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Изображение логотипа
????? ?????????? ???????????????? , ?????? ????? , ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ??????
????? internationality
???????? OPEC , OPEL , OPEP , OPEP , OPEP , OPEP , OPEP , OPUL , АПЕК , OPEP , ETOP , OPEP , ОПЕК , ОПЕК , ОПЕК , ????? , ??????? , ????? , МЭЕ? , 油組 , 油? , 油組 , ABEP , ONEP , LPEE ? ????
?????????? ?????????? 14 , 1960 [1] [2]
??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? , ?????? , ???????
????. ?????(???) ????????
???? opec.org ​ (????.)
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????-? ????? ???????? ??????? ???

???? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ( ???? ??? ???? , ????. ? OPEC , / ? o? p ? k / ), 14 ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? , ??? ?????????? ? 1960 ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ( ???? , ???? , ??????? , ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? )? ??????????? ?????????? 1965 ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ?? 2018 ??????? ??????????? 15 ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????????? 44%-? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? 81.5%-?, ??? ???????? ????-? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???, ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ≪??? ???????≫ ???? ???????

??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?, ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? [3] ? ????????????????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ????-? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????? , ????? , ???? , ???? , ??????? , ????? , ??????? , ??????? ??????????????? , ???????? ?????? (?? ????? ????????), ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???

????-? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ? ????-? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? 1970-???? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ????-? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? 1980-????????? ????-? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????, ? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? 2008 ? 2016 ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????-? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ??? ????????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? 2014 ??????? ??????????? ≪????-? ? ????? ??????????≫ ????????? ?????? ≪??????? ??????? 100 ???????????? ????????≫ ??????? 3-?? ???? [4] ? ?????? ????-? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ?? ????-??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ? ????-? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????

??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

2019 ??????? ????????? ????-? ???? 14 ?????? 5-?? ????? ????????? ( ???????? ???? ), 7-?? ?????????? ? 2-?? ????????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? (EIA)? ????-? ????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? (???????? ???? ????????????), ??? 2016 ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? 44%-? [5] ? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? 81.5%-??

??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????-? ????? ???????? 3/4-? ????????????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????????? [6] ? 2015 ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? [7] , ???? ??? ????? ????? ???

?????? 1961 ???????? ????????????? ???? ????-? ???? 2019 ??????? ???????? 1-??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ? ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? [8] [9] ?

????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? [10] [11] ????????????
(2016) [12] 		??????? (?? 2 ) [13] ??????????????????????
(??? ?????/??, 2016) [? 1] [5] 		??????????? ??????????
( ????? , 2016) [? 1] [14]
  ????? ??????????? ?????? 1969? 40,606,052 2,381,740 1,348,361 12,200,000,000
{{{2}}}  ?????? ????????? ?????? 2007? 28,813,463 1,246,700 1,769,615 8,423,000,000
{{{2}}}  ??????? ????????? ??????? 1973?1992, 2007? 16,385,068 283,560 548,421 8,273,000,000
{{{2}}}  ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? 2017? 1,221,490 28,051 227,000 1,100,000,000
{{{2}}}  ????? ??????????? ?????? 1975?1995, 2016? 1,979,786 267,667 210,820 2,000,000,000
{{{2}}}  ???? ????? ?????? 1960 [? 2] ? 80,277,428 1,648,000 3,990,956 157,530,000,000
{{{2}}}  ???? ????? ?????? 1960 [? 2] ? 37,202,572 437,072 4,451,516 143,069,000,000
{{{2}}}  ??????? ????? ?????? 1960 [? 2] ? 4,052,584 17,820 2,923,825 101,500,000,000
{{{2}}}  ????? ??????????? ?????? 1962? 6,293,253 1,759,540 384,686 48,363,000,000
{{{2}}}  ??????? ???????? ?????? 1971? 185,989,640 923,768 1,999,885 37,070,000,000
{{{2}}}  ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? 2018? [15] 5,125,821 342,000 260,000 1,600,000,000
{{{2}}}  ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? 1960 [? 2] ? 32,275,687 2,149,690 10,460,710 266,578,000,000
{{{2}}}  ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? 1967 [? 3] ? 9,269,612 83,600 3,106,077 97,800,000,000
{{{2}}}  ?????????? ????????? ??????? 1960 [? 2] ? 31,568,179 912,050 2,276,967 299,953,000,000
????-? ???????? ???????? 483,630,000 12,492,695 35,481,740 1,210,703,000,000
??????? ???????? ???????? 7,689,136,000 510,072,000 80,622,287 1,650,585,000,000
????-? ????????? ?????????? 6.3% 2.4% 44% 73%


????????????????? ????? ???? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? [10] ????????????
(2016) [12] 		??????
(km 2 ) [13] 		??????????????????????
(??? ?????/??, 2016) [5] 		?????????? ??????????
(?????, 2016) [14]
  ????????? ????????????? ???? 1962?2008, 2016 ???????-???????? 261,115,456 1,904,569 833,667 3,692,500,000
{{{2}}}  ????? ????? ?????? 1961?2019 [8] 2,569,804 11,437 1,522,902 25,244,000,000

??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ????-? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? 1992 ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????-??, ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? 2 ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ?? ????-? ?????? ???????? ???????? [16] ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 2007 ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????-? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????? 1995 ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? [17] , ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? 2016 ??????? ????????? 2008 ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ?? ???? ????-? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? [18] ? ?? ????? ????-? ????? ??? ???? 2016 ??????? ????????? [10] , ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ??? ????-? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? 5%-? [19] ?

???? ??????????? ??????? ??, ?? ???-? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????-? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?? 2003-2004 ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? [20] [21] ? ???? ??? ????? ????-? ??????????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ????-? ??????????????? [22] [23] ?

????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1980-???? ??????????? ? ??? ???????? , ???????? , ????????? , ????? , ?????????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????-? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? [24] ?

?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

refer to caption
????-? ?????????? ?????????? 10-?? ???????? ???? ?????????????
???? ???? ????-? ??????? ????????????? ??????

????-? ????????? ????????????? ????-? ??????????? ?, ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ????-? ??????? ????????????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ? ≪??? ?????, ??? ????≫ ?????????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? [6] ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ????-? ?? ????? ??????? [25] ?

?????????? ?????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ????????????? ????-? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? [26] ? ?????????????, ?????? ????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????, ????? ????-? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? [27] ?

?????????? ?????????? ??????????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ? ????? ??? ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????

????-? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ≪??? ???????≫ ???????? ??????????, ??? ?? ????-??? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? [28] ? ??????, ?????? ????????? ≪??????????? ??????????≫ ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? [29] ? ????????? ??????????? ????-? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????-?? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? [30] [31] ?

????-? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????, ???????? ??? ????? ???????????????????? ??????????, ????????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? [32] ? ???-? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????-? ???????????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ????? , ? ????????, ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? [33] [34] ? ?????? ????-? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ? ????? -? (????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????) ????, ??????? ?? ????????????? [35] ?

????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????-? ????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????????????, ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ????????, ????????????, ???????????? ?????????????, ????????????, ????????? ????????????????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????????????? [36] [37] ? ???????, ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????????????? ? ??????????????????? ????????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ≪?????? ??????????? ?????≫ [38] [39] ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? [40] [41] ? ????-? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? (1967), ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? (1975), ????? ????????? ??????????????? (1979), ????-??????? ????????? (1980-1988), ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (1990?1991), ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? 11-?? (2001), ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (2003?2011), ???????? ??????? ????????? (2004-???? ????), ???????? ??????? (2010?2012), ???????? ???????? (2011????? ????) ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? (2012?2016): ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ?????, ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????????? ?????? ?? ????-? ???????????? ????????????????? ? ???????????????? ?????????????? [42] ?

?????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ???? ?????, ????? ????-? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????????

?????????????? ? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

refer to caption
????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????? ????-? ???????? ????? ?

2001 ??????? ??????? ????-? ????????????? ? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??? (????, ???????? , ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? (IEA), ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? (OLADE), ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? (UNSD)) ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ≪????????? ???????? ???????????????≫ ????????????????, ???? 2005 ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? (JODI), ??? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??? 90%-?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? (GECF) 2014 ???????? ?????? 8-?? ??????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? 90%-? [43] ?

2007 ???????? ? ??? ????-? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ≪??????? ????? ?????????≫ ???????? (WOO), ????? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? [44] ? ????-? ??? ???????????? ? ≪??????? ???????????? ?????????≫ (ASB) [45] , ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ≪????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????≫ (MOMR) [46] ? ≪????-? ???????????≫ [47] ?

???? ????? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? ??????? (???? ????)

≪???? ????? ????????≫ ????????????? ?????????? ?, ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? 1983 ???????? ? ??? ??????, ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? (????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????)? ?????? ??????????, ??????, ??????? ????????, ?????? ? ??? ?????????????? [48] [49] ?

????-? ???? ????? ????????? 2000 ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? Saharan Blend (?????), Girassol (??????), Oriente (???????), Zafiro (????????????? ??????) Rabi Light (?????), Arab Light (???????? ??????), Iran Heavy (????? ????????? ???????????????), Basra Light (????), Kuwait Export (???????), Es Sider (?????), Bonny Light (???????), Qatar Marine (?????), Murban (???) ? Merey (??????????) [50] ?

??????????? ???? ???? ????? (North Sea Brent Crude Oil) ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? 2/3-? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? (WTI), ??????? , ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? [51] ?

?????????? ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ≪????? ???????????? ?????, ??? ????? ? ?????????????? 30 ???? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? 90 ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?, ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????≫ [52] ?

2014 ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? (IEA) ????????, ?? ????-? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ??? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ?????? ? ????????, ??????? ? 3.5 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? (560,000 ???. ????), ? ??? ??????????? ????? ? ????? 2017 ???????? ???????? 4.6 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (730,000 ???. ????) [53] ? 2015 ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ≪??????????? ????-? ??????????? ?????????????, ??? ????????????? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????, ???? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????≫ [54] ?

??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1949 ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ????-?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? , ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? [55] ? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????????? ???-? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? , ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???-? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ???????, ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????????? , ????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ???????≫ ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? "Standart Oil" ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???-???? ???? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????-? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? [56] ?

1959?1960 ????????? ???????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1959 ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? 10%-?? ????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? , ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???-?? ? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ???????????????????? ???? ? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ≪??????? ?????????????????≫ ????????, ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????? 1960 ??????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ??????? ???????????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???-? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? [55] [56] [57] [58] ?

1960?1975 ?????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

refer to caption
????-? ????????? ??????????

?????? ????? 1960 ??????? ?????????? 10-14-?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ??-????? ?????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 1959 ??????? ?????????? [59] ? ?????, ?????, ????????, ???????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???-? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ?? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? (????) ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? [60] ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???, ??????? ????-? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????, ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ? 1965 ??????? ?????????? 1-?? ????-? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????????? [61] ?

1961-1975 ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? (1961), ?????????? (1962-2008, ????????????? 2014-2016), ?????? (1962), ???????? ??????? ??????????????? (??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? , 1967), ?????? (1969), ???????? (1971), ???????? (1973-1992, ????????????? 2007 ????????) ? ?????? (1975-1994, ????????????? 2016 ????????) [10] ? ??? 1970-????????? ????-? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ???? [62] ? ??????, ?? ????-? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? 2006 ???????? ????-? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? [63] , ???? ???? 2007 ???????? ?????? ??????? , ??? 2017 ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????? [11] ? 1980-???? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ?????????, ??????????, ?????, ?????????? ? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????-? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? [24] ?

1973?1974 ?????????? ???????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

refer to caption
1973 ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???-???
???????? ??????? 1973 ??????? ???????? ???????

1973 ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? (?????-?, ??? ??????? ?? ????-? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????) ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???-? ? ??? ??????????????? ????????, ????? ?????-??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? [64] [65] ? ????????? ?????? ?????, ? ???????? 1967 ??????? ??????? ????????? , ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? [66] ? ?????? 1973 ???????? ????? ????? ? ????-? ??????????? ?????? ??????? 3 ??? ??????? 12 ??? ?????, ? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ??????????? [65] ? ????????? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? [67] ? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? [68] ? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? [69] [70] ? ???????? ??? 1974 ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? [71] [72] ?

1973-1974 ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???-? ? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????, ???? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ???? ? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? , ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ? ???? , ?????? ???? , ??????? , ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????, ?? ????????? ????? ???????? 1980-2014 ??????????? ???? ????? 11%-??, ??????? ?????? ???-? ? 150%-??? ???? 1970-????????? ????-? ????? ???????? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????????, ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? [65] [73] [74] [75] [76] ?

1975?1980 ?????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????-? ?????????? ????????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????-? ?????????? ????????? ????

????-? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? 1973-1974 ?????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ????? 1961 ???????? [77] ? 1973-???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? [78] [79] , ??? ????-? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????-????????? ????????? ?????? ????-? ?????? ????? ???????? 1975 ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ≪?????????? ?????????? ≪???????????? ?????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ?? ????-? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???, ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????≫, ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????????? ????-? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????-? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???≫ [80] ? ????? 1980 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ????-? ?????????? ????????? ???? (OFID) [81] ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? [82] ?

1975 ??????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???????? ??????? ????-? ????????

1975 ??????? ?????????? 21-?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? , ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????-? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? (??????? ?????? ?????????)? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????-??????? ? ????-?????? ?????? ? ≪???????? ??????????? ?????≫ ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????, ????? ???? ? ????????? ????????? [83] ?

??????? ?? ???? ? 63 ????????????? 42-? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? , ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ????????? ????? 30 ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? 10 ???, ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???, ?? ?????????? ????????, ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? [83] ?

???????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???, ?? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ? ???? ?????????, ??? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??-????????? , ?? ??? ????-? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? 20-?? 50 ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ≪?????? ??≫ [83] [84] ? ??????? 1994 ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? 16 ??? ???????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? [85] ?

1979?1980 ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? 1980-???????? ????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

refer to caption
1972 ????-? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? 1972 ???????? [86] [87]
???????? ?????????? 1979 ??????? ???????? ??????? ? 1980-???? ?????????? ????? ????????

? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ? 1970-???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????-? ?????? ??????????????, ???????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? 1979-1980 ??????????? [88] [89] ????????? 40 ??? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????-??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? [90] ? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????? [91] [92] ? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????, ?? ????????, ???????????, ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????-??? ??????????? [93] ? 1986 ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? 5 ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ????-??? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? [94] ? 1979 ???????? ????? 1985 ??????? ????-? ?????????? ??????????? 50%-?? ???????? ????? 30%-?? ?? ???? [62] ? ????? 1986 ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? [95] ? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ≪??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????≫ [62] ?

????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? 1982 ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????-?? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????-??? ???????? ??????????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? 1979-1981 ??????????? ?????? 10 ?????? ??????? 1985 ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????, ?? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? 10 ??? ??????? ????, ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? [94] [96] ? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? (??? 1989 ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????) [97] [98] ? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????????????, ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????-? ???????????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? 1986 ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????? [94] [99] ? (????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????-? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?? ???????, ?? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? [100] ?) ??? ????-? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? [52] ?

1990?2003 ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? 1990 ????? ????? ????
refer to caption
1991 ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? [101]
refer to caption
??????????? ???? "Brent" ???? ????? ??? ???????????? 1988-2015 ??????????? [102]

????????????? 1990 ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ????-? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? 1980-1988 ??????????? ????-??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? [103] ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????-? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????????????? 2001 ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???-? ??? ? 2003 ??????? ?????? ???-? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????, ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? [102] ? 1990-????????? ????-? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????-?? ?????? ??? 1970-???? ???????????? 1992 ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? 2 ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ? ????? ??, ?? ??? ???? ? ???????????? ????? ???, ??? ???????????? ?? ????-? ???????? [16] ? ?????? ??? ??????? 2007 ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????-??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? 1995 ??????? ????????? [17] ? ??? ????????????? 2016 ??????? ???????? [10] ? ????? ???? ????-? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? 1998 ???????? 2016 ??????? ????-? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? [45] [104] ?

?????????? ?????? ????????? 1997-1998 ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? , ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? 1986 ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? 10 ??? ??????, ????-? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? [105] ? 2001 ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????-?, ?????????, ????????, ??????????, ????? ? ??????? ????????????? 2002 ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? 6 ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? 1?5 ?????? ??????? ????? 2 ?????? ?????? [96] ?

2003 ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? (IEA) ? ????-? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????????, ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ≪?????????? ?????????????????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????? ?? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????≫ [106] ?

2003?2011 ?????????? ???????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? 2003?2008 ?????????? ????? ????? ???

2003-2008 ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ????? ??, ??? ????-? ???????? ??????? [107] [108] [109] ? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ???????????? ????? 2008 ????????, ??? ???? ????? ????????? (WTI) ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 147 ??? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 32 ??? ????? [110] ? ????-? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? 2008 ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? 1 ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? 2011-2014 ?????????? ??????? ?????????? (???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????) [87] ? ????? 2011 ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????-? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? [111] ?

2008 ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ??? ???? ????-?, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? [18] ? 2008 ??????? ?????????? 10-?? ????-? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ????-? ≪????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????-??≫ [112] ?

2008 ??????? ?????????????? ???? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

refer to caption
?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? (2008)

????-? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????-? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? [113] ? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???, ??? ????????? ?? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? [114] ? ??? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? [115] ? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? 1973 ???????? ???? ?? ≪???? ???? ??? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?≫ [116] ?

2008 ??????? ?????????? 10-??, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? 100 ??? ??????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????-? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?, ?? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??, ≪???????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ??????≫ [37] ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? 30 ??????? ????? ? ????? 2011 ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? 100 ?????? [117] ?

2014?2017 ?????????? ???????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ???? 2010-???? ?????????? ???????? ????????
refer to caption
??????????????????????? ????????? (2013)
refer to caption
???? ????????????? ???????? ???????? [118]
(?????? ?????/??, 1973?2016)
refer to caption
????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ????-? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???????????
refer to caption
???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???-???? ????? ??? ??????????? ????-??? ????????

2014-2015 ?????????? ????????? ????-? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ???-? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? 2008 ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ????, ?? ???-? ??????? ????? ??????????? (????????? ????????? ??????????? ), ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? , ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? 2016 ??????? ???????? [117] [119] [120] ?

?????? 2014 ??????? ????????? 27-? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??-?????? ?????? ????-? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????-? ???????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? [121] ? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? [36] ?

≪???????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??, ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?, ?? ???????? ????? (??? 60 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????) ??? ???????? ????? ??????????????????? ?? ???? ???? 2015 ??????? ?????????? 4-??, ??? ????-? ????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ?????? 18 ???????? ?????, ??? ???-? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? 2 ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? 1 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????????????, ????? 40 ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????????, ??? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? 2016 ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????-? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? [25] [120] [122] [123] [124] [125] ? ????? 2016 ??????? ???????? 20-? ????-? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? 22?48 ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???, ??? 2014 ??????? ????????? ????????? (110.48$) ?????? ????, ?????? 2018-? ??????? ???????? ????????? (140.73$) ??? ???????? ????? ???????? 2003 ??????? ???????? ?????????? (23.27$) ???? ?????????≫ [117] ?

2016 ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????????????? ?? ????????, ???-?, ???????, ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? 40 ??? ??????? ????-? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ≪??????? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????????????, ?? ?????????? ?????≫, ?????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????????? [126] [127] [128] [129] ?

2017?2018 ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

???? ?? ????-? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, 2008 ???????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? 2016 ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? 1 ?????? ?????? ????????? 2016 ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? (???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????????) ????????? 2017 ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????, ???????, ????????? ?????????????, ???? ??????????? ? 2016 ??????? ???????? ????????? ????-? ??????????????, ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????

?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????, ??????? 5% ????????? ??????????? 2017 ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? 50 ??? ?????? ?????, ? ????-? ?????? 2018 ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? [11] [19] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ≪????????? ????-? ? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????????, ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???≫ [135] ?

2017 ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????-? ????????????? ?????????????? 1?8 ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? 2018 ??????? ?????? [136] [137] ?

2019 ??????? ???????? 1-?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????-?? ????????? ????? [138] ? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? , ???-? , ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? [139] ?

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/index/sujet/opep
  2. ↑ https://fastercapital.com/content/Unveiling-the-Controversial-Practice-of-OPEC-s-Price-Fixing.html
  3. ↑ ≪Our Mission≫ . OPEC . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 16-?? .
  4. ↑ ≪Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry: 3. OPEC and the oil men≫ . Lloyd's List . 2014 ?? ?????????? 12.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 ≪Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016≫ (CVS download) . US Energy Information Administration . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 28-?? .
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 ≪Statute≫ (PDF) . OPEC . 2012 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 12-?? .
  7. ↑ ≪Sudan awaiting decision on its OPEC membership application: minister≫ . Sudan Tribune . 2015 ?? ?????????? 22. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2015 ?? ????????? 20-?? . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ????? 4-?? .
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Alkhalisi, Zahraa (2018 ?? ?????????? 3). ≪Qatar is pulling out of OPEC to focus on gas≫ . cnn.com .
  9. ↑ ≪Qatar quit OPEC because of politics, not oil≫ . The Economist . 2018 ?? ?????????? 6. ISSN   0013-0613 . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ???????? 25-?? .
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 ≪Member Countries≫ . OPEC . ?????????? ?????????? 2020 ?? ???????? 7-?? . ??????? ? 2020 ?? ???????? 7-?? .
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 ≪OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes≫ (Press release). OPEC. 2019 ?? ????? 11. ?????????? ?????????? 2017 ?? ?????? 27-?? . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 26-?? .
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 ≪World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision≫ . ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . ??????? ? 10 September 2017-?? .
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 ≪Field Listing: Area≫ . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2018 ?? ?????????? 25-?? . ??????? ? 2009 ?? ???????? 4-?? . {{ cite web }} : More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified ( ?????????? ) ; More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified ( ?????????? )
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 ≪Crude Oil Proved Reserves 2016≫ (CVS download) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 28-?? .
  15. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. ≪Congo Republic becomes OPEC oil cartel's newest member≫ . U.K. (?????????? ????????) . ??????? ? 2018 ?? ??????? 22-?? . {{ cite news }} : |first= has generic name ( ?????????? )
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 ≪Ecuador Set to Leave OPEC≫ . The New York Times . 1992 ?? ?????????? 18 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 8-?? .
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 ≪Gabon Plans To Quit OPEC≫ . The New York Times . 1995 ?? ???????? 9 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 8-?? .
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 ≪Indonesia to withdraw from OPEC≫ . BBC. 2008 ?? ?????? 28 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 27-?? .
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Jensen, Fergus; Asmarini, Wilda (2016 ?? ?????????? 1). ≪Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC, again≫ . Reuters . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????????? 1-?? .
  20. ↑ Noah, Timothy (2007 ?? ??????? 10). ≪Go NOPEC≫ . Slate . ??????? ? 2009 ?? ???????? 21-?? .
  21. ↑ Noah, Timothy (2003 ?? ?????????? 18). ≪Is Bremer a Price Fixer? Letting Iraq's oil minister attend an OPEC meeting may violate the Sherman Antitrust Act≫ . Slate . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 13-?? .
  22. ↑ ≪Iraq to Attend Next OPEC Ministerial Meeting≫ . Arab News . 2003 ?? ?????????? 17 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 16-?? .
  23. ↑ ≪127th Meeting of the OPEC Conference≫ . OPEC (Press release). 2003 ?? ?????????? 24 . ??????? ? 2013 ?? ???????? 16-?? .
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 ≪OPEC: Fifty Years Regulating Oil Market Roller Coaster≫ . Inter Press Service. 2010 ?? ?????????? 14.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 ≪OPEC discord fuels further oil price drop≫ . The Financial Times . 2015 ?? ?????????? 7.
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  28. ↑ ≪The Global Energy Scene≫ (PDF) . OPEC Bulletin . 43 (5): 24?41. June?July 2012.
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  106. ↑ ≪Dialogue replaces OPEC?IEA Mistrust≫ (PDF) . IEA Energy (7): 7. 2014 ?? ????????. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2016 ?? ?????? 2-??.
  107. ↑ Simmons, Greg (2005 ?? ?????????? 7). ≪Dems Doubt Iraq Progress≫ . Fox News.
  108. ↑ ≪Oil price 'may hit $200 a barrel' ≫ . BBC News. 2008 ?? ?????? 7.
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  111. ↑ ≪Opening address to the 159th Meeting of the OPEC Conference≫ . OPEC (Press release). 2011 ?? ??????? 8 . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 12-?? .
  112. ↑ ≪149th Meeting of the OPEC Conference≫ . OPEC (Press release). 2008 ?? ?????????? 10 . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????????? 16-?? .
  113. ↑ Owen, Nick A.; Inderwildi, Oliver R.; King, David A. (2010 ?? ???????). ≪The status of conventional world oil reserves: Hype or cause for concern?≫ . Energy Policy . 38 (8): 4743?4749. doi : 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.026 .
  114. ↑ Al-Naimi, Ali (1999 ?? ?????????? 20). ≪Saudi oil policy: stability with strength≫ . Saudi Embassy. ?????????? ?????????? 2009 ?? ?????? 26. {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? unfit URL ( link )
  115. ↑ Waldman, Peter (2015 ?? ?????? 12). ≪Saudi Arabia's Plan to Extend the Age of Oil≫ . Bloomberg News.
  116. ↑ Frei, Matt (2008 ?? ??????? 3). ≪Washington diary: Oil addiction≫ . BBC . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ???????? 27-?? .
  117. ↑ 117,0 117,1 117,2 ≪OPEC Basket Daily Archives≫ . OPEC . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 21-?? .
  118. ↑ ≪Monthly Energy Review≫ (PDF) . US Energy Information Administration. 2017 ?? ?????? 25. Figure 11.1a . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????? 28-?? .
  119. ↑ Krassnov, Clifford (2014 ?? ????????? 3). ≪US Oil Prices Fall Below $80 a Barrel≫ . The New York Times . ??????? ? 2014 ?? ?????????? 13-?? .
  120. ↑ 120,0 120,1 Smith, Grant; Rascouet, Angelina; Mahdi, Wael (2015 ?? ?????????? 4). ≪OPEC Won't Cut Production to Stop Oil's Slump≫ . Bloomberg News.
  121. ↑ ≪Inside OPEC room, Naimi declares price war on US shale oil≫ . Reuters. 2014 ?? ????????? 28 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ???????? 13-?? .
  122. ↑ ≪Country Analysis Brief: Libya≫ (PDF) . US Energy Information Administration. 2015 ?? ????????? 19 . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 22-?? .
  123. ↑ ≪Despite Climate Concerns, OPEC Plans to Keep Pumping Oil While It Can≫ . The New York Times . 2015 ?? ?????????? 5.
  124. ↑ ≪OPEC ceiling falls in≫ . Argus Media. 2015 ?? ?????????? 7.
  125. ↑ Kalantari, Hashem; Sergie, Mohammed (2016 ?? ???????? 2). ≪Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Won't Hurt Prices≫ . Bloomberg News . ??????? ? 2016 ?? ?????? 18-?? .
  126. ↑ ≪OPEC 169th Meeting concludes≫ . OPEC (Press release). 2016 ?? ??????? 2.
  127. ↑ Halligan, Liam (2016 ?? ??????? 4). ≪OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly≫ . The Telegraph .
  128. ↑ ≪OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years≫ . Bloomberg News. 2016 ?? ??????? 13.
  129. ↑ ≪North America Rig Count≫ . Baker Hughes . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ???????? 21-?? .
  130. ↑ ≪OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut≫ . Bloomberg News. 2016 ?? ????????? 30.
  131. ↑ ≪OPEC 171st Meeting concludes≫ . OPEC (Press release). 2016 ?? ????????? 30.
  132. ↑ Blas, Javier (2016 ?? ?????????? 20). ≪The World's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course≫ . Bloomberg News.
  133. ↑ Hume, Neil (2016 ?? ?????????? 28). ≪OPEC agrees on need for output cut≫ . The Financial Times .
  134. ↑ ≪Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January≫ . Bloomberg News. 2016 ?? ?????????? 11.
  135. ↑ ≪OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente≫ . Bloomberg News. 2017 ?? ????? 7.
  136. ↑ ≪Russia backs gradual, managed exit from oil cuts with OPEC≫ . Reuters . 2017 ?? ?????????? 22 . ??????? ? 2017 ?? ?????????? 25-?? .
  137. ↑ ≪OPEC to extend production cuts throughout 2018≫ . ?????????? ? ?????????? 2018 ?? ?????????? 24-?? . ??????? ? 2019 ?? ????? 4-?? .
  138. ↑ ≪Qatar to withdraw from OPEC in January 2019≫ .
  139. ↑ ≪Why is Qatar leaving OPEC?≫ .

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