??????? (?????)

**???????**
	??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????ll ???? ??????????????????; ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????. ????????? ????? ????????? ?????. ?????????? 7, 1996??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????.
?????????????
???????????????(???)	??????? ????? ; ????? ???????
????????????? ????	????? 8, 1610
?????????????????
???? ????????	??????? II
???????????????? ????????????
	?????????????? 8, 2004
???????????? ????? ????????????	664 862 km
???????????? ?????? ????????????	676 938 km
???????????????? ?????? ????	670 900 km
???????????????	0.009
???????????? ?????	3.551181 d
?????? ???????????? ?????	13.740 km/s
??????	0.470° (to Jupiter's equator)
??? ???? ??????????	???????
????????????
?????? ????	1569 km (0.245 ???? s)
????? ??????	3.09×10 7 km 2 (0.061 Earths)
??????	1.593×10 10 km 3 (0.015 Earths)
????	4.80×10 22 kg (0.008 Earths)
????????	3.01 g /cm 3
?????????????? ????????????	1.314 m/s 2 (0.134 g)
??????? ?????????	2.025 km/s
????????? ?????	Synchronous
?????????? ??????	0.1°
??????? ?????	0.67 ± 0.03
????? ???????	5.29 ( opposition )
?????????????	???????????
??????????
?????? ????????	0.1 μPa (10 -12 bar )

??????? ( Europa , ????? ^ⓘ / j ? ? r o? p ? / ^[11] (Jupiter II), ?????? ??????? ?????? 66 ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????. ??????????? 1610??? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????/??????????????? ?????????. 1610??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ^[1] ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? 1970??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????????.

???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????; ?????????????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????. ??????????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????. ^[12] ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ^[13]

1989??? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? (JUICE) 2022??? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ^[14]

??????????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????????? 8 ????? 1610 ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.

??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? , ??????? , ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? 1610 ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????????????????.

?????? ?????? [ ???? ]

????????? ?????????

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Blue, Jennifer (November 9, 2009). "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" . USGS . ????????????? ???? 2010-01-13 .
↑ "JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service" . Solar System Dynamics . ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (?????? ?????????) , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-10 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Calculated on the basis of other parameters
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 "Overview of Europa Facts" . NASA . Archived from the original on 2014-03-26 . ????????????? ???? 2007-12-27 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Using the mean radius
↑ See Geissler et al. (1998) in orbit section for evidence of non-synchronous orbit.
↑ Bills, Bruce G. (2005). "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter". Icarus 175 (1): 233?247. doi : 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028 . Bibcode: 2005Icar..175..233B .
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13). "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters" . JPL Solar System Dynamics . ????????????? ???? 2007-11-05 .
↑ McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul; and Johnson, Torrence (2007). The Encyclopedia of the Solar System . Elsevier. p. 432. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-12-226805-9 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
↑ McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". In Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; and Khurana, Krishan K. (ed.). Europa . University of Arizona Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8165-2844-6 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( link )
↑ In US dictionary transcription, US dict: ?·r?′·p? , or as ??????? ???? : Ευρ?πη
↑ Tritt, Charles S. (2002). "Possibility of Life on Europa" . Milwaukee School of Engineering. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09 . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ "Tidal Heating" . geology.asu.edu . Archived from the original on 2006-03-29 . ????????????? ???? 2007-10-20 .
↑ "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter" . BBC News Online . 2 May 2012 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17917102 . ??????? ????: 2012-05-02 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

Europa, a Continuing Story of Discovery at NASA/JPL ????????????? 2007-01-01 at the ??????? ?????????
Europa Profile ????????????? 2014-03-26 at the ??????? ????????? at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
Astronomy Cast: Europa . Frasier Cain, 2010
Europa page at The ~~Nine~~ 8 Planets
Europa page at Views of the Solar System
The Calendars of Jupiter ????????????? 2004-02-19 at the ??????? ?????????
Are our nearest living neighbours on one of Jupiter's Moons?
Preventing Forward Contamination of Europa - SSB Study of Planetary
Protection policies for Europa ????????????? 1997-01-05 at the ??????? ?????????
Images of Europa at JPL's Planetary Photojournal
Movie of Europa's rotation ????????????? 2010-06-01 at the ??????? ????????? from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Europa map with feature names from Planetary Photojournal
Europa nomenclature and Europa map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Europa and other outer solar system satellites ; see also
Large, high-resolution Galileo image mosaics of Europan terrain from Jason Perry's (normally Io-related) blog : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
Europa image montage from Galileo spacecraft , NASA APOD

[IAUMoonDiscoveries-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Blue, Jennifer (November 9, 2009). "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" . USGS . ????????????? ???? 2010-01-13 .

[horizons-2] "JPL HORIZONS solar system data and ephemeris computation service" . Solar System Dynamics . ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (?????? ?????????) , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-10 .

[stub1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Calculated on the basis of other parameters

[factsheet-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 "Overview of Europa Facts" . NASA . Archived from the original on 2014-03-26 . ????????????? ???? 2007-12-27 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[surfacearea-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Using the mean radius

[See_Geissler-6] See Geissler et al. (1998) in orbit section for evidence of non-synchronous orbit.

[Bills2005-7] Bills, Bruce G. (2005). "Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter". Icarus 175 (1): 233?247. doi : 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.028 . Bibcode: 2005Icar..175..233B .

[jplfact-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13). "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters" . JPL Solar System Dynamics . ????????????? ???? 2007-11-05 .

[cyclo-9] McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul; and Johnson, Torrence (2007). The Encyclopedia of the Solar System . Elsevier. p. 432. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-12-226805-9 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

[McGrathChapter-10] McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". In Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; and Khurana, Krishan K. (ed.). Europa . University of Arizona Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8165-2844-6 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( link )

[USdict-11] In US dictionary transcription, US dict: ?·r?′·p? , or as ??????? ???? : Ευρ?πη

[Tritt2002-12] Tritt, Charles S. (2002). "Possibility of Life on Europa" . Milwaukee School of Engineering. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09 . ????????????? ???? 2007-08-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[geology-13] "Tidal Heating" . geology.asu.edu . Archived from the original on 2006-03-29 . ????????????? ???? 2007-10-20 .

[selection-14] "Esa selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter" . BBC News Online . 2 May 2012 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17917102 . ??????? ????: 2012-05-02 .

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?? ? ?? ????? ???????

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??????? · ???? ??????? · ????????????? : ????? · ?????????? ?????????? · ????????? ???????? · ??????? ???????? · ????????? ?????????? · ???????????? ?????????? · ???????????? ????????? ·
?????? ??????? : ????????????????? · ???????? · ( ???????? ????? ) · ????????? · ?????????? ?????? ????????? ( ??????? ????? /?????? ?????) · ??????????