???????????

???????????

*Alba*
??????????? ; Alba
	????? ??????? ???????
	?????????: " In My Defens God Me Defend " ( ?????? ) ; "???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??" ?
	?????? ??????: ??????? ? ; ???????" ????????? ?? ??????????? "
	??????????? -?? ??????? (???? ????) ? Europe -? (???? & ???? ????) ; ? the ?????????? -? (????)
???????	?????????
??????? ????	??????? ; ??°??′ ????? ?°??′ ?????? / ??.???° ????? ?.???° ??????
?????? ????	?????? ?
??????? ??????? ????	??????? ??????? ; ??????? ;
???????? (????)	??.?% ????????? ; ?.?% ?????? ????? ; ?.?% ????????? ; ?.?% ????? ; ?.?% ??? ; ?.?% ???????? ;
???????????? ??????	??????? ; Scots ? ;
???????? ???????	??????????
?????	???????????? ????? within ?????????? ; monarchy ?
? ????	?????? ??????
? ??????? ?????????	????? ????? (??????????)
British Government
? Prime Minister	??? ?????
? Secretary of State	??????????? ?????
???-???	?????? ???????????
Formation
? Established	9th century ( traditionally 843)
? Union with England	1 May 1707
?????
? ???	??,??? ???? ? (??,??? ?? ? )
? ???? (%)	1.9
????????
? 2013 ????????	5,327,700
? 2011 ?????????	5,313,600
? ?????	??.?/???? ? (???.?/????????)
?????? (??????)	2012 ????????
? ???	$235 billion
? ????????	$44,378
??????	?????? ????????? ( GBP )
???? ?????	?????? ( ?????? )
? ???????????? ( ?????? )	?????? +1 ( BST )
????? ???????	dd/mm/yyyy ( AD / CE )
????? ?????? ???	left
???? ???	+44
????????? ??????	.scot f
	Often shown abbreviated as "In Defens". ; Flower of Scotland , Scotland the Brave and Scots Wha Hae have been used in lieu of an official anthem (see National anthem of Scotland ). ; English is the official language of the United Kingdom. Both Scots and Scottish Gaelic are officially recognised as autochthonous language s under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . Under the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 , the Bord na Gaidhlig is tasked with securing Gaelic as an official language of Scotland that commands "equal respect" with English. ; Historically, the use of " Scotch " as an adjective comparable to "Scottish" or "Scots" was commonplace, particularly outside Scotland. Today, however, the term is used to describe products of Scotland (usually food or drink-related). ; Scotland's head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom (currently Queen Elizabeth II, since 1952). Scotland has limited self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in the UK Parliament. It is also a UK electoral region for the European Parliament . Certain executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh. ; .scot is not a ccTLD , but a gTLD , open to use by all people in Scotland and related to Scotland. .uk and .eu , as part of the ?????????? and European Union , are also used. ISO 3166-1 is GB , but .gb is unused. ;

??????????? ( ??????? : Scotland , ?????????????? ??????? : Alba ) ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ^[??]^[??]^[??] ?? ??????-?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? (??? ?????????) ????? ???????, ????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ?????-?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[??]

??????? , ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???, ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???, ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????????, ????????????? ??? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? , ????????????? ??????? ???, ^[??] ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ^[??] ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? , ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ^[??]

???? ???? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????????????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????????????

????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? , ?????? ????? ???? , ??????-?????? ????????? , ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? , ?? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??-???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????-?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? (???????? ? ???????), ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? , ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????-?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ; ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????? ??,??? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?,??? ??????????????

????? ? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???? - ???? ???? ‘?????? ?? ???????’ ??? ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ‘????? ???????’ ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??????) ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ?????

?????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ^[??] :

??,??? ??????? ????????? (???????????? ?.? ?????)
???? ????? ???? (???????????? ?.? ?????)
??,??? ??????? (???????????? ?.? ?????)
???? ????? ?????
???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????

???????? [ ???????? ]

????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ?.? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?.? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?.? ????? ?????, ? ????? ?????, ?.? ????? ?????????? ? ?.?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??.? ????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??.? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?.? ?????, ?????? ?.? ????? ? ?????? ?.? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ????, ??? ? ????

???? ????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011" (??????) ? The Scottish Government? ???? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?
↑ "Scotland's Population at its Highest Ever" ? National Records of Scotland? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
↑ "Population estimates by sex, age and administrative area, Scotland, 2011 and 2012" ? National Records of Scotland? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?
↑ Scottish Government? "Key Economy Statistics" ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?
↑ "Directgov: English language ? Government, citizens and rights" ? Directgov ? Archived from the original on ?? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?
↑ "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" ? Scottish Government ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ Macleod, Angus "Gaelic given official status" (22 April 2005) The Times . London. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
↑ " St Andrew?Quick Facts " ? Scotland. org?The Official Online Gateway ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?
↑ "St Andrew" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ "St Margaret of Scotland" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
"Patron saints" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ "St Columba" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ "The Countries of the UK" ? Office for National Statistics ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?
↑ "Countries within a country" ? 10 Downing Street ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
↑ "ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Date: 28 November 2007 No I-9. "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements" (Page 11)" (PDF) ? International Organization for Standardization codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions ? Part 2: Country subdivision codes ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ? SCT Scotland country
↑ "Scottish Executive Resources" (??????) ? Scotland in Short ? Scottish Executive? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? (PDF) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?
↑ "A quick guide to glasgow" ? Glasgow City Centre? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?
↑ The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order ? London: The Stationery Office Limited? ????? ???????? 0-11-059052-X ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?
↑ "Our City" ? Aberdeen City Council? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ? Aberdeen's buoyant modern economy ? is fuelled by the oil industry, earning the city its epithet as 'Oil Capital of Europe'
↑ http://www.jugantor.com/ten-horizon/2014/09/17/148681

???? ????? [ ???????? ]

Devine, T. M. [1999] (2000). The Scottish Nation 1700?2000 (New Ed. edition). London:Penguin. ???????? ?-??-??????-?
Donnachie, Ian and George Hewitt. Dictionary of Scottish History. (2001). 384 pp.
Keay, John, and Julia Keay. Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland (2nd ed. 2001), 1101pp; 4000 articles; emphasis on history
Koch, J. T. Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), ???????? ?-?????-???-? , 999pp
Tabraham, Chris, and Colin Baxter. The Illustrated History of Scotland (2004) excerpt and text search
Trevor-Roper, Hugh , The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History , Yale, 2008, ???????? ?-???-?????-?
Watson, Fiona, Scotland; From Prehistory to the Present. Tempus, 2003. 286 pp.
Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Scotland (2013) excerpt and text search ^{[
??????????? ???????? ?????
]}
Wormald, Jenny, The New History of Scotland (2005) excerpt and text search

?????????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

Brown, Dauvit, (1999) Anglo-French acculturation and the Irish element in Scottish Identity in Smith, Brendan (ed.), Insular Responses to Medieval European Change , Cambridge University Press , pp. 135?53
Brown, Michael (2004) The Wars of Scotland, 1214?1371 , Edinburgh University Press., pp. 157?254
Dumville, David N. (????)? "St Cathroe of Metz and the Hagiography of Exoticism"? Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars ? Dublin: Four Courts Press? ?????? 172 ?176? ???????? 978-1-85182-486-1 ?
Flom, George Tobias . Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch. A Contribution to the Study of the Linguistic Relations of English and Scandinavian ( Columbia University Press , New York. 1900)
Herbert, Maire (????)? "Ri Erenn, Ri Alban, kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries"? Simon Taylor (ed.)? Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500?1297 ? Dublin: Four Courts Press? ?????? 63?72? ???????? 1-85182-516-9 ?
MacLeod, Wilson (2004) Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland: c.1200?1650 . Oxford University Press .
Pope, Robert (ed.), Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland, c.1700?2000 ( University of Wales Press , 2001)
Sharp, L. W. The Expansion of the English Language in Scotland , (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1927), pp. 102?325;

????????? [ ???????? ]

Visit Scotland , official site of Scotland's national tourist board.
Your Scotland, Your Referendum , official website on the independence referendum consultation.
Maps and digital collections at the National Library of Scotland .
National Archives of Scotland ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, official site of the National Archives of Scotland .
???????? ??????????? (??????)
Scottish Census Results On Line ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ??????, official government site for Scotland's census results.
Scottish economic statistics 2005 ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? (pdf) from the Scottish Executive.
Scottish Government , official site of the Scottish Government .
Scotland.org , the official online gateway to Scotland managed by the Scottish Government.
Scottish Parliament , official site of the Scottish Parliament .
ScotlandsPeople , official government resource for Scottish genealogy .
Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics , the Scottish Government's programme of small area statistics in Scotland.
Gazetteer for Scotland , an extensive guide to the places and people of Scotland by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and University of Edinburgh .
Streets of Scotland , photos from Scotland's streets.

[ethnicity-1] "Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011" (??????) ? The Scottish Government? ???? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?

[autogenerated1-2] "Scotland's Population at its Highest Ever" ? National Records of Scotland? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?

[autogenerated3-3] "Population estimates by sex, age and administrative area, Scotland, 2011 and 2012" ? National Records of Scotland? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?

[GDP-4] Scottish Government? "Key Economy Statistics" ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?

[5] "Directgov: English language ? Government, citizens and rights" ? Directgov ? Archived from the original on ?? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?

[6] "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" ? Scottish Government ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[7] Macleod, Angus "Gaelic given official status" (22 April 2005) The Times . London. Retrieved 2 August 2007.

[8] " St Andrew?Quick Facts " ? Scotland. org?The Official Online Gateway ? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?

[9] "St Andrew" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[10] "St Margaret of Scotland" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
"Patron saints" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[11] "St Columba" ? Catholic Online ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[Stats_1-12] "The Countries of the UK" ? Office for National Statistics ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?

[Country-13] "Countries within a country" ? 10 Downing Street ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

[14] "ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Date: 28 November 2007 No I-9. "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements" (Page 11)" (PDF) ? International Organization for Standardization codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions ? Part 2: Country subdivision codes ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ? SCT Scotland country

[Scottish_Executive-15] "Scottish Executive Resources" (??????) ? Scotland in Short ? Scottish Executive? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? (PDF) ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?

[16] "A quick guide to glasgow" ? Glasgow City Centre? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?

[17] The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order ? London: The Stationery Office Limited? ????? ???????? 0-11-059052-X ? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?

[18] "Our City" ? Aberdeen City Council? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ? Aberdeen's buoyant modern economy ? is fuelled by the oil industry, earning the city its epithet as 'Oil Capital of Europe'

[19] ttp://www.jugantor.com/ten-horizon/2014/09/17/148681

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