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???? ?????? ( ??????? : Rene Descartes ) / d e? ? k ?r t / ^[13] ?????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ( ??????? : Renatus Cartesius ) ?????? ??? ???????? ( ??????? : "Cartesian") ???. ^[14]?? 31 ???? 1596 ? ???? ??? ? 11 ?????? 1650 ? ???? ??????.??? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ???. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? 20 ??? (1629 ??? 1649 ?????) ?? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ???. ^[15]?? ?????? ??? ?? ??: ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? (Subjective) ? ?????? (Idealistic) ?? ??? ??. ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? (Sensation) ? ????? (Perception) ????? ??? ??. ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ”??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.“ (Cogito, ergo Sum) ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??. ???? ????? (Epistemology) ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? (Leibnitz)? ??? (Loclce)? ????? (Berlceley)? ???? (Hume) ? ???? (kant) ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ^[16]..

????? [ ??????? ]

↑ Shorto, Russell . "Descartes' Bones" . Doubleday. ????. 218. see also The Louvre , Atlas Database
↑ Tad M. Schmaltz, Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes , Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 257.
↑ Fumerton, Richard. "Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification" . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ???? ??? 19 August 2018 .
↑ David Bostock, Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction , Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ideas , but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."
↑ John W. Yolton, Realism and Appearances: An Essay in Ontology , Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 136.
↑ The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
↑ Stephen Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography , Clarendon Press, 1995, p. 228.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Etienne Gilson argued in La Liberte chez Descartes et la Theologie (Alcan, 1913, pp. 132?47) that Duns Scotus was not the source of Descartes' Voluntarism . Although there exist doctrinal differences between Descartes and Scotus "it is still possible to view Descartes as borrowing from a Scotist Voluntarist tradition" (see: John Schuster, Descartes-Agonistes: Physico-mathematics, Method & Corpuscular-Mechanism 1618?33 , Springer, 2012, p. 363 n. 26).
↑ Marenbon, John (2007). Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction . Routledge . p. 174. ISBN 978-0-415-28113-3 . http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415281133 .
↑ H. Ben-Yami, Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment , Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 76.
↑ H. Ben-Yami, Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment , Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 179: "[Descartes'] work in mathematics was apparently influenced by Vieta's, despite his denial of any acquaintance with the latter’s work."
↑ "Jacques Benigne Bossuet, French prelate and historian (1627?1704)" from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902)
↑ "Descartes" entry in Collins English Dictionary .
↑ Colie, Rosalie L. (1957). Light and Enlightenment . Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
↑ Nadler, Steven: The Philosopher, the Priest, and the Painter: A Portrait of Descartes . (Princeton University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780691165752 )
↑ ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2007? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????

[1] Shorto, Russell . "Descartes' Bones" . Doubleday. ????. 218. see also The Louvre , Atlas Database

[2] Tad M. Schmaltz, Radical Cartesianism: The French Reception of Descartes , Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 257.

[SEP-FTJ-3] Fumerton, Richard. "Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification" . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ???? ??? 19 August 2018 .

[4] David Bostock, Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction , Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ideas , but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."

[5] John W. Yolton, Realism and Appearances: An Essay in Ontology , Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 136.

[6] The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

[7] Stephen Gaukroger, Descartes: An Intellectual Biography , Clarendon Press, 1995, p. 228.

[Gilson-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Etienne Gilson argued in La Liberte chez Descartes et la Theologie (Alcan, 1913, pp. 132?47) that Duns Scotus was not the source of Descartes' Voluntarism . Although there exist doctrinal differences between Descartes and Scotus "it is still possible to view Descartes as borrowing from a Scotist Voluntarist tradition" (see: John Schuster, Descartes-Agonistes: Physico-mathematics, Method & Corpuscular-Mechanism 1618?33 , Springer, 2012, p. 363 n. 26).

[9] Marenbon, John (2007). Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction . Routledge . p. 174. ISBN 978-0-415-28113-3 . http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415281133 .

[10] H. Ben-Yami, Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment , Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 76.

[11] H. Ben-Yami, Descartes' Philosophical Revolution: A Reassessment , Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 179: "[Descartes'] work in mathematics was apparently influenced by Vieta's, despite his denial of any acquaintance with the latter’s work."

[12] "Jacques Benigne Bossuet, French prelate and historian (1627?1704)" from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902)

[13] "Descartes" entry in Collins English Dictionary .

[14] Colie, Rosalie L. (1957). Light and Enlightenment . Cambridge University Press. p. 58.

[15] Nadler, Steven: The Philosopher, the Priest, and the Painter: A Portrait of Descartes . (Princeton University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780691165752 )

[ول_ڊيورنٽ-16] ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2007? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????

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