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?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? "??????????" ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? "?????????" ???? ????? ??? ???? "????? ????" ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? "??? ?????" ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? '???????? ????'?
?????? ????????
[
????????
]
- ?????????? ???????? ?????????? (???????? ????)? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????
- ?????? ????????? ?????????? (????? ????)
- ↑
??????? ??????:
<ref>
????? ??? ???;
instanbul2
????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
- ↑
"Province Population"
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
[
??????????? ???????? ?????
]
- ↑
"TURKSTAT Corporate"
?
data.tuik.gov.tr
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"List of largest cities"
?
Wikipedia
(?????? ??????)? ????-??-???
- ↑
Herrin, Judith (????-??-??)?
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire
(?????? ??????)? Princeton University Press?
????????
978-0-691-14369-9
?
- ↑
?
?
"Istanbul | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica"
?
www.britannica.com
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Celik, Zeynep (????)?
The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century
? ?University of California Press?
????????
978-0-520-08239-7
?
- ↑
Gabor Agoston, Bruce Masters (????)?
Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
? Infobase Publishing?
????????
978-1-4381-1025-7
?
- ↑
"Overnight visitors to top city destinations worldwide 2018"
?
Statista
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Heper, Metin (????)?
Historical Dictionary of Turkey
? Rowman & Littlefield Publishers?
????????
978-1-5381-0224-4
?
- ↑
??????? ??????:
<ref>
????? ??? ???;
hisdic
????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
- ↑
OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey
?
Policy Briefs
? The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development? ????? ?????
????????
978-92-64-04383-1
?
- ↑
"Top city destinations by overnight visitors"
?
Statista
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
"Istanbul"
?
britannica.com
?
Encyclopædia Britannica
?
- ↑
Mango, Cyril
(????)? "Constantinople"?
Kazhdan, Alexander
?
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
? Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press? ?????? 508?512?
????????
0-19-504652-8
?
- ↑
Masters ? Agoston 2009
, ??. 114?15
- ↑
"?????????? ???? ????????? ? DW ? 29.03.2018"
?
dw.com
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Istanbul"
?
Encyclopedia Britannica
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
??????? ??????:
<ref>
????? ??? ???;
Population of Turkey
????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
- ↑
Adrian, Room (????)?
Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites (2nd ed.)
? McFarland, Incorporated? ?????? ????
????????
978-0-7864-2248-7
?
- ↑
Georgacas, Demetrius John?
The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
?
???????? ??????? ???????
??????
-?? ??????-??????? ???? (???????? ????)
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- ↑
"December 2013 address-based calculation of the Turkish Statistical Institute as presented by citypopulation.de"
?