Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia
ilikuwa vita iliyopigwa kuanzia mwaka
1914
hadi
1918
. Mataifa wapiganaji yalikuwa
Ujerumani
,
Austria-Hungaria
,
Bulgaria
na
Uturuki
(ziliitwa "Mataifa ya Kati",
ing.
central powers
) kwa upande mmoja dhidi ya
Ufaransa
,
Urusi
,
Uingereza
,
Italia
,
Marekani
na nchi mbalimbali zilizoshirikiana nazo (zilitwa "Mataifa ya Ushirikiano", ing.
allied powers
).
Vita hii ilianza katika
Ulaya
ikapanuka haraka hadi
Mashariki ya Kati
. Kupitia koloni za Ujerumani ilipiganiwa pia
Afrika
na
Asia ya Mashariki
ikasababisha
kifo
cha takriban watu milioni tisa.
Sababu yake
ilikuwa mashindano makali kati ya mataifa ya
Ulaya
kuhusu kushika nafasi ya
kipaumbele
barani Ulaya na duniani kote.
Matokeo yake
yalikuwa mwisho wa kipaumbele cha Ulaya duniani na kupanda ngazi kwa Marekani,
mapinduzi
katika nchi mbalimbali, mwisho wa falme za Ujerumani,
Austria
na Urusi pamoja na mwanzo wa utawala wa
kikomunisti
katika Urusi, mwisho wa Dola la Austria-Hungaria na wa Milki ya Osmani pamoja na mwisho wa
ukoloni
wa Kijerumani duniani.
Katika Ulaya
nchi mpya
zilijitokeza kama vile
Chekoslovakia
,
Ufini
,
Latvia
,
Estonia
, na
Yugoslavia
pamoja na nchi za zamani zilizotokea tena katika uwanja wa kimataifa ndizo
Austria
,
Hungaria
,
Lithuania
na
Poland
. Katika Mashariki ya Kati Uturuki ilianzishwa kama nchi mpya, ilhali kipindi kifupi cha ukoloni wa Uingereza na Ufaransa kilianza huko
Syria
,
Iraq
na
Lebanoni
.
Shirikisho la Mataifa
liliundwa kama chombo cha kwanza kilicholenga kuunganisha nchi zote za Dunia na kuzuia vita mpya. Koloni za awali za Ujerumani na majimbo ya Kiarabu ya Milki ya Osmani
zilidhaminiwa
kwa Uingereza na Ufaransa kwa niaba ya Shirikisho, hatua iliyoweka maeneo haya chini ya uangalizi wa kimataifa, tofauti na koloni za kawaida.
Sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya iliwahi kuwa na kipindi kirefu cha
amani
tangu
vita kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani
mnamo
1870
-
1871
. Mataifa ya Ulaya yalikuwa na mfumo wa mikataba na mapatano kati yao yaliyolenga kuhakikisha uwiano wa mataifa. Mataifa makubwa ya Ulaya yalikuwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Urusi na Italia pamoja na milki ya
Austria-Hungaria
.
Hali ilikuwa tofauti katika Kusini-Mashariki mwa bara hilo. Hadi nusu ya pili ya
karne ya 19
sehemu kubwa ya
Balkani
ilitawaliwa na
Milki ya Osmani
iliyokuwa milki ya
Kiislamu
ya kutawala
Wakristo
wengi. Milki hii iliendelea kudhoofika wakati wa karne ya 19. Nchi mbalimbali zilijitenga na kupata
uhuru
, kama vile
Ugiriki
,
Serbia
,
Bulgaria
na
Romania
. Nchi hizi mpya zilipigana kivita kati yao na Milki ya Osmani hadi mwaka 1912.
Vita Kuu ilianza kutokana na
ugomvi
kati ya Austria-Hungaria na
Serbia
. Kutokana na muundo wa mikataba ya kusaidiana kati ya nchi za Ulaya mwanzo huo ulisababisha mfululizo wa hali ya vita kati ya mataifa, na mengine ya
Balkani
yaliyotafuta uhuru wao.
Tarehe
28 Juni
1914
katika
mji
wa
Sarayevo
,
Bosnia
,
mwana
wa
Kaizari
wa Austria aliyekuwa mfalme mteule aliuawa pamoja na
mke
wake na
mgaidi
Mserbia
mwanachama wa kundi la "
Mkono Mweusi
" lililopinga utawala wa Austria-Hungaria katika
Bosnia
. Austria iliamuru
Serbia
ifuate masharti makali katika
uchunguzi
wa tendo lile. Serbia ilipokataa sehemu ya mwisho ya masharti, Austria ilitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Serbia tarehe
28 Julai
1914
.
Agosti ya 1914 iliona kupanuka kwa vita hiyo: Warusi walikuwa na mkataba wa usaidizi na Serbia wakatangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Austria-Hungaria. Hapo wakaingia Wajerumani waliokuwa na mapatano ya usaidizi na Austria-Hungaria wakitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Urusi. Urusi kwa upande wake ulikuwa na mkataba wa kusaidiana na Ufaransa, kwa hivyo hali ya vita ikajitokeza pia kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani. Ujerumani ilishambulia Ufaransa kwa kuingia Ubelgiji na kupigana na jeshi la nchi hiyo. Mashambulio hayo yalisababisha Uingereza kujiunga na vita dhidi ya Ujerumani.
Japan
iliyokuwa na mkataba wa kusaidana na Uingereza tangu mwaka 1902 iliona nafasi ya kukamata koloni za Ujerumani katika
Bahari Pasifiki
ikaingia upande wa maadui wa Ujerumani.
Kuanzia Oktoba 1914
Milki ya Osmani
(
Uturuki
) ilijiunga na vita kufuatana na mkataba wake wa siri na Ujerumani.
Mwaka
1915
Italia ilijiunga na Wafaransa na Waingereza kwa kushambulia Austria-Hungaria iliyotawala bado maeneo katika kaskazini ya
rasi ya Italia
, ingawa awali ilikuwa na mkataba na
dola
hilo.
Vita ilipigwa kwa ukali miaka ya 1914-1918. Wajerumani waliingia ndani ya Ufaransa lakini walikwama kabla ya kufikia
jiji kuu
la
Paris
. Kwa muda mrefu mstari wa mapambano ulibaki palepale.
Katika Mashariki Wajerumani na Waaustria walifaulu kurudisha mashambulio ya Kirusi na kuteka sehemu za Urusi.
Katika Kusini mwa Ulaya Waustria walifaulu kwa shida kubwa kuteka Serbia na
Montenegro
pamoja na
Albania
. Mapigano dhidi ya Italia yalikwama kwenye
milima ya Alpi
.
Waosmani walishindwa kwa ujumla katika mashambulio yao dhidi ya Warusi katika eneo la
Kaukazi
na dhidi ya Waingereza katika
Misri
. Lakini walifaulu kuzuia Waingereza wasifike
Uturuki
penyewe. Waingereza walipeleka jeshi katika
Irak
ya kusini wakafaulu kuwarudisha Waosmani hadi kaskazini ya nchi hii.
Tazama makala kuu:
Vita Kuu ya Kwanza katika Afrika ya Mashariki
Vita ilienea haraka
baharini
na katika koloni za Ujerumani zilizovamiwa na Waingereza, Wafaransa,
Afrika Kusini
na
Japani
. Koloni hizo zilikuwepo
Afrika
na kwenye
visiwa vya Pasifiki
pamoja na
China
. Ujerumani ilikuwa na vikosi vya kijeshi katika koloni za Afrika na pia huko
Qingdao
nchini
China
.
Kwa ujumla koloni zote zisizokuwa na
jeshi
zilitekwa na mataifa ya ushirikiano bila mapigano.
Wakati 1917 mataifa ya Ulaya yalionyesha
dalili
za
uchovu
. Katika hali hiyo ma
badiliko
mawili makubwa yalitokea: Marekani ilijiunga na vita dhidi ya Wajerumani na Urusi ilikuwa na
mapinduzi
yaliyolazimisha
serikali
mpya kutia
sahihi
mapatano ya kumaliza vita dhidi ya Ujerumani iliyoteka maeneo makubwa ya Urusi.
Nguvu ya Marekani ilionekana haraka na
bahati
ya Ujerumani ilipungua sana. Austria-Hungaria ilidhoofishwa vilevile.
Mwaka 1918 iliona mwisho wa vita. Jeshi la Kiosmani lilishindwa hadi serikali ya milki kuomba kusimamishwa kwa vita. Mataifa ya ushirikiano yalikaribia mipaka ya Ujerumani na hapo mgomo wa wanamaji ilifuatwa na migomo ya wafanyakazi katika viwanda vikubwa iliyosababisha mapinduzi yaliyoangusha serikali ya Kaisari Wilhelm II. Migomo ya wanajeshi ililazimisha Austria-Hungaria kuomba kusimamisha vita.
Milki za Austria na Uturuki zilikwisha zikagawiwa na sehemu zao zilikuwa nchi mpya au nchi zilizoundwa upya.
Mwaka
1919
mataifa washindi walikutana Paris (Ufaransa) wakikubaliana ma
sharti
ya kumaliza hali ya vita dhidi ya Mataifa ya Kati. Mikataba mbalimbali iliandaliwa kati ya washindi na kuwekwa mbele ya nchi zilizoshindwa.
Mikataba hii ilikuwa:
Mkutano wa Paris ulitoa masharti makali dhidi ya Ujerumani katika
Mkataba wa Versailles
. Ujerumani uliondolowa makoloni yote yaliyokabidhiwa kwa niaba ya
Shirikisho la Mataifa
kama
maeneo ya kukabidhiwa
kwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ubelgiji, Japani,
Afrika Kusini
na
Australia
.
Mkutano wa Paris ulikuwa jaribio la kuunda
utaratibu
mpya duniani uliotakiwa kulindwa na Shirikisho la Mataifa. Lakini ukosefu wa nguvu kwa upande wa Shirikisho la Mataifa pamoja na kuanza na kupanuka kwa mwendo mpya wa
Kifashisti
iliyochukua utawala katika Italia na Ujerumani vilishinda nia hiyo.
Wataalamu
wasio wachache wanasema mwisho wa vita kuu ya kwanza ulipanda tayari
mbegu
za
Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia
.
Ni kwamba Wajerumani na wakazi wa nchi nyingine zilizoshindwa walijiona wamekosewa haki, lakini pia Waitalia walioshinda kwa gharama kubwa ya
damu
walijiona wamedanganywa kwa kutotimiziwa
ahadi
walizopewa ili wasaliti Ujerumani na Austria-Hungaria na kuingia vitani upande wa pili. Hivyo vyama vya
mrengo wa kulia
viliweza kupata nguvu na hatimaye kupanga
kisasi
.
Vita hii ilitwa "Vita ya Dunia" kwa sababu mapigano yalisambaa kote duniani. Sehemu kubwa ya mapigano yalitokea Ulaya na Asia ya Magharibi lakini pia katika makoloni ya Afrika, Asia na Pasifiki. Nchi za Amerika hazikuona mapigano kwenye
nchi kavu
lakini
manowari
za Ujerumani zilipigana na mataifa ya ushirikiano mbele ya
pwani
za Marekani na
Amerika Kusini
.
Ilikuwa pia vita ya kwanza iliyopigwa kote duniani ilhali habari zake ziliweza kufika katika muda wa masaa au siku chache kwa mataifa yote kutokana na upatikanaji wa vyombo vya mawasiliano hasa
simu
za kimataifa na
redio
.
Lakini kwa kweli haikuwa vita ya kwanza ya "Dunia" maana
vita ya miaka saba
(
1756
-
1762
) ilipigwa tayari kwenye mabara yote ya Dunia baina ya nchi zenye koloni, hasa Uingereza, Ufaransa na
Hispania
.
- American Battle Monuments Commission
(1938),
American Armies and Battlefields in Europe: A History, Guide, and Reference Book
, US Government Printing Office,
OCLC
59803706
- Army Art of World War I
,
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: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, 1993,
OCLC
28608539
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Migration in European History
, The making of Europe, Oxford: Blackwell,
ISBN
0-631-18939-4
,
OCLC
52695573
(translated from the German)
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Harper's Magazine
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- Balakian, Peter
(2003),
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
, New York: HarperCollins,
ISBN
978-0-06-019840-4
,
OCLC
56822108
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And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918?1930
, Berkeley: University of California Press,
ISBN
978-0-520-20694-6
, reviewed in
Hegarty, Thomas J (Machi?Juni 1998).
"And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918?1930"
.
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Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals
, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ku. 424pp,
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0-691-09278-8
,
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248021790
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No Quarter: Unlawful Killing and Surrender in the Australian War Experience, 1915?1918
, Charnwood, Australia: Ginninderra Press,
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,
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62514621
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(1997),
T. R.: The Last Romantic
, New York: Basic Books,
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,
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36954615
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(1994),
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, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,
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Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914?1918
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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,
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55523473
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, New York: Dodd, Mead,
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Zeppelins of World War I
, New York: Paragon Press,
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22860189
- Djoki?, Dejan (2003),
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, London: Hurst,
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51093251
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Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War
, Harvard University Press,
ISBN
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Somme
, First World War.com,
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The First World War
, Teach yourself, London: Hodder Arnold,
ISBN
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,
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224332259
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(1960),
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, London: Longmans,
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,
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460327352
- Farwell, Byron
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(1999),
The Pity of War
, New York: Basic Books, ku. 563pp,
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,
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41124439
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, New York: Penguin Press,
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(28 Oktoba 1915),
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,
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A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
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, New York: Owl Books, uk. 119,
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,
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53814831
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, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
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,
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53937943
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The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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,
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- Gilbert, Martin
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,
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- Havighurst, Alfred F (1985),
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Chemical warfare in World War I : the American experience, 1917?1918
, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute,
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, Guides to historic events of the twentieth century, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
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The Mediterranean Front 1914?1923
, The First World War, juz. 4, New York: Routledge, ku. 60?65,
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, Berkeley: University of California Press,
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,
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45991828
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46640675
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- Karp, Walter (1979),
The Politics of War
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ISBN
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4593327
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, Hutchinson,
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, general military history
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70883191
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, New York: Longman,
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247285240
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, Washington DC: National Academies Press,
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