???? ?????

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55	↙ ???
35	↙ ??????
223	↙ ???
19	↙ ???????
7	↙ ???????
26	↙ ???? ????????

???? ?????
	???? ????? ??? 1988
??????? ?????
??? ???????	???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
???????	11 ?????? 1911 ; ?? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???????
??????	30 ????? 2006 (94 ???) ; ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ???
??? ??????	??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????????
???? ?????	???????
??????	???????? ??????? (1911?1914) ; ??????? ??????? (1914?1922) ; ??????? ??????? (1922?1953) ; ??????? ??? (1953?1958) ; ????????? ??????? ??????? (1958?1971) ; ??? (1971?30 ????? 2006)
??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????
??????	???? ???? ??????? ‏ (1954?2006)
???????	?? ????? ????? ; ????? ?????
??? ???????	2
?????? ???????
??????	1932 ? 2004
????????	?????? ???????
?????? ???????	?????? ?????
??????? ????	????? ??????? (??????: ????? ) (???????: ????? ?????? )
??????	????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????
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????? ?????	???? ??????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???????
???????
	????? ?????? (2004) ; ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? (1995) ; ????? ???? ?? ????? (1988) ; ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ‏ ; ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????
IMDB	????? ??? IMDB
???????.???	????? ??? ???? ???????
	????:???? ????? - ???? ????
	????? ?????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ( 11 ?????? 1911 ? 30 ????? 2006 ) ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? 2004 . ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (1939)? ??? ?????? ????? ????? (1988)? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? (2004). ??? ???? ??????: ????? ?????? (1949)? ? ???????? (1956?1957)? ? ????? ?????? (1959)? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? (1961)? ? ????? ??? ????? (1966)? ? ?????? (1974)? ? ???????? (1977). ^[6] ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???. ^[7] ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ^[8]

?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? 11 ?????? 1911 ?? ?? ???????? ???????? . ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ^[8] ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? . ^[9] ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ^[8] ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1968? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? . ^[10] ??? ???? 7 ?????? ??? ???? ???? 1919 ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? .

????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ( ????? ??????? ??????) ?? 1930 ^[6] ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ( 1938 ? 1945 )? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? 1954 . ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ??? 1960 ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ( 1966 ? 1971 )? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? . ^[8]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? 1952 ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? "?? ?????"? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? "?????". ^[11] ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ^[9]

??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??: "??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????.. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????". ^[11]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? . ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1938 . ?? 1939 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1944 ? ??????? ?? ??? 1943? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? . ?????? ?? 1945 ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1945 ? ???? ????? ?? 1947. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (1948)? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? (1949) ??????? ??????? (1956?1957). ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? (1965) ? ????? ?????? (1959) ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? (1977) ? ????? ??? ???? (1982)? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? (1994) ? ????? ???? ??????? (2004)? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????. ^[6]^[12]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? . ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 1959 ? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? (???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????). ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 1967 ?? ??? ?????? ????????? . ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????: ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? 1977 ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???. ^[13]

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 1944 ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? . ^[14]

???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ?? ?? ???? ????? . ^[15]

????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1989. ^[16]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? 21 ?????? 1950 ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? 25 ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? "?????? ??? ????? ???????". ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1967 . ^[17] ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? 2006 ?? ???? ??? ?????? .

?? ?????? 1995 ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ) ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 1962 ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[18] ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[19]

??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????.
???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . [1]
???? ???? ???? ???????.
???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????.
???? ????? ??? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????.

????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 29 ????? 2006 ?? ??? ???? 95 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? . ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ^[20]

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1930 ?1939. ^[23] ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? 1938 ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????. ^[24] ??? ??? 1947? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? 1960. ^[22] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? "???? ???" ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ^[25] ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1980 ??? ???? ??? 1994 ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? . ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 2006. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????

??? ??????? ( 1932 ): ????? ????? (Ancient Egypt) ?????? ????????? ???? ????. ^[26]

?????? [ ??? ]

???????? ????????? : ^[27]

^ ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1959 ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1967 .

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1947? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???. ^[24] ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1948? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ^[28] ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? 1959? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ^[24]

????? ??????	??? ???????	?????	??????
???????	1947	???? ???? - ??? ?????	???? ??? ???
??????? ???? ?????	1948	???? - ???? ????
?? ??? ?? ????	1951	???? ????? - ???? ?????
??? ??????	1953	???? ???? - ???? ???? - ???? ??????? - ???? ???? ??????
?????	1954	???? ???? - ????? ????
????? ????????		???? ???? - ??? ?????	????? ?????
?????? ??????		???? ???? - ??? ?????	???? ????
??? ????????	1955	???? ????? - ?????? ??? ??????	????? ????
???? ?????	1955	???? ????? - ???? ??????? - ?????	???? ??? ???
???????	1956	???? ???? - ??? ?????	???? ????
?????? ???????	1957	???? ????? - ???? ????	???? ??? ???
??????	1957	???? ???? - ???? ???????	???? ??? ???
???? ??????	1958	???? ???? - ??? ????	???? ??? ??????
???????		????? - ???? ?????	??? ????
???? ?? ?????		???? ???? - ????	???? ??? ???
?????		????? - ???? ????	???? ?????
??? ???	1959	???? ??? ?????? - ???? ?????	???? ??? ???
???? ????????	1959	???? ????? - ??? ??????	???? ????
??? ????? ??????	1960	??? ????	???? ??? ???

??????? ?????? ????????? ??? [ ??? ]

"?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????."

???? ????? ^[29]

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 10 ????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? . ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????. ^[29] ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[30]

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ^[31] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 11 ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????: "???? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????". ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ^[32] ??? ??? ??? "?? ????? ???? ???????? [???? ???? ??????] ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????".

????? ??????	??????	???????	?????	?????
????? ??????	1960	????? ??????	??? ?????? - ???? ????	???? ??? ???
???? ???????	1962	???? ???????	???? ????? - ?????	???? ?????
???? ?????	1963	???? ?????	????? - ???? ????? - ??? ???? - ???? ????? - ???? ????	??? ??????
??? ???????	1964	??? ???????	???? ????? - ???? ???? - ??? ?????? ??????? - ???? ?????	??? ??????
??????	1964	??????	????? - ???? ????? - ???? ????	???? ????? ?????
??????? 30	1966	??????? ???????	???? ???? - ???? ???? - ???? ???? - ??? ?????? ???????	???? ??? ???
??? ???????	1966	??? ???????	???? ???? - ????? ???? - ??? ????	???? ????
??? ?????	1967	??? ?????	???? ????? - ???? ???? - ??? ?????? ??????? - ??? ??????	??? ??????
?????? ???????	1967	?????? ???????	????? ???? - ????? ????	???? ????? ?????
???????	1969	???????	????? - ???? ????? - ???? ???? - ????? ??????	???? ?????
??????	1970	??????	????? - ??? ?????? - ???? ?????	???? ???????
????? ??? ?????	1971	????? ??? ?????	???? ???? - ???? ???? - ????? ??????	???? ????
???????	1973	???????	???? ????? - ??? ?????? - ??? ?????? ??????? - ??? ?????	??? ??????
??????	1973	??????	????? ???? - ?????	???? ????? ?????
????? ??? ???	1974	???????	???? ???? - ???? ????	??? ??????
???? ??? ?????	1975	???? ??? ?????	????? ???? - ???? ???? - ???? ???? - ???? ????	???? ????
??????	1975	??????	???? ???? - ??? ?????? - ???? ??????? - ???? ???? - ???? ????	??? ??????
??? ????	1986	??? ????	????? ????? - ???? ???? - ???? ???????	??? ??????
???? ???	1986	??????	??? ?????? - ????	???? ????
??? ?????	1989	??? ?????	???? ???? - ??? ??????	???? ?????

???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1972 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? "????" ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? . ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ^[33]^[34]

????? ??????	??????	?????	????????	?????	?????
???????	1980	???????	??? ??????	????? ???? - ????? ?????	???? ????
??????? ???	1981	??????? ???	??????? ???	??? ?????? - ????? ???? - ???? ???? - ???? ????	???? ????
??? ?????	1981	??? ?????	???? ??? ???? ?????	??? ?????? - ???? ????	??? ??????
????? ?????	1982	??? ?????	???? ???? ??? ??????	????? ?????? - ????? ????? - ???? ??? - ????? ??? ??????	???? ????? ?????
????	1984	????	??????? ???	??? ??????	???? ?????
???????	1984	?????	????? ???? ??????	????? ??????	???? ????
???? ????	1985	???? ????	???? ????	??? ?????? - ????? ????	??? ??????
???? ??? ???? ?????	1986	???? ??? ???? ?????	???? ??? ???? ?????	???? ??? - ???? ??????	???? ?????

????????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????	??????	??????? ?? ?????	?????	?????
???? ???????	1975	???? ???????	???? ???? - ??? ????????	??????? ?????
???? ???????	1998	???? ???????	???? ???? - ???? ??????	???? ???
?????? ?? ????? ????	1982	?????? ?? ????? ????	??? ???????? - ???? ????	???? ?????
??? ??????? (????? ?????)	1987	??? ???????	????? ???? - ???? ??????? - ??? ?????	???? ?????
??? ????? (????? ??????)	1988	??? ?????	????? ???? - ??????	???? ?????
?????	1994	?????	???? ???? - ???? ??? - ???? ???	????? ???
???? ???????	1999	???? ???????	???? ??? ?????? - ???? ???	??? ??????
???????	2000	??? ???????	??? ???????? - ???? ??????	???? ????
???? ?????? ???????	2001	???? ?????? ???????	???? ???? - ???? ???? - ???? ????	???? ???
?????? ????????? (????? ?????)	2001	????????	??? ?????? - ????? ????? - ???? ???? - ????? ???	???? ??? ????
????? ??????	2001	????? ?????? (??? ?????) ^[3]	????? ???? - ???? ??? ?????? - ???? ????	??? ??????
?????? ????????? (????? ??????)	2005	????????	???? ???? - ????? ????? - ???? ???? - ???? ????	???? ????
????? ?????	2016	????? ?????	??? ??? - ???? ??????	???? ?????

^ ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? . ^[35]^[36]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?????? ?????????? - ??????? - 1943
????? ????? ??????? - ???? ???? - 1944
????? ???? ????? ??????? - ??? ??????? - 1946
????? ?????? ?? ????? - ??? ??????? - 1957
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? - 1962
????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? - 1968
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? - 1972
????? ???? ?????? - 1988
????? ????? ?????? - 1988
?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? - 1989
????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? - 1999
??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? - 2002
????? ?????? - 2004 ^[37]

????? ???? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 2001 ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ? ^[38] ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ^[39] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 2010 ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ^[40] ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ^[41] ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???. ^[42]

????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? 1996? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? 11 ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ^[43]^[44]

???? ?? ??? 1994? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? 1999? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? 2017. ^[45] ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ^[46]^[47] ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? 106 ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? 2017. ^[48]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2002 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? 3 ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? . ^[49]^[50]

??? ??? 2006? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ^[51] ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 10 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ^[52] ??? ??? 2015? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? 2017? ^[53]^[54] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? 14 ????? 2019 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? 50% ???????? ????? ??????? ?25% ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???. ^[55]

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^ https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2030254/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7--%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-10-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ????? ?????? ??????? ? QID : Q10855166
^ https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_026438 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-04-24 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1988/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? ^? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? elwatannews
^ ???? ??????. "??? ???? ?????: ??????? ???????? ?? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-04-26 .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 22 ????? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ?????: 51 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 23 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ????????? ??? ????? (29 ????? 2023). "???? ?????: ≪???≫ ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????" . ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2024-03-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-15 .
^ ^? ^? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? elwatannews2
^ ????: R. Snir, "The Arab-Israeli Conflict as Reflected in the Writing of Naj?b Ma?f???” Abr-Nahrain 27 (1989), pp. 120-153
^ ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ≪?????? ?????????≫? ????: R. Snir, Religion, Mysticism and Modern Arabic Literature (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006), pp. 57-68
^ ?????? ????. ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ^{[
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^ ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? 20 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "????? ??? ??????" . ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-11-05 .
^ ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? "????? ??????" ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ????? ??????? ????? 108? 26 - 10 -2003 ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-07 .
^ ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? "????? ??????" ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???????. ???????. ???? ?????? 23 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ??????.. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ??. ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ???? ?????? (2011). ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? . ???????: ??? ??????.
^ ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????.. ??? ????? ≪????? ???≫ ???? ????? ? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ??? ??????? ? ???? "????? ????". ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ??? ??????? (2015). ????? ?????? ??? ?????? . ?????: ??? ??????.
^ ???? ???? (1990). ???? ????? ???????? . ???: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.
^ ^? ^? "???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????". ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????.
^ "???? ???? ????? ?????????". ????? ???? ???. ?????? ?????? ???????.
^ ??? ?????? ???? (2003). ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? . ???????: ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
^ ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? 14 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ????? . ??? ??????. ISBN : 978-977-09-2991-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-19.
^ ????? ??????? ??? (2006). ???? ???? ??? ?????? . ??? ??????. ISBN : 978-977-09-1521-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-19.
^ ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ."????? ??????" ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? - ????? ?????? ^{[
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^ ???? ??? ?????? ?? ≪????≫ ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ≪?????≫ - ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 14 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????" . ???? ???? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-09-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-04-28 .
^ "????? ?????" . today.almasryalyoum.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
^ "????? ???? ?????, Al J?zah, Egypt" . eg.geoview.info (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-12-10 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 .
^ ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? - ??????? ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "????-????-?????" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
^ "????? ???? ????? - ???? ????? ???" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
^ "??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 2017 ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? "????" " . ??????? ????????? ???????? . 12 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
^ "?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 2017?" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
^ "≪?????? ???????≫ ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 50 ??? ???? | ?????? ?????" . www.almasryalyoum.com (?ar-AR). Archived from the original on 2019-04-30 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
^ "???? ????? "????? ???? ?????" ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? - ????? ??????" . ????? ?????? (?ar-Ar). 28 Oct 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
^ "? ??.. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? - ????? ??????" . ????? ?????? (?ar-Ar). 23 Dec 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
^ "?? ???? ?????? ???106.. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? "???? ?????" " . 11 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
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^ "????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? / ???? ????? | ????? ??????? ???????? - ????? ???????" . www.cdf.gov.eg (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-12-10 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 .
^ "???? ???? ?????.. ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????" . ????? ????? ????????? (?ar-AR). Archived from the original on 2018-01-13 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
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^ "≪?????≫ ?? ???? ???? ?????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.. ????? ???????.. ??????? ??≪?????≫" . 10 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .
^ ??????? ??? ???? (14 ????? 2019). "?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-05-03 .

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[wikidata-a8790bfb0d46582cc197e5682ebce6e337b5b82c-4] ttps://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1988/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

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[elwatannews-6] ? ^? ^? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? elwatannews

[7] ???? ??????. "??? ???? ?????: ??????? ???????? ?? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-04-26 .

[حياة_نجيب_محفوظ-8] ? ^? ^? ^? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 22 ????? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[زواج_محفوظ-9] ? ^? ?????: 51 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 23 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[10] ????????? ??? ????? (29 ????? 2023). "???? ?????: ≪???≫ ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????" . ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2024-03-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-03-15 .

[elwatannews2-11] ? ^? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? <ref> ???????? </ref> ?????? elwatannews2

[12] ????: R. Snir, "The Arab-Israeli Conflict as Reflected in the Writing of Naj?b Ma?f???” Abr-Nahrain 27 (1989), pp. 120-153

[13] ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ≪?????? ?????????≫? ????: R. Snir, Religion, Mysticism and Modern Arabic Literature (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006), pp. 57-68

[نقاد_نجيب_محفوظ-14] ?????? ????. ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 5 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? 20 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[16] "????? ??? ??????" . ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-11-05 .

[أولاد_حارتنا-17] ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? "????? ??????" ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[جريدة_المصري-18] ????? ??????? ????? 108? 26 - 10 -2003 ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-07 .

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[20] ???? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???????. ???????. ???? ?????? 23 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[21] ??????.. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ??. ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[ش-22] ? ^? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[23] ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[رجاء-24] ? ^? ^? ???? ?????? (2011). ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? . ???????: ??? ??????.

[25] ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????.. ??? ????? ≪????? ???≫ ???? ????? ? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[26] ??? ??????? ? ???? "????? ????". ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[27] ??? ??????? (2015). ????? ?????? ??? ?????? . ?????: ??? ??????.

[28] ???? ???? (1990). ???? ????? ???????? . ???: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.

[ن-29] ? ^? "???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????". ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????.

[30] "???? ???? ????? ?????????". ????? ???? ???. ?????? ?????? ???????.

[31] ??? ?????? ???? (2003). ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? . ???????: ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

[32] ???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? 14 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[33] ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ????? . ??? ??????. ISBN : 978-977-09-2991-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-19.

[34] ????? ??????? ??? (2006). ???? ???? ??? ?????? . ??? ??????. ISBN : 978-977-09-1521-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-19.

[35] ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ."????? ??????" ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? - ????? ?????? ^{[
???? ??????
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[36] ???? ??? ?????? ?? ≪????≫ ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ≪?????≫ - ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 14 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[37] "????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????" . ???? ???? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-09-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-04-28 .

[38] "????? ?????" . today.almasryalyoum.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[39] "????? ???? ?????, Al J?zah, Egypt" . eg.geoview.info (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-12-10 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 .

[40] ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? - ??????? ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[41] "????-????-?????" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[42] "????? ???? ????? - ???? ????? ???" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[43] "??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 2017 ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? "????" " . ??????? ????????? ???????? . 12 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[44] "?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 2017?" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[45] "≪?????? ???????≫ ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 50 ??? ???? | ?????? ?????" . www.almasryalyoum.com (?ar-AR). Archived from the original on 2019-04-30 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[46] "???? ????? "????? ???? ?????" ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? - ????? ??????" . ????? ?????? (?ar-Ar). 28 Oct 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-01-13 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[47] "? ??.. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? - ????? ??????" . ????? ?????? (?ar-Ar). 23 Dec 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[48] "?? ???? ?????? ???106.. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? "???? ?????" " . 11 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[49] ???? ????? ???? ????? - ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[50] ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? - ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 14 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[51] "????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? / ???? ????? | ????? ??????? ???????? - ????? ???????" . www.cdf.gov.eg (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-12-10 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 .

[52] "???? ???? ?????.. ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????" . ????? ????? ????????? (?ar-AR). Archived from the original on 2018-01-13 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[53] "???? ??????? ????????: ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? 2017" . ??? ????? (?ar-AR). Archived from the original on 2018-01-13 . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[54] "≪?????≫ ?? ???? ???? ?????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.. ????? ???????.. ??????? ??≪?????≫" . 10 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-12 .

[55] ??????? ??? ???? (14 ????? 2019). "?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-05-03 .

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1901?1925	???? ???? ?????? (1901) ?????? ????? (1902) ???????????? ???????? (1903) ?????? ??????? / ????? ????????? (1904) ????? ????????? ( 1905 ) ?????? ???????? (1906) ??????? ?????? (1907) ????? ???? ( 1908 ) ???? ??????? (1909) ??? ??? ???? (1910) ????? ???????? (1911) ?????? ???????? (1912) ?????????? ????? (1913) ????? ????? (1915) ???? ??? ????????? (1916) ???? ??????? / ????? ?????????? (1917) ???? ?????? (1919) ???? ????? (1920) ?????? ????? (1921) ??????? ????????? (1922) ?????? ???? ???? (1923) ????????? ?????? (1924) ???? ?????? ?? (1925)
1926?1950	??????? ?????? (1926) ???? ?????? (1927) ?????? ?????? (1928) ????? ??? (1929) ?????? ???? (1930) ???? ???? ??????? (1931) ??? ??????? (1932) ????? ????? (1933) ????? ????????? (1934) ????? ????? (1936) ???? ?????? ?? ??? (1937) ???? ??? (1938) ????? ????? ??????? (1939) ?????? ????? ???? (1944) ???????? ??????? (1945) ????? ???? (1946) ?????? ??? (1947) ?. ?. ????? (1948) ?????? ????? (1949) ???????? ???? (1950)
1951?1975	??? ????????? (1951) ?????? ?????? (1952) ?????? ????? (1953) ????? ??????? ( 1954 ) ?????? ?????? (1955) ???? ????? ??????? (1956) ????? ???? (1957) ????? ???????? (1958) ????????? ????????? (1959) ??? ??? ???? (1960) ???? ??????? (1961) ??? ???????? (1962) ???????? ????? (1963) ??? ??? ????? (??? ???????) (1964) ??????? ??????? (1965) ?????? ???? ????? / ???? ???? (1966) ???? ???? ???????? (1967) ???????? ??????? (1968) ????? ????? (1969) ??????? ?????????? (1970) ????? ?????? (1971) ??????? ??? (1972) ?????? ???? (1973) ????? ?????? / ???? ???????? (1974) ??????? ??????? (1975)
1976?2000	??? ???? (1976) ?????? ?????????? (1977) ???? ???? (1978) ?????? ?????? (1979) ??????? ????? (1980) ????? ?????? (1981) ??????? ?????? ?????? ( 1982 ) ?????? ?????? (1983) ???????? ????? (1984) ???? ????? (1985) ???? ?????? (1986) ???? ??????? (1987) ???? ????? (1988) ?????? ????? ???? (1989) ??????? ??? (1990) ????? ???????? (1991) ???? ?????? (1992) ???? ??????? (1993) ???????? ??? (1994) ????? ???? (1995) ??????? ????????? (1996) ????? ?? (1997) ????? ???????? (1998) ????? ???? (1999) ??? ????????? (2000)
2001? ??? ????	??????? ??????????? ????? (2001) ????? ?????? (2002) ??? ??????? ?????? ( 2003 ) ??????? ?????? (2004) ?????? ???? (2005) ?????? ????? (2006) ????? ?????? (2007) ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? (2008) ????? ???? (2009) ????? ?????? ???? (2010) ????? ?????????? (2011) ?? ??? (2012) ???? ????? (2013) ?????? ??????? (2014) ???????? ??????????? (2015) ??? ???? (2016) ????? ???????? (2017) ????? ????????? (2018) ???? ?????? (2019) ???? ???? (2020) ??? ?????? ???? (2021) ??? ???? ( 2022 ) ??? ???? (2023)