Island in Spain
Menorca
[a]
or
Minorca
[b]
(from
Latin
:
Insula Minor
,
lit.
'smaller island', later
Minorica
) is one of the
Balearic Islands
located in the
Mediterranean Sea
belonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby
Mallorca
. Its capital is
Mahon
(
Catalan
:
Mao
), situated on the island's eastern end, although Menorca is not a province and forms a political union with the other islands in the archipelago.
Ciutadella
and Mahon are the main ports and largest towns. The port of Mahon is the second biggest natural port in the world.
Menorca had a population of 96,733 at the Census of 1 January 2021, which rose to an official estimated total of 99,005 at 1 January 2023.
[1]
It is located 39°47' to 40°00'N, 3°52' to 4°24'E. Its highest point, called
El Toro
(from Catalan "
turo
" meaning
hill
), is 358 metres (1,175 feet)
above sea level
.
History
[
edit
]
The island is known for its collection of
megalithic
stone monuments:
navetes
,
taules
and
talaiots
, which indicate very early
prehistoric
human activity. Some of the earliest culture on Menorca was influenced by other
Mediterranean
cultures, including the Greek
Minoans
of
ancient Crete
(see also
Gymnesian Islands
). For example, the use of inverted plastered timber columns at
Knossos
is thought to have influenced early peoples of Menorca in imitating this practice.
[2]
The end of the
Punic wars
saw an increase in piracy in the western Mediterranean. The
Roman
occupation of
Hispania
had meant a growth of maritime trade between the
Iberian
and
Italian peninsulas
. Pirates took advantage of the strategic location of the Balearic Islands to raid Roman commerce, using both Menorca and
Mallorca
as bases. In reaction to this, the Romans
invaded Menorca
. By 123 BC, both islands were fully under Roman control, later being incorporated into the province of
Hispania Citerior
.
In 13 BC, Roman emperor
Augustus
reorganised the provincial system and the
Balearic Islands
became part of the
Tarraconensis
imperial province. The ancient town of
Mago
was transformed from a
Carthaginian
town to a Roman town.
[3]
Jews of Menorca
[
edit
]
The island had a Jewish population.
[4]
The
Letter on the Conversion of the Jews
by a fifth-century
bishop
named
Severus
tells of the
forced conversion
of the island's 540
Jewish
men and women in AD 418.
[5]
Several Jews, including Theodore, a rich representative Jew who stood high in the estimation of his coreligionists and of Christians alike, underwent baptism. The act of conversion brought about, within a previously peaceful coexisting community, the expulsion of the ruling Jewish elite into the bleak hinterlands, the burning of synagogues, and the gradual reinstatement of certain Jewish families after the forced acceptance of Christianity, allowing the survival of those Jewish families who had not already perished.
[4]
Many Jews secretly retained their Jewish faith while outwardly professing Christian beliefs. Some of these Jews form part of the
Xueta
community.
When Menorca became a British possession in 1713, they actively encouraged the immigration of foreign non-Catholics, which included Jews who were not accepted by the predominantly Christian inhabitants. When the Jewish community in Mahon requested the use of a room as a synagogue, their request was refused, and they were denounced by the clergy. In 1781, when
Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, duc de Mahon
invaded Menorca, he ordered all Jews to leave in four days. At that time, the Jewish community consisted of about 500 people and they were transported from Menorca in four Spanish ships to the port of
Marseille
.
[6]
Middle Ages
[
edit
]
The
Vandals
easily conquered the island in the fifth century. The
Byzantine Empire
recovered it in 534. Following the
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
, Menorca was annexed to the
Caliphate of Cordoba
in 903, with many
Muslims
emigrating to the island.
Manurqa
(
Arabic
:
??????
) was the Arabicized name given to the island by the
Muslims
from its annexation to the
Caliphate of Cordoba
by 'Isam al-Khawlani in 903 until the rule of the last Muslim ra'is,
Abu 'Umar ibn Sa'id
in 1287. The only urban centre of the island was
Madinat al Jazira
or
al Manurqa
(modern
Ciutadella
). Most of the population lived in small farm communities organized under a
tribal
structure.
In 1231, after Christian forces took Mallorca, Menorca chose to become an independent Islamic state, albeit one tributary to King
James I of Aragon
. The island was ruled first by
Abu 'Uthman Sa'id Hakam al Qurashi
(1234?1282), and following his death by his son,
Abu 'Umar ibn Sa'id
(1282?1287).
A
Catalan-Aragonese
invasion, led by
Alfonso III
(also known as
Count of Barcelona
Alfons II), came on 17 January 1287; its anniversary is now celebrated as Menorca's national day. Once the island was captured, most of its Muslim inhabitants were enslaved and sold in the
slave
markets of Eivissa,
Valencia
and
Barcelona
, while others became Christians.
[7]
After the Christian conquest of 1287, the island was part of the
Crown of Aragon
. For some time it was ceded to the
Kingdom of Mallorca
, a vassal state of the Crown, but it was retaken by the king of Aragon in 1343. Eventually the
Crown of Aragon
merged with the
Crown of Castile
, and so Menorca became part of Spain.
During the 16th century,
Turkish
naval attacks
destroyed Mahon
, and the then capital,
Ciutadella
. In Mahon,
Barbary pirates
from North Africa took considerable booty and as many as 6,000 slaves.
[8]
Various Spanish kings, including
Philip III
and
Philip IV
, styled themselves "King of Minorca" as a subsidiary title.
18th-19th centuries
[
edit
]
Captured by Britain's Royal Navy in 1708
during the
War of the Spanish Succession
, Minorca temporarily became a British possession.
Great Britain
took possession in 1713, under the terms of
Article XI
of the
Treaty of Utrecht
. Under the governorship of
General Richard Kane
, this period saw the island's capital moved to
Port Mahon
and a naval base established in that town's harbour.
In 1756, during the
Seven Years' War
, France captured the island after the
Siege of Fort St Philip
and a
failed British relief attempt
. The 1763
Treaty of Paris
enabled the British to return to the island after
Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War
. In 1781, during the
American War of Independence
, the British were
defeated for a second time
, in this instance by a combination of French and Spanish forces, and on 5 January 1782 the Spanish regained control of the island, after a long siege of
St. Philip's Castle
in Port Mahon. The British ceded the island back to Spain the next year in the
Treaty of Versailles
. Menorca was
invaded by the British once again in 1798
, during the
French Revolutionary Wars
, but it was finally repossessed by Spain by the terms of the
Treaty of Amiens
in 1802. The British influence can still be seen in local architecture, with elements such as
sash windows
.
As with the rest of the Balearic Islands, Menorca was not occupied by the French during the
Peninsular War
, as it was successfully protected by the Royal Navy, this time allied to Spain.
A quarantine station (
lazaretto
), Llatzaret (Catalan), was constructed from 1793 to 1807 next to the entrance to the Port Mahon. It served ships from North Africa wishing to reach the Iberian Peninsula or the ports of the Balearic Islands. Lazarettos confined the crews of ships that were suspected of carrying infectious diseases such as the plague. The crew needed to spend up to 40 days within its walls until it was clear there was no infection or until the sick recovered. It is now a national monument and can only be reached as part of an official tour.
[9]
From 1815 until the mid-century, the U.S. Navy developed its Mediterranean headquarters at Port Mahon,
[10]
leaving behind the
English Cemetery, Menorca
, which was restored by the
Spanish government
in 2008 and is maintained in the 21st century.
Since 1900
[
edit
]
During the
Spanish Civil War
, Menorca stayed loyal to the
Republican Spanish Government
, while the rest of the Balearic Islands supported the Spanish
Nationalists
. The island did not see ground combat, but it was a target of aerial bombing by the pro-Nationalist Italians of the
Corpo Truppe Volontarie
Air Force. Many Menorcans were also killed when taking part in a failed
invasion of Mallorca
. During the Pedro Marques Barber era (July?December 1936) some Mallorcans and a priest were executed on the island. After the Nationalist victory in the
Battle of Minorca
in February 1939, the British Navy assisted in a
peaceful transfer of power
in Menorca and the evacuation of some political refugees aboard
HMS
Devonshire
.
In October 1993, Menorca was designated by
UNESCO
as a
biosphere reserve
. In July 2005, the island's application to become the 25th member of the
International Island Games Association
was approved.
Climate
[
edit
]
As the major part of Balearic Islands, Menorca has a
mediterranean climate
(
Koppen
:
Csa
), with mild winters and hot summers. Menorca is generally wetter than Mallorca, with rainfall peaking in late autumn. Average annual highs range between 14 °C (57 °F) in winter to 29 °C (84 °F) in summer. Due to its offshore position and the small size of the island, temperatures are generally quite stable.
Climate data for Mahon ? Minorca Airport 91m (1981?2010 normals, extremes 1965?present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
27.2
(81.0)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
30.7
(87.3)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
39.6
(103.3)
|
39.0
(102.2)
|
34.5
(94.1)
|
31.3
(88.3)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
39.6
(103.3)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
17.6
(63.7)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
22.5
(72.5)
|
26.5
(79.7)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
33.0
(91.4)
|
33.2
(91.8)
|
29.7
(85.5)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
34.0
(93.2)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
14.1
(57.4)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
15.9
(60.6)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
25.8
(78.4)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
29.2
(84.6)
|
26.2
(79.2)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
18.1
(64.6)
|
15.2
(59.4)
|
20.8
(69.4)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
10.8
(51.4)
|
10.8
(51.4)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
14.3
(57.7)
|
17.8
(64.0)
|
21.8
(71.2)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
22.6
(72.7)
|
19.4
(66.9)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
12.1
(53.8)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
7.5
(45.5)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
8.6
(47.5)
|
10.6
(51.1)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
17.8
(64.0)
|
20.8
(69.4)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
16.1
(61.0)
|
11.6
(52.9)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
3.2
(37.8)
|
4.6
(40.3)
|
6.6
(43.9)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
13.7
(56.7)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
17.9
(64.2)
|
15.0
(59.0)
|
11.1
(52.0)
|
6.8
(44.2)
|
4.5
(40.1)
|
2.2
(36.0)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?2.4
(27.7)
|
?1.1
(30.0)
|
?0.1
(31.8)
|
1.6
(34.9)
|
6.4
(43.5)
|
10.2
(50.4)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
5.2
(41.4)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
?1.0
(30.2)
|
?2.4
(27.7)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
52
(2.0)
|
54
(2.1)
|
38
(1.5)
|
45
(1.8)
|
37
(1.5)
|
14
(0.6)
|
3
(0.1)
|
20
(0.8)
|
61
(2.4)
|
78
(3.1)
|
88
(3.5)
|
61
(2.4)
|
546
(21.5)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1 mm)
|
7
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
64
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
144
|
146
|
202
|
222
|
270
|
311
|
347
|
312
|
225
|
183
|
142
|
130
|
2,632
|
Source 1:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia
[11]
|
Source 2:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia
[12]
|
Climate data for Menorca
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|
14.6
(58)
|
13.8
(57)
|
14.1
(57)
|
15.7
(60)
|
18.7
(66)
|
22.2
(72)
|
24.4
(76)
|
25.8
(78)
|
25.1
(77)
|
22.9
(73)
|
20.4
(69)
|
17.1
(63)
|
19.4
(67)
|
Average
Ultraviolet index
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
6
|
8
|
9
|
9
|
8
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
2
|
5.3
|
Source #1: seatemperature.org
[13]
|
Source #2: Weather Atlas
[14]
|
Culture
[
edit
]
The location of Minorca in the middle of the western Mediterranean was a staging point for the different cultures since prehistoric times. This Balearic Island has a mix of colonial and local architecture.
The
festes
take place throughout the summer in different towns around the island, and have their origins in the early 14th century.
[15]
The international opera week and international organ festival in Mahon, and the summer music festival and Capella Davidica concerts in Ciutadella are the main events of the island.
Minorca's cuisine is dominated by the
Mediterranean diet
, which is known to be very healthy.
[
citation needed
]
While many of the locals have adopted modern attitudes they still uphold certain old traditions.
[16]
Traditional celebrations
[
edit
]
Minorca is especially well known for its traditional summer "festes", which intrigue many visitors. The
Saint John's Feast
is held annually in
Ciutadella de Menorca
, during 23?25 June. The festes last for three days. On the first day, a man bears a well-groomed sheep upon his shoulders and parades around the local streets. In the late evening, main streets are closed, and bonfires held upon them.
On the second day,
locally bred black horses
are dressed with ribbons and rosettes. The riders, or
"caixers", ride the horses through the streets and, along with a tumultuous crowd of people, encourage them to rear up on their hind legs. The brave can be found running underneath them in an attempt to touch the horses hearts for good luck.
[
citation needed
]
The third day sees intense competition between the riders in a harmless form of jousting that involves spearing a suspended ring with a lance at considerable speed. The festes are brought to a close with a firework display.
Sports
[
edit
]
As a small island, Menorca offers limited opportunities to see top-level sport competitions in. Football in Menorca is played at the fifth level of the Spanish football pyramid. There are currently 11 clubs contesting the
Regional Preferente de Menorca
, the champion of which progresses to the
Tercera Division
Grupo XI playoffs. The winner of this playoff is promoted to Tercera Division; the last Menorqui club to do so was
CF Sporting Mahones
in 2009.
CV Ciutadella
are a professional women's volleyball club who play in the
Superliga Femenina
, the top league of Spanish volleyball, having won the league championship in 2011 and 2012. They play at Pavello Municipal d'Esports in
Ciutadella
.
A semi-pro basketball club,
CB Menorca
, play in the
LEB Plata
, the third level of Spanish basketball. Their home court is
Pavello Menorca
in the Bintaufa neighborhood just outside of Mao.
In recent years, some sport events that gather hundreds of participants are successfully held on a yearly basis, such as the triathlon race
Extreme Man Menorca
or the single-staged ultramarathon race
Trail Menorca Cami de Cavalls
. In 2014, it was announced that the island would host the 18th editions of the
Island Games
in 2019, however, Menorca later pulled out of hosting the event, citing a change of government as the main reason.
[17]
Language
[
edit
]
The two official languages are
Catalan
and Spanish.
[18]
Natives to the island speak the variety of Catalan called
Menorqui
, and Spanish as well; many residents originating from the mainland are monolingual in Spanish. The language of education and of government is
Catalan
, with Spanish taught alongside it.
A 2014 survey carried out by the Government of the Balearic Islands found that 53.5% of participants identified themselves as Catalan speakers, 36.7% as Spanish speakers, and 7.7% as bilingual speakers.
[19]
The Catalan spoken in Menorca is a variety known as
Menorqui
. Between
Menorqui
and standard Catalan, as with most
Balearic dialects
, the most distinctive difference is the word used for the article "the", where
Menorqui
uses "es" for masculine and "sa" for feminine. Menorqui thus shares the source of its article with many Sardinian varieties (masc. sing.
su
, fem sing.
sa
), rather than the standard Catalan "el" and "la", similar to other Romance languages (e.g. Spanish
el
,
la
, Italian
il
,
la
), corresponding to a form which was historically used along the
Costa Brava
of
Catalonia
, from where it is supposed that the islands were repopulated after being conquered from the
Moors
.
Menorqui also has a few English
loan words
dating back to the period of British rule, such as "grevi", "xumaquer", "boinder" and "xoc" taken from "gravy", "shoemaker", "bow window" and "chalk", respectively.
[20]
Food and drink
[
edit
]
Wine production has been known on the island since ancient times, but it went into a heavy decline over the last century. Now, several new, small wineries have started up, producing wines locally.
[21]
Lingering British influence is seen in the Menorcans' taste for
gin
, which during local
festes
honoring towns'
patron saints
is mixed with
lemonade
(or
bitter lemon
) to make a golden liquid known as
Pomada
. Gin from Menorca is not derived from grain
alcohol
but from wine alcohol (
eau de vie de vin
), making it more akin to
brandy
. It has the distinction to have
geographical identity protection
. Probably the best known gin is Gin Xoriguer which is named after the typical Menorcan windmill which was used to make the first gin. One of the reasons it is also known as Gin de Minorca or Gin de Mahon.
Also famous is
Mahon cheese
, "formatge de Mao", a cheese typical of the island.
One origin story of
mayonnaise
is that it was brought back to France from
Mahon
, Menorca, after
Louis-Francois-Armand du Plessis de Richelieu
's victory over the British at the city's port in 1756.
[22]
Sweets known as
flaons
are one of the typical gastronomic products of Menorca.
Wildlife
[
edit
]
Flowers
[
edit
]
Menorca is rich in wild flowers with over 900 species of flowering plants recorded. Many are those typical of the Mediterranean, but some are endemic. There are 24 or 25 species of orchid found and of these most flower early in the year in late March, April and May.
Insects
[
edit
]
30 species of butterflies have been recorded on Menorca and most are on the wing from March to late September. The species that occur include the
Cleopatra
,
Lang's short tailed blue
and the
two-tailed pasha
.
Despite not having many large wetlands dragonflies abound on Menorca. Seventeen species have been recorded including the
emperor dragonfly
.
Reptiles and amphibians
[
edit
]
There are three species of
amphibia
:
green toad
(
Bufo viridis
),
marsh frog
and
stripeless tree frog
(
Hyla meridionalis
).
The common lizard seen all over the island is the
Italian wall lizard
(
Podarcis siculus
) although the
Moroccan rock lizard
(
Scelaris perspicillata
) also occurs. The Balearic endemic
Lilford's wall lizard
(
Podarcis lilfordi
) can be found on many of the offshore islands. Two species of
gecko
can be found on Menorca, the
Moorish
(
Tarentola mauritanica
) and the
Turkish
(
Hemidactylus turcicus
) also called the Mediterranean house gecko.
Four species of snake occur: the
viperine snake
(
Natrix maura
),
grass snake
,
false smooth snake
(
Macroprotodon cucullatus
) and the
ladder snake
(
Rhinechis scalaris
).
Hermann's tortoise
(
Testudo hermanni
) is quite common and can be found all over the island. Two terrapin species are also found, the native
European pond terrapin
(
Emys orbicularis
) and the introduced American
red-eared slider
(Trachemys scripta
).
Birds
[
edit
]
The birdlife of Menorca is very well known. Menorca is a well watched island which is on the migration route of many species and good number of passage migrants can be seen in spring.
[23]
Residents include
Audouin's gull
,
blue rock thrush
and
Thekla lark
.
Booted eagle
and
red kite
are easy to see as is
Egyptian vulture
in the right habitat. In summer there are
bee-eaters
and Menorca has major colonies of
Cory's shearwater
and
Balearic shearwater
.
Mammals
[
edit
]
Menorca has no large native mammals. There are some small mammals including rabbits, bats, rats, mice,
pine martens
and a subspecies of
North African hedgehog
.
Municipalities
[
edit
]
The major towns are
Port Mahon
and
Ciutadella de Menorca
. The island is administratively divided into eight municipalities (from west to east):
The areas and populations of the municipalities (according to the
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica
, Spain) are:
Municipality
|
Area
(km
2
)
|
Census Population
1 November 2001
|
Census Population
1 November 2011
|
Census Population
1 January 2021
|
Estimated Population
1 January 2023
|
Ciutadella de Menorca
|
186.3
|
23,103
|
29,510
|
30,766
|
31,669
|
Ferreries
|
66.1
|
4,048
|
4,667
|
4,903
|
5,056
|
Es Mercadal
|
138.3
|
3,089
|
5,292
|
5,474
|
5,927
|
Es Migjorn Gran
|
31.4
|
1,167
|
1,520
|
1,512
|
1,558
|
Alaior
|
109.9
|
7,108
|
9,450
|
9,686
|
9,879
|
Port Mahon
(
Mao
)
|
117.2
|
23,315
|
28,789
|
29,648
|
30,006
|
Es Castell
|
11.7
|
6,424
|
7,895
|
7,688
|
7,763
|
Sant Lluis
|
34.8
|
3,270
|
7,275
|
7,056
|
7,147
|
Totals
|
695.7
|
71,524
|
94,398
|
96,733
|
99,005
|
Politics and government
[
edit
]
Insular government
[
edit
]
Results of the elections to the Island Council of Menorca
[
edit
]
Elections are held every four years concurrently with
local elections
. From 1983 to 2007, councilors were indirectly elected from the results of the election to
Parliament of the Balearic Islands
for the constituency of
Menorca
. Since 2007, however, separate direct elections are held to elect the Council.
Island Councilors of the Island Council of Menorca since 1978
|
|
Election
|
Distribution
|
President
|
1979
[24]
|
|
Francesc Tutzo Bennasar (
UCD
)
|
|
1983
|
|
Tirso Pons (
PSIB?PSOE
)
|
|
1987
|
|
1991
|
|
Albert Moragues (
PSIB?PSOE
)
(1991)
|
Joan Huguet (
PP
)
(1991-1995)
|
|
1995
|
|
Joan Huguet (
PP
)
(1995)
|
Cristofol Triay (PP)
(1995-1999)
|
1999
|
|
Joana Barcelo (
PSIB?PSOE
)
|
|
2003
|
|
2007
|
|
Joana Barcelo (
PSIB?PSOE
)
(2007-2008)
|
Marc Pons (PSIB?PSOE)
(2008-2011)
|
2011
|
|
Santiago Tadeo (
PP
)
|
|
2015
|
|
Maite Salord (
MpM
)
(2015-2017)
|
|
Susana Mora (
PSIB?PSOE
)
(2017-2019)
|
|
2019
|
|
Susana Mora (
PSIB?PSOE
)
|
2023
|
|
Adolfo Vilafranca (
PP
)
|
|
Transport
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Madrid, 2023.
- ^
C. Michael Hogan (2007)
Knossos fieldnotes
, The Modern Antiquarian
- ^
Henry Christmas
,
The Shores and Islands of the Mediterranean
, Published 1851, R. Bentley
- ^
a
b
Elukin, Jonathan M. (2007).
Living Together, Living Apart: Rethinking Jewish-Christian Relations in the Middle Ages
. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- ^
Bradbury, Scott, ed. (1996).
Severus of Minorca: Letter on the Conversion of the Jews
. Oxford Early Christian Texts. Translated by Scott Bradbury. Oxford University Press. p. 154.
ISBN
978-0-19-826764-5
.
- ^
Gregory, Desmond (1990).
Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca between 1708 and 1802
. Cranbury, New Jersey, US: Associated University Presses, Inc. p. 132.
ISBN
0-8386-3389-7
.
- ^
Abulafia, David (2007). "The Last Muslims in Italy".
Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society
.
125
(125): 271?287.
JSTOR
40350668
.
- ^
M. Th. Houtsma (1993).
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913?1936
. BRILL. p. 872.
ISBN
90-04-09790-2
.
- ^
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llatzeret_(Mao)
- ^
Dickon, Chris (2011).
The Foreign Burial of American War Dead
. McFarland. ISBN 9780786446124, pp. 20-23
- ^
"Valores Climatologicos Normales. Minorca / Aeropuerto"
. November 2015.
- ^
"Valores Climatologicos Extremos. Minorca / Aeropuerto"
. December 2017.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"Menorca Sea Temperature"
. seatemperature.org
. Retrieved
14 December
2017
.
- ^
"Ciutadella de Menorca, Spain ? Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"
. Weather Atlas
. Retrieved
14 December
2017
.
- ^
Fiestas Mean Summertime in Menorca
- ^
"Minorca Geography ? Information, climate and weather in Minorca"
.
minorca.com
. Archived from
the original
on 13 March 2009
. Retrieved
31 March
2009
.
- ^
"Island Games: Menorca pull out of hosting 2019 event"
. BBC Sport. 6 July 2015.
- ^
Article 4, Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands, 2007: "The Catalan language, typical of the Balearic Islands, will have official consideration, together with Spanish."
- ^
Diario de Ibiza:
Las Pitiusas son las islas de Balears en las que menos se conoce y se usa el catalan
(In Spanish)
- ^
"Menorquin English words"
. Archived from
the original
on 10 November 2016
. Retrieved
17 June
2018
.
- ^
Miquel Hudin (2013),
Vinologue Minorca
, Leavenworth Press, p. 75,
ISBN
978-0-983-77187-6
- ^
Trager, James (1995).
The Food Chronology
. New York: Henry Hold and Company. p.
163
.
ISBN
9780805033892
.
- ^
"Migrant Birds of Menorca"
. 24 April 2019. Archived from
the original
on 22 August 2019
. Retrieved
22 August
2019
.
- ^
https://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/sites/localsite/collect/mayurqa/index/assoc/Mayurqa_/2021v03p/107.dir/Mayurqa_2021v03p107.pdf
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Burns, Robert I., (1990) "Muslims in the Thirteenth Century Realms of Aragon: Interaction and Reaction", p. 67, In: Powell, J.M. (ed.)
Muslims under Latin Rule, 1100?1300
, p. 57?102, Princeton University Press.
ISBN
0-691-05586-6
.
- Fernandez-Arnesto, F.
Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229?1492
; Mac Millan, 1987. p. 36.* Hearl, G., (1996). A Birdwatchers guide to Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. Arlequin Press. pp56.
ISBN
1-900159-20-1
- Ginzburg, Carlo. "The Conversion of the Jews of Minorca (A.D. 417?418)," in Idem,
Threads and Traces: True False Fictive
(Berkeley, University of California Press, 2011)
- Laurie, John Bruce (1994) The Life of Richard Kane, Britain's First Lieutenant-Governor of Menorca
ISBN
84-606-3275-X
- Moll Mercadal, B.
Abu 'Uthman Sa'id ibn Hakam, Ra'is de Manurqa (631/1234-680/1289)
Publicacions des Born nº5. 1999
- Pons, G., (2000). Les papallones diurnes de les balears., pp87. Edicions Documenta Balear, Palma de Mallorca.
- Taylor, David Wilson (1975).
Minorca
.
ISBN
0 7153 6787 0
(Great Britain)
ISBN
0 8117 1032 7
(United States) First full account of Minorca in English since John Armstrong's memoirs of 1740.
Minorca: The White and Blue Island
External links
[
edit
]
Articles related to Menorca / Minorca
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- 23. Since 2009 part of
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
; Ascension Island (1922?) and Tristan da Cunha (1938?) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
- 24. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
Antarctic Treaty
.
- 25. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
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