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???? ( 1889-11-14 ) 14 November 1889
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?????? 27 May 1964 (1964-05-27) (???? 74)
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???? ????? ?????????? (Hindu Agnostic) [?]

???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? (?? ??????? ???? [?] - ?? ?? ????) ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???.

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???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???. ???-????? ?????? (???-??????? ????)?? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???. ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ("?????", ??????? , "???????" ???? ?????? ??????????? ????) ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.

?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???. ?????? ?????, ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????, ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???.

???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????, ???????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???. ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????.?????? ????? "?????? ?????? ??????" ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? , ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???.

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?????-????? ??????, ca 1927

??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???. [?] . ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????, ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????- ???????????? ??? ????????-?? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? , ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????.

?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???, ??????????? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 1907??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???. ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1910??? ?????? ???.????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????. ? ??? ?????? 1910??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????. ???? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. 1912??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. http://www.mapsofindia.com/personalities/nehru/education.html . ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

?? ??, ???? ? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???. 1919??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ???. [?] ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? "?????????? ?? ?????? ????????" (1934), ?????? "???????" (1936), ??? "? ???????? ?? ???????" (1946) ??????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???. 1929??? ????? ???, ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????. ???????? ????? 1936, 1937, ??? ?????? 1946??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???. 1946??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???. [?]

????????? 8, 1916??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???, ????? 1936??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????????. ?? ??, 1946?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? , ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???.

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??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???.

????? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???, ?????? ???????? ?????????? 3 ??? 1947?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? 15 ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? " ? ??????? ??? ???????? " ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????:

"???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????. ???????????? ? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??, ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??. ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??, ?? ?? ????????? ??? ??, ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??. ? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???." [?]

?? ??, ? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????? , ?????? , ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??. ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? [ ?????? ??? ] ????? ???. ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? [ ?????? ??? ] ?? ??? 1947??? ????-????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???. ???? ???????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???.

?????????? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ???? 1952?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???. ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????.

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??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? 1951??? ?????? ????? ???-?????? ??????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???. ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? (? ???? ?????? ????? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ?????), ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???.

??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????? 1956?? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??, ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? [?] , ???? ???? ?????, ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????. ??????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ????????? ?????, ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

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????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? , ? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ????????? ????? ??????-?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???.


???????????? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????/???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. [?] [?] [??] [??] . ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??. ?????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????.

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? ?? ???: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement

??????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????, 1947?? 1964 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????? (???????? ???????) ??? ????? (??.??.??.??.) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???.

?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? 1948??? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 1953??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ???-????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???-????? ???????? ??-?????? ????? ???. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? (????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???) ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???. [??] 1950??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ????? 1962??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????-??? ????? ????? ???? ????.

??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. [??] . ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ???? ???? "??????? ????? ???????" ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???.???????-????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? [??] .


1956??? ???????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? (??????? ??????)?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1960??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????.


????? ????? [ ?????? ??? ]

1957?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. 1959??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????/ ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? [ ?????? ??? ] , ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? "?????????"??? ????? ???? ???; ????? ?????, ? ????? "??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????" ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? [??] . ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????; ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? [??] . ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ? ???? ????? "??????" ?? ??? [??] .


????? ??????, 1954?? ????-??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????) ???, ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???, 1961??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ?????? ????? . ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???.


1962?? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???.


?? ????? ????? ? ?????????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????), ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??, ?? "??????-???? ??? ???" (??????? ??? ???? ???? ??) ??????????? ????? ??? ??. ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???. ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??. ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? - ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? "????? (???????) ???? ????? ??"?? - ????? ??????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????. [??]


??????? ????????, ?????? ?????-????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??.??. ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???. ? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? 1963?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???. [??] 1964?? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ??????? (???? ??????) ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???. 27 ?? 1964?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???.'



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???????, ??????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????, ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??. ? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? [??] , ? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????????? , [??] ??? ? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????-??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??.


?????? ???? ?????/????? ???????, ???????, ??????, ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??. [??] [??] . ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? [??] , ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??.


?? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???, ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ????????? ???, ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????; ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????/??????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???. ?????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, "??????, ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????." [??]


??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

???????? ??????? ????????? 1989??? ?????????(USSR) ????? ????? ?????? ?????
?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????

???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????, 14 ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ??. ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??. ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??, ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??. ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? (??????????? ????? ??????????) ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??. ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????.


??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??. ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? 1982?? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? 1988?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? 2007?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??. [??] ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??; ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??.


??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????/????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??. ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ?? ??. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (???????) ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??. ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??. ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??. ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? (AFSC) ?????? 1951??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. [??]

? ?? ??? [ ?????? ??? ]

???? [ ?????? ??? ]


Jawaharlal Nehru ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???:
???????
???????
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??????-??????? ??????? ??? ??????
??????
?????? ???????
  1. ↑ Sarvepalii Gopal. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 3; Volumes 1956-1964 . ????? 17.
  2. ↑ Marlay, Ross (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders . Rowman & Littlefield. ????? 368. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  3. ↑ '????????' ??? ??????? ??????-? ??? ???? ?????? ??, ???? ???? ??? ?? '??? ????').
  4. ↑ Joseph Stanislaw (1998). [ [?] " Commanding Heights "] Check |url= value ( ??? ) . Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? ) [ ????? ???? ??? ??? ]
  5. ↑ Embree, Ainslie T., ?????? (1988). " " Jawaharlal Nehru " ". Encyclopedia of Asian History . 3 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ????? 98-100. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  6. ↑ Nehru, Jawaharlal (2006-08-08). "Wikisource" (PHP) . ?????? 2006-08-08 .
  7. ↑ Farmer, B. H. (1993). An Introduction to South Asia . Routledge. ????? 120.
  8. ↑ Som, Reba (1994-02). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance?" . Modern Asian Studies . 28 (1): 165?194. doi : 10.1017/S0026749X00011732 . ?????? 2008-05-29 . Check date values in: |date= ( ??? )
  9. ↑ Basu, Srimati (1999). She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety . SUNY Press. ????? 3. The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law...it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal subjects.
  10. ↑ Kulke, Hermann (2004). A History of India . Routledge. ????? 328. One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women... Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  11. ↑ Forbes, Geraldine (1999). Women in Modern India . Cambridge University Press. ????? 115. It is our birthright to demand equitable adjustment of Hindu law.... Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  12. ↑ Robert Sherrod (19 January 1963). "Nehru:The Great Awakening journal= The Saturday Evening Post ". 236 (2): 60-67. Missing pipe in: |title= ( ??? ) ; Cite journal requires |journal= ( ??? )
  13. ↑ Bhatia, Vinod (1989). Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him . Panchsheel Publishers. ????? 131.
  14. ↑ Dua, B. D. (1994). Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ????? 261. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  15. ↑ ??.? ??.? Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi . Houghton Mifflin Books. ????? 250.
  16. ↑ Marlay, Ross (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders . Rowman & Littlefield. ????? 368. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  17. ↑ "A powder-keg on the border with China" . Rediff . 2008-02-26 . ?????? 2008-02-26 .
  18. ↑ Embree, Ainslie T., ?????? (1988). " " Jawaharlal Nehru " ". Encyclopedia of Asian History . 3 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ????? 98-100. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  19. ↑ www.aiims.ac.in
  20. ↑ http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php
  21. ↑ Jackson, Thomas William (2007). From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ????? 100. ISBN   0-8122-3969-5 . |access-date= requires |url= ( ??? )
  22. ↑ Manor, J. (1994). Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ????? 240. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) ( ??? )
  23. ↑ Zachariah, Benjamin (2004). Nehru . New York: Routledge. ????? 265. ISBN   0-415-25016-1 . |access-date= requires |url= ( ??? )
  24. ↑ Harrison, Selig S. (July 1956). " " The Challenge to Indian Nationalism " ". Foreign Affairs . 34 (2): 620-636. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= ( ??? )
  25. ↑ ? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? (2007) (????)
  26. ↑ "??????? ???????? ?????? ?????(AFSC) ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????" . ??? ????? 2008-08-15 ?? ???????? . ?????? 2009-09-18 . ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ????

??????? [ ?????? ??? ]

  • 14 ????? 1947?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? "? ???????? ??? ????????"
  • ??? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? (??????? 2003) ?????? ????, ISBN 1-55970-697-X
  • ???????? ????? (??. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????) (????? 2003) ? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? , ISBN 0-19-565324-6
  • ???????? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ??????????? ?????
  • ??. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? , ????? ??? ??? (1 ????????? 1966)
  • ??. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????. (??? ??????) ??????? ?????, ?????? ??? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? (1973)
  • ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? , ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????-??-?? ?? ??? ????? ????
  • ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? (1959). ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????.
  • ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? (1963). ????? ??????? ?????-?????.
  • ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? (1966). ????? ??? ??? ?????.
  • ????????????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? 1946?? ?? 1949 (1949). ??????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????.
  • ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?. ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. (????? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ?????), 1998. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharla.pdf
  • ????? ??. ?????? ??? "? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????", ????? ?????? , ??????? 34, ??.2 (1956): 620-636.
  • ?????? ??. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?????? "?????, ????????." ?????????????? ?? ????? ????????. ??????? 3. ??????? ??????????? ????.???? ?????.(1988): 98-100.
  • ?????? ??????? ??? "?????? ? ????? ????????". ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. 236, ??. 2 (19 ????????? 1963): 60-67.


????? ?????? [ ?????? ??? ]

?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??.


????????
-
Prime Minister of India
1947?1964 		???????
Gulzari Lal Nanda
????????
Post created
Minister for External Affairs of India
1947?1964 		???????
Gulzari Lal Nanda
???????? Finance Minister of India
1958?1959 		???????
Morarji Desai
" https://gu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????????_?????&oldid=864558 " ?? ??????