????? ??????

??? ???????
?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????
( ??????????? : Thomas Edison )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1559) في ويكي بيانات
 
??????? ?????
??? ??????? ( ??????????? : Thomas Alva Edison )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1477) في ويكي بيانات
??????? 11 ?????? 1847 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P569) في ويكي بيانات
????? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P19) في ويكي بيانات
?????? 18 ?????? 1931 (84 ???) [7] [1] [2] [3] [4] [6]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P570) في ويكي بيانات
???? ????? [8] [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P20) في ويكي بيانات
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P509) في ويكي بيانات
???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????     [???? ????] ‏ [9]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P119) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P27) في ويكي بيانات
????? ???????? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P172) في ويكي بيانات
??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?   ???????? ????????? ??????? ?   ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?   ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?   ??????????? ??????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P463) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???? ???????     [???? ????] ‏ (1871?9 ????? 1884) [1]
???? ????     [???? ????] ‏ (1886?1931) [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P26) في ويكي بيانات
???????
?????? ???? ???? (???)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1038) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???????
??????? ???? ????? ???? (??????: ?????? ) (1875?1879)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P69) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????? [1] ?   ?????? [1] [5] [6] ?   ????????? [1] ?   ????? ????? [1] ?   ????? ??????? [10] ?   ????? ????? ?   ????? ????? ?   ???????? [6]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P106) في ويكي بيانات
????? ???? ??????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P103) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ?????????? [1]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات
???? ????? ?????? [11] ?   ?????? ????? [1] ?   ?????? ???????? [1] ?   ?????? ?   ?????? ????????? ?   ?????? ?   ????? ?????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P101) في ويكي بيانات
???? ?? ????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P108) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? ????? ????? ?   ?????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P800) في ويكي بيانات
???????
???????
 
???????
IMDB ????? ??? IMDB   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P345) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

????? ???? ?????? ( ??????????? : Thomas Alva Edison )? ?( 11 ?????? 1847 ? 18 ?????? 1931 )? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???: ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1876 .

????? ?????? 1093 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? . ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? . ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? . [16] ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? (???????? [17] ) ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ( ??????? ) ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??. ???????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ( ???????? )? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? [18] ?? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? 6 ?????. ???? ?? ??? 1931 ??? ??????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ????? ] .

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??? 1861 .

???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ( 1804 - 1896 ) ?????? ?????? ????? ( 1810 - 1871 ). [19] ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1837 . [20]

??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ≪????≫. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????: ≪?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.≫ ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. [21] ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. [22] [23]

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1854 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????. [24] ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ( Grand Trunk Herald ). ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? 14 ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. [25] [26]

???? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ( J.U. MacKenzie ) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???????? . [27]

?? ??? 1866 ??? ??? ???? 19 ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? . ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ??? 1867 ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. [28]

??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? (????? ???????? ????????? ??? 90646) [29] ?????? 1 ????? 1869 . [30]

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1877 ??? ????? ?????????? . ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ≪ ???? ????? ???? ≫ ?? ??? ?????.

??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ≪?????????? ??????≫.

????? ???? (1876-1881) [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? "Mary Had a Little Lamb".
?????? ?? ??????? ??????????.
????? ?????? "????? ????". ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ???????.
??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? 1879 .
????? ?????? ??????? ??? 223898: ??????? ????????? (???? ?? 27 ????? 1880 ).

??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ( Quadruplex ). ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 4,000 ?5,000 ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ??? 10,000 ????? ?????? (?? ?? ????? 202,000 ????? ?????? ?? 2010 ) ???? ?????? ????? ???????.

???????? ( Quadruplex ) ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?? ?????? 1879 ? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ??? 1880 ? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ( Edison Lamp Works ). ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? 50,000 ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? . ????? ???????? ??? ???? ≪???? ??????? ?????????? ????????≫.

?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 17 ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 14 ???. ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. [31]

?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. [32] ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? [33] ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? . ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????. [34]

?? ??? 1878 ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ( filament ) ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? (??????? ???? ??????? Ediswan ). ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ≪??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??... ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????≫. [35]

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1879 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? 1800 ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ≪??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????≫. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1887 ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ≪?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????... ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????... ??????? ???????? (???? ?????) ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????...≫ ???????? ????. [36]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ≪?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????≫. [37] ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.

????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????.

. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ≪???? ????? ????≫ ( ??????????? : The Wizard of Menlo Park )?. [38]

???? ??????? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ?? 1877 ??? 1878 ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ( Bell ) ??? ????????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1892 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? . ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????.

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ?????

????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ≪?????≫ ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.

??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? . ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 22 ?????? 1879 ?????? ??? 13.5 ????. [39] ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 4 ?????? 1879 ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 223898 (???? ?? 27 ????? 1880 ) ?????? ??????? ???????? ≪????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????≫. [40]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ≪????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????≫? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? 1,200 ????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ( Battle Lake ) ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 29 ????? 1878 . [41]

?? ??? 1878? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ( Vanderbilt ). ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? 31 ?????? 1879 ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????: ≪????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????≫. [42]

???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1884 . ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 1881 ?? ≪????? ????? ???????≫? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????. [43]

???? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ( 1882 ) ????? 25,000 ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. [44]

?? 8 ?????? 1883 ? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 6 ?????? 1889 ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ≪????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????≫. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( Ediswan ) ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? .

??? ???? ???? ( Mahen Theatre ) ?? ????? ???? (?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ) ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. [45] ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? 2010 . [46]

????? ?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1880 ? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?? 17 ?????? 1880 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1882 ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? 4 ?????? 1882 ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? 110 ???? ???? ????? ( DC ) ???? 59 ?? ??????? ?? ???????. [47]

?? ????? 1882 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? . ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? 19 ????? 1883 ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? .

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????: ??? ????????

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ( DC ) ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ( AC ) ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ??. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????.

?? ??? 1887 ? ???? ???? 121 ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? (????? 2.4 ??) ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????? ≪ ??? ???????? ≫ ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (???????? ?????? ???????) ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. [48] [49]

?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ( HVDC ) ??????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. [50]

??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? 1600 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 2005 ? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 14 ?????? 2007 . ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? . ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? .

?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? . ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? 1903 ??? ?????? ≪?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????≫. [51]

???? ????? ????? ????? (1886-1931) [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ? ??????? ? 11 ?????? 1929 .
????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? [52] ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ( Glenmont ) ?? ??? 1886 ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? . ?? ??? 1885 ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.

???? ?????? ??? ???? ( Civitan Club ) ?? ???? ????? ??? 1928 . ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ≪???? Civitan Club ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????≫. [53] ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????.

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? . ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. [54]

??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? 54 ??? ??? ????? 1984 .

??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????≫ [55] ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? 1930 ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ≪????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????.≫ ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ≪???????? ??????? ???????≫ ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 7:00? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? 8:00? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. [56]

????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1906 . ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 1923 ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????.

???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? 18 ?????? 1931 ? ?? ????? ( Glenmont ) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1886 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. [57] [58] ????? ???? ?? ??? 1947 .

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?????.
???? ?????? ??? 1906.

?? 25 ?????? 1871 ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? 24 ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 16 ????? ????? ( 1855 - 1884 ) ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????:

????? ???? ?????? ?? 9 ????? 1884 ?? ??? ????? 29 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? [63] ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? . ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????. [64]

?? 24 ?????? 1886 ? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? [65] ????? ?? ????? 20 ????? ( 1866 - 1947 ). [66] ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ( Chautauqua Institution ) ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????:

???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 24 ????? 1947 .

????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???:

????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. [76] ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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