBC). 11 October 2005. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  62. ↑ Jordan, Mary (9 October 2009). "Author's Nobel Stirs Shock-and-'Bah'" . The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  63. ↑ "NOBEL PRIZE WINNER: Herta Muller" . The Huffington Post. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
  64. ↑ ????? ??? ???????? ?????????
  65. ↑ Feldman, Burton (2001). The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige pp. 286?289.
  66. ↑ Day, Elizabeth (12 January 2008). "He was bad, so they put an ice pick in his brain..." . The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 31 March 2010.

????????? [ ???????? ]

' https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_????????&oldid=7207925 ' ???? ????