中世 暗黑時代

위키百科, 우리 모두의 百科事典.

暗黑時代 (Dark Ages)란 서로마 帝國의 滅亡 以後 西유럽 中世 初期 또는 中世 全體를 가리키는 用語로, 經濟的?知的?文化的 衰退를 强調하는 表現이다. 여기서 빛과 어둠이라 함은 飼料 가 豐富한 것을 빛, 그렇지 않은 것을 어둠이라 하는 意味이기도 하다. [1]

"暗黑時代"라는 觀念은 1330年代 이탈리아의 페트라르카 가 처음 考案한 것이다. 페트라르카는 로마帝國이 亡한 뒤의 時代는 "빛나는" 古典 古代 와 對比되는 "어두운" 時代였다고 생각했다. [1] [2] 즉슨 暗黑時代라는 觀念은 中世를 로마의 滅亡으로부터 르네상스 사이의 유럽을 知的인 暗黑의 時代였다고 貶下하기 위한 意圖가 있는 것이고, 18世紀 啓蒙時代 에 들어 이런 觀念이 널리 받아들여지게 되었다. [1]

19-20世紀에 들어 中世에 對한 硏究가 進陟되면서 歷史學者들은 "暗黑時代"를 史料가 不足한 中世 初期 (5世紀-10世紀)에 限定해서 使用하기 始作했고, [1] [3] [4] 現代에 들어서는 中世를 가리켜 暗黑時代라는 用語 自體를 거의 使用하지 않게 되었다. [5] 現代의 歷史學者 大多數는 暗黑時代라는 表現에 內在한 偏見이 誤導와 不確實性을 惹起하므로 그 用語의 使用을 避해야 한다는 데 同意한다. [6] [7] [8] [9] 그러나 페트라르카가 처음 使用하기 始作한 輕蔑的 意圖는 如前히 남아 있고, [10] [11] [12] 特히 中世를 暴力과 退行의 時代로 誤解하는 大衆文化의 次元에서 "暗黑時代"라는 表現은 繼續 使用되고 있다. [13] [14]

各州 [ 編輯 ]

  1. Theodor Ernst Mommsen (1959). 〈Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages ' . 《Medieval And Renaissance Studies》. Cornell University Press . 106?129쪽.   . Reprinted from: Mommsen, Theodore Ernst (1942). “Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages ' ”. 《 Speculum 》 (Cambridge MA: Medieval Academy of America ) 17 (2): 227?228. doi : 10.2307/2856364 . JSTOR   2856364 . S2CID   161360211 .  
  2. Thompson, Bard (1996). 《Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation》. Grand Rapids, MI: Erdmans. 13 쪽. ISBN   978-0-8028-6348-5 . Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a 'dark age', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans.  
  3. Ker, W. P. (1904). 《The Dark Ages》 . New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1 쪽. The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages ? or the Middle Age ? used to be the same; two names for the same period. But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance. This was not the old view , and it does not agree with the proper meaning of the name.  
  4. Rahman, Syed Ziaur (2003). “Were the "Dark Ages" Really Dark?”. 《Grey Matter. The Co-curricular Journal of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College》 ( Aligarh Muslim University ) 7 (10).  
  5. Halsall, Guy (2005). Fouracre, Paul , 編輯. 《The New Cambridge Medieval History: c.500-c.700》 1 . Cambridge University Press. 90 쪽. In terms of the sources of information available, this is most certainly not a Dark Age... Over the last century, the sources of evidence have increased dramatically, and the remit of the historian (broadly defined as a student of the past) has expanded correspondingly.  
  6. Joseph Gies (1994). 《Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages》 . HarperCollins Publishers. 2쪽. In the course of recent decades, the very expression 'Dark Ages' has fallen into disrepute among historians.  
  7. Snyder, Christopher A. (1998). 《An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600》. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. xiii–xiv쪽. ISBN   0-271-01780-5 .   . In explaining his approach to writing the work, Snyder refers to the "so-called Dark Ages", noting that "Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages ... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither 'dark' nor 'barbarous' in comparison with other eras."
  8. Verdun, Kathleen (2004). 〈Medievalism〉 . Jordan, Chester William . 《 Dictionary of the Middle Ages 》. Supplement 1. Charles Scribner. 389?397쪽.   ; Same volume, Freedman, Paul , "Medieval Studies" , pp. 383?389.
  9. Raico, Ralph . “The European Miracle” . 2011年 8月 14日에 確認함 .   "The stereotype of the Middle Ages as 'the Dark Ages' fostered by Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment philosophes has, of course, long since been abandoned by scholars."
  10. 《Oxford English Dictionary》 4 2板. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. 251 쪽.  
  11. “Definition of DARK AGE” . 《www.merriam-webster.com》.  
  12. Franklin, James (1982). “The Renaissance Myth” . 《Quadrant》 26 (11): 51?60.  
  13. Tainter, Joseph A. (1999). 〈Post Collapse Societies〉 . Barker, Graeme . 《Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology》. Abingdon, England: Routledge. 988쪽. ISBN   0-415-06448-1 .  
  14. * Nelson, Janet (Spring 2007). “The Dark Ages”. 《History Workshop Journal》 63 : 196?98. doi : 10.1093/hwj/dbm006 . ISSN   1477-4569 .