??????????? ?????? ??????
? ????????? ?????? ????? (
????
)
??? ??????????? ?????? ??????
???????????
|
|---|
|
|
?????? ??????:
?? ? ???????? ???
?? ??? ???????? ??
|
 ?????-????????? ???????????
 ????????????? ????????
|
???????
? ??????? ???? ?? ????
| ?????
|
|---|
| ?????? ????
| |
|---|
| ????????
| |
|---|
| ????
| |
|---|
| ???????????? ??????
| ??????
[?]
[?]
[?]
|
|---|
| ?????
| ????????????? ?????
?????? ?????
???????????
????????-?????
??????
???????????
[?]
|
|---|
|
| ??????????? ??????????
|
|---|
| ???????? ????? ??????
(????????)
|
|---|
? ??-???????????????
| ????? ??? ?????
(????????)
????? ????? ??????
(????????)
????? ????
(????????)
|
|---|
|
|
| ??????
|
|
|---|
|
| ? ?????? ????
|
|---|
| ?? ?????????? ????
[??]
|
|---|
? "??????" ? ??? ?????????
| ?? ??????? ????
|
|---|
| ? ??????? ????
|
|---|
| ?? ??????? ????
|
|---|
| ?? ???????? ????
|
|---|
| ?? ????? ????
|
|---|
|
|
|
? ???
| ?,??,??? ????
?
(?,??,??? ??
?
) (
????
)
|
|---|
? ???? (%)
| ???????
|
|---|
| ????
| ?,??,??? ????????????? (?,??,??? ????????)
|
|---|
|
? ????????
| ??,???,???
|
|---|
|
? ????
| ??,???,???
|
|---|
? ????
| ??,???,???
|
|---|
|
|
| ??????
(
??????
)
| ???? (??????) ????????
|
|---|
? ???
| $??.??? ??????? (?????) (
?????
)
|
|---|
? ????????
| $?,???
|
|---|
| ??????
(??????)
| ???? (??????) ????????
|
|---|
? ???
| $??? (
?????
)
|
|---|
| ???? ??????? ????
(????)
| ?.???
[??]
?????
·
?????
|
|---|
| ??????
| ??????
(??????) (
AFN
)
|
|---|
| ???? ?????
| ??????
+?:??
????????
(D†)
|
|---|
| ????? ?????? ???
| ???
|
|---|
| ???? ???
| +??
|
|---|
| ????? ???? ???
| AF
|
|---|
| ????????? ??????
| .af
?????????.
|
|---|
???????????
(
???? ????
/
????
:
?????????
,
Af??nest?n
[av??nes?t?n]
), ?????? ???
??????????? ?????? ??????
, ??? ???????
??????????? ???????
? ???
????
,
?????????
,
???
,
???????????
,
???????????
, ?
????????????????
????????? ???? ??-???????
????????
??? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????
?????? ??????
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
???
?????????????
[??]
[??]
[??]
??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????
?????????
[???? ?]
, ???????
????
, ??????
??????????????
,
???????????
?
???????????
??? ?????-??????
???
? ??????????? ??????? ???? "????? (??? ?????) ????? ???"? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
?????
?????? ??????? ??? ? ????????
???????????
?????????? ?????
???????
???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??
????? ????
? ??? ???
?????
????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????
?????? ??????? ???????? (2600-1900 BCE)
????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??,??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????
[??]
[??]
???????????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????, ???? ??????-???????????, ?????, ??????????, ????? ????, ??????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ?????, ????, ? ??????
?????
?
??????? ?????????
?
"???????" ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? "?????" ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????
?????-?????? ????
[
????????
]
???? ??????????????????
??
???? ??????
???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???
????
, ????
????
?
??????
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????
[??]
???????????? ???? ????????
???????? ?????
????????? ?????????
???????? ??? ????
??? ?????????????????
???? ???????????
???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???
??? ?????????????????
????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ?????????
,
?????????? ?????????
? ???????
????? ?????????
????????????
?????????? ?? ?????????
???? ?????
????? ????
???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????
???
????
?? ???????
???????
?????????
??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????
???
????? ???? ????? ??
???????? ????
???? ?????????
??? ???????? ??? ??????
??????????
?? ?????????
???
??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????
?????
?
??????? ??????
?????? ??????????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
??? ????
???????
?????????????
??????
????
???????
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
??? ?????????
??????
????? ??????
?????????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?-????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????
[??]
[??]
[??]
????? ??????????? ????
?????? ?????
??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????
[??]
???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????
???? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????????
??-??????
? ???
???????
?
[??]
???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???
??? ?????????
??????-???? ?????????????
??? ??????
????
???? ?????????
?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????
?????????? ??????
???? ?????? ???
???? ????????????
??????
???????
??????? ???
??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????
[??]
????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????
[??]
??? ????????
???? ???? ????? ???????
????? ??
??????????? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????
???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ???
?????
,
????
?
?????-?-?????
????????? ???? ??????
??? ?????????
???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????
?????????? ??????? ????
??? ????????
????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????
?????
??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????
?????
????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????
???? ????????
?????? ???
???? ?????????
?????? ????? ?????
???
????
??????? ????????
?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????? ???
????????
?????? ????????
?????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????
??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??
???????????
??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ????
????? ??????????? ???, ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????
????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????
[
????????
]
????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????????
???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????
????????? ?????
????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????
[??]
????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????
[??]
???? ????
???? ??? ???????
?????????
????? ??????? ??? ?????
??????? ???????????
????????? ?????
[??]
???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????
[??]
19 ????? ????? ????, ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? , ??????? ?????? , ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?
??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? , ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? 1834 ????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??-?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ? 1837 ????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? , ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? , ?????? ?????-??? ??????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???- ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? , ?? " ???
????? ???
"-?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????
1839 ????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???, ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??? 1839 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? , ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? , ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? , 1842 ???? ???????-??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????? , ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? , ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????, ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? , ??? ????? , ??????? ????? , ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? , ????? , ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????, ???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1857 ????? ???????? ???????-????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? , ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????
????????? ???
[
????????
]
??? ????????? ?????
??????? ??????? ?????????
?
??? ???????????
??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????-????? ????????? ???????????
??????????
???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????-?? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????
???????? ???????
??????????? ?????? ??? ???
?????????????? ?????
???? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????
???????
????? ???? ??????? ??????
???????
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??
??-?????????
???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??
??????? ????????????
??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????-?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????????-??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????
????-?? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????
[
????????
]
???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??
??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????
(???????) ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????
???????-?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? (??????? ???????) ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???, ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????
?????? ?????
??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ???, ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???
??????? ????????????
,
?????????
,
???? ???
? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????
??????????? ?????? ??????????? (????-????)
[
????????
]
| ?? ????????
??????????????
?
?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????
|
????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???????
???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????????
????????
???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????
???????
????? ????
?????? ??
??? ??? ??? ???? ????
?????
??? ???? ????????? ????-?? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????????
????????????? ???
?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????????? ?? ????-?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????
??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????-????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????
??????? ?????? (????-???????)
[
????????
]
????????????? ??-???????
??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????
[??]
[??]
? ???? ???????? ????????
[??]
?,??,??? ????
?
(?,??,??? ??
?
)
[??]
?????-??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????
[??]
?? ?????-??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?,??? ???? (??? ????); ?????-??????? ???????? ?,??? ???? (??? ????)? ?????-??????, ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????-?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????-???? ?????? ?????????
????????? ???????
???? ???? ?????
??? ??????
??? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????
??????????????
,
???????????
?
???????????
; ?????? ??? ???
?????????
-???????????
???? ???????
; ???????
?????????
??? ???????
????
?
[??]
????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?,??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????-????? ???????? ??????? ?,??? ?? (??,??? ??) ?????? ???????
?????
????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????
????? ???
???????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????-?????? ????????? ?????????? ???, ???? ????
????? ????????
??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????-??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??????
??????????? ?????????
, ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ???
???? ??? ?????????
, ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???-??? ?????? ???????
?????? ??????
, ?? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????-?????? ?????????
?????
-???? ?????????, ??????-????????
???????
?
??????? ???
???????? ??? ????????
?????????
???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
[??]
????????????? ????????? ??????
????? ????????
??? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? (??? ??) ?????? ????????
??? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????-????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????
????? ??????
??????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????
????? ?????
???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???
?????? ???
????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
?????? ????
??? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ???? ???-? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?
?????????? ??????????
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ????
??? ? ??????
[
????????
]
????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????
????? ???
?????????; ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????
?????? ????
???? ????, ?? ???
???? ????????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??-??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????
??? ??????
? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????
??????? ???
???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????-?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????
???????? ???
?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????-?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
????????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????
??????? ???????
???????
??????? ????
,
?????????
???????
????? ????
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????-???? ??????
??????? ????
?? ?????-?-???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????, ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????
?????? ? ????????
[
????????
]
????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??,
??
, ?????, ???????? ????,
????????
,
???????????
??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???????, ?? ??????-???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ???????, ??????, ?????????, ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? (?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????), ??????? (?????? ?????? ???? ?????), ??????? ?? ???? ????, ?????, ??????, ??????, ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????, ?????, ???? ?????, ?????? ??? ????
????????????
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????, ????, ??? ????, ?????? ????, ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ???? - ????????? ???
????????????? ??????? ???????? ???-???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ? ????-???? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??° ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? -?° ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????
????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??° ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????
????????? ?????
[
????????
]
???????????? ??? ????? ???, ????, ???? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ????-?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????-?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ????, ??????, ????????, ????, ?????, ?????, ???, ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ????
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
[??]
??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????
[??]
[??]
??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????-??????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ???
???????????
,
????
, ???? ?
??????
?
???????? ??????
???????????
??????
?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????
????????????
[
????????
]
???? ???? ????? ??????
???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
??????
?
???? ??????
,
???
,
??????? ????????
?
????
- ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????
????
,
?????????
,
???????????
,
??????????????
,
???????????
,
???????????
,
??????????
,
???
,
??? ???????
? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????, ???????? ??????, ??????, ?????????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????-???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? "?????" ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????
???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????
?????????
???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????-??????, ?????-??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
???? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?.??%? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? - ????-? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
????? ????????
[
????????
]
????????? ?????????
[
????????
]
????????? ????????????? ???? ??????
??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????-? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????
?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????
????????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
????????????? ??????????
???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????
???? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? (??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????)?
?.
????????
,
?.
??????
,
?.
??????
,
?.
??????
,
?.
????????
,
?.
?????????
,
?.
?????
,
?.
????????
,
?.
????
,
??.
????
,
??.
????????
,
??.
?????
,
??.
?????????
,
??.
?????
,
??.
?????????
,
??.
??????
,
??.
?????
,
??.
?????
,
??.
???????
,
??.
??????
,
??.
??????
,
??.
?????????
,
??.
??????
,
??.
?????????
,
??.
?????????
,
??.
??????????
,
??.
????????
,
??.
????????
,
??.
??????
,
??.
????????
,
??.
???? ???
,
??.
?????
,
??.
?????????
,
??.
?????
????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????
?????????????
???????
?????
?????? ?????-?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????
?????????
, ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????
?????????
, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????
????????-????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????-?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????-?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????; ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????, ???? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ????
???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????
????????-????? ?????
? ??? ???
????????
?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????
??????????
? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????
??????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????
???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????
?????
,
???????
?
???????
???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????,
????
,
?????????
???????,
??????????
,
???????
? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
??????????
????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????-???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????
???? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
????????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? (????? ?? ?????) ?????? ???? ??? ????
??
????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????
??
,
??????
, ?
???
?
?????
?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?
?????
????????????? ?????????????
??????
?
?????
??? ?????? ???; ????? ??????-???????, ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????
???????
??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????,
????
,
?????
,
????
, ?
??????
?
????? ???????????? ????? ???????
??????? ?????
???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????
????????????? ?????? ?????? ????
????
?????????? ??? ??????? ????-?? ????? ????? ???? ???
?????????
?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????
??????
???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????
??????? ?????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
???
????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????
?????????? ???????????? "??????" ?????? ????? ???????
????????
?
???????
??????? ??????? ?????
????????
?????????
, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????
????
??? ? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????-? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????
????????
????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
???? ????
??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????
(United States Geological Survey ?? USGS) ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???, ??.? ????????? ?????
????????? ?????
??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????
[??]
???? ????
??????????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????
[??]
???????????? ??????????? ???????
????????
??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????
??????????
???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? "?????????? ???? ????" ????? ??? ?????
[??]
??????? ???????
????
,
????
,
?????
, ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????
[??]
[??]
[??]
???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
[??]
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????
[??]
??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????
[??]
?????? ???????-???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????
??????? ???????
??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????
[??]
????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??% ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????
[??]
?????? ?????
[
????????
]
???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????-????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????, ????? (?????? ????? ????? ? ??), ????????? ???, ???????, ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????
???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????
????????????
,
?????
,
????????? ?????
?
?????????
????????????? ?????? ?????-???? ???????????? ???? ???? ? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
??????
, ?????, ??????????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????-??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????????, ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????
?????
-????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????
??????? ???????
[
????????
]
????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ? ?????, ??????????? ???????, ???, ????, ??????, ? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ???, ????????????, ? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????-?? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????-?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????????????, ?????????, ????, ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????
?????? ? ????????
[
????????
]
????????????? ??????? ???
??????
? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?
??????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
????????????? ?????????? ??????
???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???
???? ???????
?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? "??????" ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???
??????? ????????
[
????????
]
??????? ????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????
?????????
????, ????? ???????
????? ????
???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????; ???? ??? ??????-?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????-?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????
????????? ???
???????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ?
?????
??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????-?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????
?????? ?????
??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????
??????
-
???????
??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????
???????????? ???? ????? ???
?????
??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????-????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????
?????-?????????
???
?????-????????? ???????
????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????
????
?
????????????
?????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????
??????? ??? ??????
????
?????????
? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????
??????
??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
???????? ????
??? ??????
?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????,
????????
? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????
????? ??????
[
????????
]
????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????
????? ??????????
????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ????
???????? ????? ???????????
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????
??? ?????
???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????
???????????? ????? ??????
????????? ????? ???????????
(???) ?????? ??????????, ???
????? ??? ??????????????
,
???? ????? ???????????
,
??? ?????
,
????? ??????????
???
???? ????????????
??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ???????
??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????
????? ????????
,
???????
,
???? ?????
,
???? ?????? ???????????
,
????????? ?????????????? ???????????
???
?????? ???????????
????? ????? ??????????? ??????????:
????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????
(?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????),
????????? ??????????? ??????????
,
????? ??????????? ??????????
???
?????-?-???? ??????????? ??????????
?
?????
??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????
??????????
???????
???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
???? ????????
????????
???? ???????????-??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????
[??]
???? ???? ???????????, ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????, ?????? ??????????????-????????-?????-?-????-????????-?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????
[??]
???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???
??????
??????? ??? ????,?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????
[??]
??????? ??????
??? ????
???? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????
[??]
????? ???????????????
??????
???????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????
????????
????????, ??????
?????
??
?????
???? ? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ???? ????
????? ???????
??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???
?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????
???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????
????? ??????????????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????-???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?,??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? (??%) ??????? (??%) ????? ???? ?????
????? ???????????
????
,
????
? ???????? ????, ????-
????? ??????
?????? ???? ???????????????? ????????? ????
???? ??????
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????
????? ??????????????
?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????
??????????
???? ???? ??????????
??????? ???????????????
??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
?????????
,
?????
,
??????
?
?????????
??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????
??????????? ??????? ??????????????
????????? ??? ???; ????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????
?
?????-?-????
???? ??? ??? ????? ?????
?????? ??????????????
????????? ??? ???? ???????
[??]
???? ? ????????
[
????????
]
????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????
????? ????
????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??
?????
,
?????
,
??????
? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????
???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????
?????
?
??????????? ??????
????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????
???? ????
?
???? ??????
?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
????????????? ?????? ???-???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????
????????? ???????
? ?????? ???? ????? ?????-??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????, ????????? ??????, ?????????, ??????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????, ????
?????-??????? ???????????
?????
????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????
? ???? ????? ?? ?????
??????
??? ?????? ?? ?????
????? ??????
? ????????? ??????????
??????
,
???
,
??????
?
?????
??????? ??????? ????? ????-?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????
?????????
????? ?????????
???? ????
??? ?????-?-???? ???? ???????? ??????????
????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????
????? ????
?????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????????
?????????? ?????????
, ????? ?
???????
???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ?????????
????? ????? ???? ??? ???????, ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? (???) ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???
???????????? ????-????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????
?????? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???
???? ?????
?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????
??? ????????
???????
???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??,??? ???-??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????-?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???
????? ??-??? ????
???????? ?????-???? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????, ??????, ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????-?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????
???????? ? ????????
[
????????
]
??? ????? ?????
??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????-?-???? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
???????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????, ?????, ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????-?-?????? ??????????, ??????-???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ????-???? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? (?????? ???), ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????,
?????????? ?????
(?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????), ????? ????? ?????,
?????? ?????
? ??????? ???? ?????????
??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???-???? ?????? ???, ???? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ?????, ?????????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????-????? ?????? ????????
????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????, ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???
??????
,
???????????
,
??
, ???
????
?
???
? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????
?????????? ? ??????
[
????????
]
???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????
????? ??????????????
??????????
???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????
????
????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???, ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????
???? ????
??????
?????????????
??????
????????????? ????? ???????? ??????
??????????? ?????? ????????
????????? ???? ???? ???
??????????
???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????
???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
???? ??????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????-?? ???? ????????????? ??% ???? ?? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???
???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
????? ???????
?????????? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????
????? ??? ???????
???? ??? ??? ???
?????????
????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???-???????????????? ?? ????????? ?????
????
???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
???? ???? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ?????
??????? ???? ???????? ??????????
?? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????
- ↑
"BBCNazer.com | ????? ? ????? | ??? ??? ????: ???? ???"
?
www.bbc.co.uk
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Amirzai, Shafiq l?
"? ??? ???? ????? | ????"
?
Rohi.Af
(????? ??????)? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????"
?
?? ??? ????
(????? ??????)? ????-??-??
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Tharoor, Ishaan (????-??-??)?
"The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?"
?
Time
(?????? ??????)?
????????
0040-781X
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Role of the Taliban's religious police"
? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
"Dictionary.com Is The World's Favorite Online Dictionary"
?
Dictionary.com
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Constitution of Afghanistan"
? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
? the Cambridge English Dictionary?
????????
9781107660151
?
- ↑
Gunaratna, Rohan; Woodall, Douglas (????)?
Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown
? ?????? 117?
- ↑
Marcin, Gary (????)?
"The Taliban"
?
King's College
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
??????., ???, ??????
???? ???? ? ???????
?
???????
952990372
?
- ↑
"South Asia :: Afghanistan ? The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
?
www.cia.gov
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"South Asia"
?
World Bank
(?????? ??????)? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"South Asia Studies"
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"Welcome to the Center for South Asia Outreach website"
? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"About the Center for South Asia Studies"
?
??????????????? ??????????????
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Middle East Network Information Center (MENIC), University of Texas at Austin"
? ? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
"National Geographic"
?
National Geographic
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Afghanistan
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ?????????? ???? ??????, Middle East Institute (accessed
20 January
2006)
- ↑
"Sites in Perspectivechapter 3 of Nancy Hatch Dupree,
An Historical Guide To Afghanistan
"
? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"
Afghanistan
"
?
msn.com
? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
??????????, ????? ??. (????)?
The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate
?
????????? ???????????? ?????
?
????????
978-0-19-513777-4
?
- ↑
????? ???. ??. ?????? (?????????)?
"A.?The Hindu Kings of Kabul"
? ?????: ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
????-?????? ????????? (????)?
"The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB"
?
Translated by Guy Le Strange
? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"A.?The Hindu Kings of Kabul (p.3)"
?
????? ???. ??. ??????
? ?????: ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
???????????, ??????? ??. (?? ???????? ????)?
"Richard Strand's Nuristan Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
?
?????????
? ? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
??????? ?????; ??????? ???????, ????????? (????)?
Afghanistan: A Country Study
? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???
- ↑
"Central Asian world cities"
? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
???, ????? (?? ??????????? ????)?
"Obama's war: Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan"
?
????? ????
? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
??????, ????????? ??.?
"A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500?1924), Chapter IV. An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722?1922)"
? ?????: ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"
Ahmad Shah Durrani
"
?
britannica.com
? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
?????????, ?? ??. "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"? ??. ???
- ↑
*
"U.S. maps"
? Pubs.usgs.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings"
? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Afghanistan"
?
???????????????? ??????????
? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Land area (sq. km)"
?
World Development Indicators
? World Bank? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"CIA Factbook ? Area: 41"
? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
????????????, ?????? (????)?
Afghanistan Revisited
? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????
????????
978-1-59033-421-8
? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005"
(??????)
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
?
?
Peters, Steven G. (??????? ????)?
Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007
(??????)
(??????????? ?????????)? USGS Afghanistan Project/
US Geological Survey
/Afghanistan Geological Survey? Fact Sheet 2007?3063? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Afghanistan
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ?????????? ???? ??????, CIA World Factbook.
- ↑
"
Gold and copper discovered in Afghanistan
"
(??????)
?
bgs.ac.uk
? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Uranium Mining Issues: 2005 Review"
?
www.wise-uranium.org
? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"DropCatch.com"
?
www.dropcatch.com
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Afghanistan’s Energy Future and its Potential Implications
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??? ???? ??????, Eurasianet.org.
- ↑
Govt plans to lease out Ainak copper mine
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??????????? ???? ??????, Pajhwok Afghan News.
- ↑
Klett, T.R. (????? ????)?
Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan, 2006
(??????)
(??????????? ?????????)? USGS-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines & Industry Joint Oil & Gas Resource Assessment Team? Fact Sheet 2006?3031? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Afghanistan signs '$7 bn' oil deal with China"
? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
Risen, James (?? ??? ????)?
"U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan"
?
The New York Times
? ?? ??? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Minerals in Afghanistan"
(??????)
?
British Geological Survey
? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(PDF)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
"Afghanistan's Mineral Fortune"
? Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
Tucker, Ronald D. (????)?
Rare Earth Element Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan
(??????)
(??????????? ?????????)? USGS? Open-File Report 2011?1207? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"
China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches
".
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ???????? ???? ??????
- ↑
"China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce"
?
The New York Times
? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"
Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan's Hajigak
????????? ??????
??????????
????-??-?? ??????".
Businessweek
. 6 December 2011
- ↑
Vannieuwenhuyze, Bram (????-??-??)?
Motion in Maps, Maps in Motion
? Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89
1018 VR
Amsterdam
Nederland: Amsterdam University Press?
- ↑
Backman, Brian (????-??-??)?
Thinking in Threes
? New York: Routledge? ?????? 11?11?
- ↑
Tolo, Khama-Basili (????-??-??)?
"Khama-Basili Tolo"
?
LitteRealite
?
4
(2)?
????????
0843-4182
?
?????
:
10.25071/0843-4182.26564
?
- ↑
Ebrahimbay Salami, Gholamheidar (????-??-??)?
"Khaf-Herat-China Railway; a Transition Opportunity to Geo-Economic Situation"
?
geographical researches quarterly journal
?
34
(3): 389?402?
????????
1019-7052
?
?????
:
10.29252/geores.34.3.389
?
- ↑
Pakistan grants $10m for Balkh University
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??????????? ???? ??????, Pajhwok Afghan News.
- ↑
????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???
??????
[?]
?
????????????
?
[?]
- Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977).
An Historical Guide to Afghanistan
. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization.
- Fowler, Corinne. Chasing Tales: Travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan, 2007 (forthcoming), Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York.
- Ghobar, Mir Gholam Mohammad. Afghanistan in the Course of History, 1999, All Prints Inc.
[?]
- Griffiths, John C. 1981.
Afghanistan: A History of Conflict
. Andre Deutsch, London. Updated edition, 2001. Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2002,
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Levi, Peter. 1972.
The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan
. Collins, 1972,
????????
?-??-??????-?
. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, Indianapolis/New York,
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Moorcroft, William
and
Trebeck, George
. 1841.
Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825
, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1979,
????????
?-??-??????-?
.
|
|
- Rashid, Ahmed (2000) "Taliban - Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia", Yale University Press
- Caroe, Olaf
. 1958.
The Pathans
(on the ethnic origin of Afghans).
- Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979)
The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War
. University of Washington Press. 1st paperback edition with new preface and epilogue (2002).
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961.
Between Oxus and Jumna
. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN B0006DBR44.
- Wood, John. 1872.
A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus
. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971,
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Heathcote, T.A. The Afghan Wars 1839?1999, 1980,2003, Spellmount Staplehurst.
- Rall, Ted. 2002. "To Afghanistan and Back: A Graphic Travelogue" New York: NBM Publishing.
- Vogelsang, Willem. 2002.
The Afghans
. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford.
????????
??????????
.
|
General information
??????????
???????????
????????? ????? ?????????? ???????
????? ? ??????????????
????????
News from Afghanistan
????????
????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????
|
|---|
|
|
|---|
| ??????
| |
|---|
| ?????? ??????????
| |
|---|
| ????????
| |
|---|