???? ??????????

????? ????????????
???????? ????????? ; 17 ???? ?????????? ????????????
	????? ????????????
?????	????? ????????????
???????	?????? 31 , 1596 ; La Haye en Touraine [now Descartes], Indre-et-Loire , ????????
??????	???????? 11, 1650 (???? 53) ; ????????????? , ???????
????????? ???????	???????????????? , ????????????????? (Rationalism), Foundationalism
????????? ????????????	???????????? , ???????????? (Epistemology), ???????? , ??????
??????????????? ????????????	?????????? ????? ???? (Cogito ergo sum), method of doubt , ??????????? ????????? ?????? , ??????????? ????? , ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? (ontological argument); ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????????????.
???? ??????????	???-????? , ???????? , ??????????????? , ????????? , ????? ?????????? , ????????? ?????? , ?????????????? ?????? , ?????? ???????? , ??????????? ???????????? , ?????? ?? ???????????? , ?????? ????????????
?????? ; ??????????	??????? ??????????? , ????? ????? , ????????? ????????? , ????????? ??????????? , ???????? ????????? , ???? ??????? , ?????????? ??????????? , ????? ???? , ??????????? ????.???? , ???????? ???????? , ???????? ?????????????]], ??????? ???????? , ???? ?????????? , ????? ???????????

???? ?????????? (?) ????? ???????????? ( Rene Descartes ???????? ???? : ^[1] ( ?????? 31 , 1596 ? ???????? 11 , 1650 ) ^[2] , ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???????????????, ??????????????????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ^[3]^[4].????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? 20 ????????? (1629-49) ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ( Renatus Cartesius ) ?? ?????????????????. ^[5]

???????? [ ???? ]

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????, 1616

???? 1596 ??? ????? ???????? 31 ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????.. ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????. ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ^[6].???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????.????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? (the Protestant Huguenots) ??????????????? ???????? ^[7] .

??????? ???????? [ ???? ]

1607 ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??-????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ^[8].????? ???????? ?????? , ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ^[9]. 1614 ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? 1615 ????? 1616 ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????.????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ^[10]. ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????????????. ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????. ^[4] ??????? '??????????? ??? ??????? ???????'(Meditations on First Philosophy) ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????.

?????????? [ ???? ]

1960 ?? ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ( Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii ) ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ^[11]. 1623 ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????. ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????. 1627 ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????.

???????????????? ??????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? (Cartesian coordinate system) ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? (analytical geometry) ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ?????????, ??????, ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????????????????.

???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????, " ???? ??????????????, ??????? ???? ??????????? " ( I think, therefore I am ) ?? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????.

?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???, ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ?????? 17?? ???????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????.

?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????, ?? ????????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????.

???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ^[12].

???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????????????. ???? ??????? ????????.

????????????? ????????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Descartes" entry in Collins English Dictionary , HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.
↑ Colie, Rosalie L. (1957). Light and Enlightenment . Cambridge University Press. p. 58 .
↑ Bertrand Russell (2004) History of western philosophy pp.511, 516?7
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Richard Watson (philosopher) (31 March 2012). "Rene Descartes" . Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc) . http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes . ??????? ????: 31 March 2012 .
↑ Nadler, Steven: The Philosopher, the Priest, and the Painter: A Portrait of Descartes . (Princeton University Press, 2015, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780691165752 )
↑ Rodis-Lewis, Genevieve (1992). "Descartes' life and the development of his philosophy". In Cottingham, John (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes . Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-36696-0 .
↑ "All-history.org" . Archived from the original on 2015-01-29 . ????????????? ???? 2017-06-19 .
↑ Clarke (2006), p. 24
↑ Porter, Roy (1999) [1997]. "The New Science". The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (paperback edition, 135798642 ed.). Great Britain: Harper Collins. p. 217. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0006374549 .
↑ Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008). From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 373 ?377. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-13-158591-6 .
↑ Guy Durandin, Les Principes de la Philosophie. Introduction et notes, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris, 1970.
↑ Thus, all Philosophy is like a tree, of which Metaphysics is the root, Physics the trunk, and all the other sciences the branches that grow out of this trunk, which are reduced to three principals, namely, Medicine, Mechanics, and Ethics. By the science of Morals, I understand the highest and most perfect which, presupposing an entire knowledge of the other sciences, is the last degree of wisdom

??????????????? [ ???? ]

?????- ??????

Bernard Williams interviewed about Descartes on "Men of ideas"
???? ?????????? at Find a Grave

????

Detailed biography of Descartes
" Rene Descartes " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia .
Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942.
More easily readable versions of Meditations , Objections and Replies , Principles of Philosophy , Discourse on the Method , Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth, and Passions of the Soul .
1984 John Cottingham translation of Meditations and Objections and Replies . ????????????? 2008-12-20 at the ??????? ?????????
Rene Descartes (1596?1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996)
Original texts of Rene Descartes in French ????????????? 2011-08-30 at the ??????? ????????? at La Philosophie
Descartes Philosophical Writings tr. by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org
Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org
The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934) at archive.org
???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? (WorldCat catalog)
??????????:IMSLP
Rene Descartes (1596?1650): Overview(IEP)
Rene Descartes:The Mind-Body Distinction(IEP)

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[1] "Descartes" entry in Collins English Dictionary , HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.

[2] Colie, Rosalie L. (1957). Light and Enlightenment . Cambridge University Press. p. 58 .

[Russell2004p516-3] Bertrand Russell (2004) History of western philosophy pp.511, 516?7

[Britannica-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Richard Watson (philosopher) (31 March 2012). "Rene Descartes" . Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc) . http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes . ??????? ????: 31 March 2012 .

[5] Nadler, Steven: The Philosopher, the Priest, and the Painter: A Portrait of Descartes . (Princeton University Press, 2015, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780691165752 )

[6] Rodis-Lewis, Genevieve (1992). "Descartes' life and the development of his philosophy". In Cottingham, John (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes . Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-36696-0 .

[7] "All-history.org" . Archived from the original on 2015-01-29 . ????????????? ???? 2017-06-19 .

[8] Clarke (2006), p. 24

[9] Porter, Roy (1999) [1997]. "The New Science". The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (paperback edition, 135798642 ed.). Great Britain: Harper Collins. p. 217. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0006374549 .

[10] Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008). From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 373 ?377. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-13-158591-6 .

[Durandin-11] Guy Durandin, Les Principes de la Philosophie. Introduction et notes, Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Paris, 1970.

[12] Thus, all Philosophy is like a tree, of which Metaphysics is the root, Physics the trunk, and all the other sciences the branches that grow out of this trunk, which are reduced to three principals, namely, Medicine, Mechanics, and Ethics. By the science of Morals, I understand the highest and most perfect which, presupposing an entire knowledge of the other sciences, is the last degree of wisdom

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