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????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ???? ??????????????.

???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? (??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????) ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? . ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????, ?? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? 64 ??.?????????? 177 ??.?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? 75 ?????? ?????????????, ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? 480 ??.?????????? ???????? , ???? ??? ??????????? (1.6 ??.??.) ????????, 100 ??.???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????. [1] [2] [3]

?????????????, ?????????? ???????????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????. [4] ?????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??????????????. [5] ???????????, ??????? ?????, ??? ???, ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????.

?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????? ????-?????? ???? ???????????, ???????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? (Tornado Alley) ???????????. [6] ?????? ????????, ???????????, ??????????? , ??????? ???? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ??????????, ???????????? ????????, ???????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? , ?????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????????. [7]

?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? (Fujita) ?????, ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? (Enhanced Fujita) ????? ??????????????????. F0 ?????????? EF0 ???? ??????? ????????????, ?? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????. F5 ?????????? EF5 ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ???? (TORRO) ??????? ??????? ??????????? T0 ???? ??????? ???????? T11 ??????? ?????????????????????. [8] ?????? ???? ????????, ????????????????, ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????????????. [9]

???????????? [ ????????? ]

????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. [10] ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????????; ?????????????, ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????. [3] ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ?????????. [11] [12]


???????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????.1970 ??????? ??? ????????????????????.F0,F1,F2,F3,F4,F5?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????.???? ?????? F0 ????????? F5 ?????????????? ???. ??????????? 2007 ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????.

?????? [ ????????? ]

  1. ↑ Wurman, Joshua (2008-08-29). "Doppler On Wheels" . Center for Severe Weather Research. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05 . Retrieved 2009-12-13 .
  2. ↑ "Hallam Nebraska Tornado" . National Weather Service . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2005-10-02 . Retrieved 2009-11-15 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Roger Edwards (2006-04-04). "The Online Tornado FAQ" . National Weather Service . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 2006-09-29 . Retrieved 2006-09-08 . {{ cite web }} : Cite has empty unknown parameter: |8= ( help )
  4. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2000). "Waterspout" . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008-06-20 . Retrieved 2009-11-15 .
  5. ↑ National Weather Service (2009-02-03). "15 January 2009: Lake Champlain Sea Smoke, Steam Devils, and Waterspout: Chapters IV and V" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2009-06-21 .
  6. ↑ Sid Perkins (2002-05-11). "Tornado Alley, USA" . Science News . pp. 296?298. Archived from the original on 2006-08-25 . Retrieved 2006-09-20 .
  7. ↑ "Tornado: Global occurrence" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009 . Retrieved 2009-12-13 .
  8. ↑ Meaden, Terrance (2004). "Wind Scales: Beaufort, T ? Scale, and Fujita's Scale" . Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 2010-04-30 . Retrieved 2009-09-11 .
  9. ↑ "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage" . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2007-02-01 . Retrieved 2009-06-21 .
  10. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2000). "Section:T" (2 ed.). American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2007-04-06 . Retrieved 2009-11-15 .
  11. ↑ Doswell, Moller, Anderson; et al. (2005). "Advanced Spotters' Field Guide" (PDF) . US Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-25 . Retrieved 2006-09-20 . {{ cite web }} : Explicit use of et al. in: |author= ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  12. ↑ Charles A Doswell III (2001-10-01). "What is a tornado?" . Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies . Retrieved 2008-05-28 .

?????????????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

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