Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Mandat
4. o?ujka , 1933 . –  12. travnja , 1945 .
Potpredsjednik   1) John N. Garner
(1933. - 1941.)
2) Henry A. Wallace
(1941. - 1945.)
Prethodnik  Herbert Hoover
Nasljednik Harry S. Truman
Rođenje 30. sije?nja 1882 .
Hyde Park , New York , SAD
Smrt 12. travnja 1945 .
Warm Springs , Georgia , SAD
Politi?ka stranka Demokratska stranka
Supru?nik Eleanor Roosevelt
Vjera Episkop
Potpis

Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 30. sije?nja 1882 . - 12. travnja 1945 .), ameri?ki dr?avnik i politi?ar , za predsjednika Sjedinjenih Ameri?kih Dr?ava biran ?etiri puta uzastopno. [1] [2]

Odrastao u uglednoj njujor?koj aristokratskoj familiji, Roosevelt se politikom po?eo baviti od godine 1909. kao prista?a Demokratske stranke . Za vrijeme prvog svjetskog rata se istakao na polo?aju pomo?nika ministra za mornaricu.

Godine 1921. je obolio od dje?je paralize, bolesti zbog koje nije mogao hodati, ali ?ije postojanje je, sli?no kao i ljubavna veza sa sekretaricom Lucy Mercer , ostalo tajnom do kraja njegovog ?ivota. Zahvaljuju?i tome je godine 1928 . izabran za guvernera New Yorka .

Godine 1932. je izabran za predsjednika SAD u jeku velike ekonomske krize. Njegov prvi mandat bio je obilje?en nastojanjem da oporavi nacionalnu ekonomiju, pri ?emu je primijenio niz reformi inspiriranih idejama britanskog ekonomista Johna Maynarda Keynesa . Ta politika, poznata pod nazivom New Deal , je po?ela davati rezultate tek s izbijanjem drugog svjetskog rata .

U međuvremenu je Roosevelt ponovno izabran za predsjednika godine 1936 . Za vrijeme drugog mandata su ekonomska pitanja s vremenom do?la u sjenu svjetskih događaja koji ?e godine 1939. eskalirati u drugi svjetski rat . Koriste?i tu krizu kao izgovor, Roosevelt je prekinuo s dotada?njim presedanom i kandidirao se po tre?i put, te pobijedio na izborima godine 1940 . Iako je inzistirao na tome da SAD podr?avaju Veliku Britaniju (a poslije SSSR ), te razvio li?no prijateljstvo s Winstonom Churchillom , zbog tada dominiraju?eg izolacionizma u ameri?koj javnosti se SAD nisu uklju?ile u rat sve do japanskog napada na Pearl Harbor godinu dana kasnije.

Roosevelt se istakao kao dalekovidan, ali i pragmati?an ratni vođa. Ispravno je zaklju?io da se prvo mora poraziti Njema?ka , a tek onda Japan , pri ?emu je bez ikakvih ideolo?kih predrasuda Sovjetima slao obimnu vojnu pomo?. Sudjelovao je na dva summitta savezni?kih vođa - u Teheranu godine 1943. i Jalti godine 1945. - prilikom kojih se odlu?ivalo u sudbini poslijeratne Europe.

Za predsjednika je ponovno izabran godine 1944 . i umro nekoliko mjeseci kasnije, nedugo prije pobjedonosnog zavr?etka rata.

Zahvaljuju?i njegovoj politici odbacivanja tradicionalnog izolacionizma, SAD se nisu samo izvukle iz dotada nezapam?ene ekonomske i politi?ke krize, nego su se nametnule kao glavna vojna, ekonomska, politi?ka i kulturna sila u svijetu - status u kome u?ivaju do dana?njeg dana.

?ivot i djelo

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Roosevelt (sredina) na Jaltskoj konferenciji zajedno sa Churchillom (lijevo) i Staljinom (desno)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt rođen je 30. sije?nja 1882 . godine. Politkom se po?eo baviti 1907 . godine, a ve? 1910 . izabran je za senatora savezne dr?ave New York na listi Demokratske stranke . Predsjednik Wilson imenovao ga je 1913 . podsekretarom mornarice. Na toj du?nosti je ostao do 1920 . godine kada je Demokratska stranka izgubila izbore. Iako obolio od paralize 1921 . nastavio je politi?ku djelatnost te je 1928 . godine izabran za guvernera savezne dr?ave New York. Na konvenciji Demokratske stranke 1931 . izabran je za predsjedni?kog kandidata. Na izborima 1932 . godine Franklin Delano Roosevelt odnosi nadmo?nu pobjedu - samo ?est dr?ava nije glasalo za njega. Na predsjedni?koj inaguraciji 1933 . u o?ujku obe?ao je New Deal (socijalne mjere u vrijeme duboke ekonomske krize koje su mu donijele veliku popularnost) i izrekao, kasnije ?uvenu, re?enicu:

Dopustite da iznesem svoje ?vrsto vjerovanje kako se trebamo bojati jedino straha samoga.

S New Dealom Roosevelt je pokrenuo kampanju radikalnih mjera za ozdravljenje nacionalne privrede. Kampanja je uklju?ivala masovni program javnih radova (brane, ?ume, autoceste) koji su financirani iz saveznog prora?una. Ovi radovi omogu?ili su zapo?ljavanje nekoliko milijuna ljudi. Uz to reorganiziran je bankovni sustav, uvedeno je osiguranje za nezaposlene i starosna mirovina. Također je izmijenio politiku Sjedinjenih Dr?ava prema dr?ava Srednje i Ju?ne Amerike u politiku dobrog susjedstva. Tri godine prije ponovnog izbora za predsjednika Sjedinjenih Dr?ava, to?nije 1933 . godine, sa Sovjetskim Savezom uspostavlja diplomatske odnose.

FDR kao Asistent tajnika za mornaricu

Godine 1940. tre?i se put kandidirao za predsjednika Sjedinjenih Dr?ava, ?to je to dotada bilo nezabilje?eno u ameri?koj povijesti. U kolovozu 1941 . Roosevelt i Churchill sastali su se u Placentia Bayu u New Foundlandu ( Kanada ) i sastavili Atlansku povelju koja je sadr?avala ?etiri tzv. Rooseveltova pravila koja je iste godine objavio u Povelji o ?etiri slobode: misli, vjere, od bijede i od straha. Atlanska povelja zna?ila je za?etak Ujedinjenih naroda . S Churchillom je potpisao i Zakon o zajmu i najmu kojim je omogu?io ameri?ku pomo? u borbi protiv Sila Osovine .

U studenome 1944 . godine po ?etvrti put pobjeđuje na predsjedni?kim izborima. Ve? prilikom susreta na Jalti (u velja?i 1945 . godine) s Churchillom i Staljinom vidno je bolestan. Tada ga je pregledao Churchillov lije?nik i dao mu manje od ?est mjeseci ?ivota. Umro je 17. travnja 1945 . od izljeva krvi u mozak u Warm Springsu u saveznoj dr?avi Georgiji . Pokopan je u Washingtonu . Postumno po njemu je nazvan jedan nosa? zrakoplova ameri?ke mornarice. Također postumno 1948 . godine u Londonu mu je otkriven spomenik na jednom od londonskih trgova. Spomenik je na sve?anom otvaranju otkrila Rooseveltova supruga Anna Eleanor Roosevelt .

Reference

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  1. ↑ ?President Franklin D. Roosevelt First Inaugural Address” . YouTube . Google. October 15, 2009 . Pristupljeno March 4, 2014 .  
  2. ↑ Moore, Frazier (September 10, 2014). ?PBS' 'The Roosevelts' portrays an epic threesome” . Associated Press . Pristupljeno September 10, 2014 .  

Literatura

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  • Black, Conrad (2005) [2003], Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (interpretive detailed biography), ISBN   978-1-58648-282-4   [ mrtav link ] .
  • Brands, HW (2009), Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt , ISBN   978-0-385-51958-8   : despite the title, a highly favorable biography by scholar. Plus Author Webcast Interview Arhivirano 2013-07-02 na Wayback Machine-u at the Pritzker Military Library on January 22, 2009
  • Burns, James MacGregor (1956). Roosevelt . 1 . Easton Press. ISBN   978-0-15-678870-0 .  
  •     (1970). Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom . 2 . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN   978-0-15-678870-0 .   .
  • Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1992). Eleanor Roosevelt . 1 . Penguin. ISBN   0-14-009460-1 .  
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  • Freidel, Frank (1952?73), Franklin D. Roosevelt , 4 volumes , OCLC   459748221   : the most detailed scholarly biography; ends in 1934.
  •     (1990), Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (scholarly biography), one volume , ISBN   978-0-316-29260-3   ; covers entire life.
  • Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1995), No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II , ISBN   978-0-684-80448-4   ; popular joint biography
  • Gunther, John (1950), Roosevelt in Retrospect , Harper & Brothers  
  • Hawley, Ellis (1995). The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly . Fordham University Press. ISBN   0-8232-1609-8 .  
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  •     (1992), A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (popular biography), ISBN   978-0-06-016066-1   : covers 1905?32.
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  • Adamthwaite, Anthony (1977). France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936?1939 . Frank Cass.  
  • Alter, Jonathan (2006), The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (popular history), ISBN   978-0-7432-4600-2   .
  • Badger, Anthony (2008), FDR: The First Hundred Days , ISBN   0-8090-4441-2   200?pp; overview by leading British scholar.
  • Ball, Howard (2006). Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-507814-4 .  
  • Beasley, Maurine, ur. (2001), The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia , et al, ISBN   0-313-30181-6 , arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-02-11 , pristupljeno 2015-04-27   .
  • Bellush, Bernard (1955). Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York . LCCN   55006181 . Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-02-11 . Pristupljeno 2015-04-27 .  
  • Collins, Robert M. (2002). More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-515263-8 .  
  • Graham, Otis L; Wander, Meghan Robinson, ur. (1985), Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times (encyclopedia), ISBN   978-0-8161-8667-9   .
  • Jordan, David M (2011), FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944   .
  • Kennedy, David M (1999), Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929?1945 (wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize), ISBN   978-0-19-503834-7   .
  •     (Summer 2009), ?What the New Deal Did”, Political Science Quarterly 124 (2): 251?68, DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00648.x   .
  • Leuchtenburg, William E. (1963). Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932?1940 . Harpers. ISBN   978-0-06-133025-4 .  
  •     (2005), ?Showdown on the Court”, Smithsonian (Ebsco) 36 (2): 106?13, ISSN   0037-7333   .
  •     (2009), In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama   , his long-term influence
  • McCullough, David (1992). Truman . Simon & Schuster. ISBN   0-671-86920-5 .  
  • McMahon, Kevin J (2004), Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown , ISBN   978-0-226-50088-1   .
  • Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007). From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-86244-2 .  
  • Parmet, Herbert S; Hecht, Marie B (1968), Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term , Questia   , on 1940 election.
  • Pederson, William D (2011), A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt   , 768 pages; essays by scholars covering major historiographical themes.
  • Rauchway, Eric (2008), The Great Depression and The New Deal; A Very Short Introduction , ISBN   978-0-19-532634-5   , balanced summary
  • Ritchie, Donald A (2007), Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932 , ISBN   978-0-7006-1687-9   .
  • Rosen, Elliot A (2005), Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery , ISBN   978-0-8139-2368-0   .
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr (1957?60), The Age of Roosevelt , 3 volumes , OCLC   466716   , the classic narrative history. Strongly supports FDR.
  • Schweikart, Larry; Allen, Michael (2004). A Patriot's History of the United States . Easton Press.  
  • Shaw, Stephen K; Pederson, William D; Frank J, ur. (2004), Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Transformation of the Supreme Court , ISBN   978-0-7656-1033-1   .
  • Sitkoff, Harvard (1978). A New Deal for Blacks . ISBN   0-19-502418-4 .  
  • Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007). Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin . Da Capo Press. ISBN   0-306-81538-9  
  • Beschloss, Michael (2002). The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941?1945 . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN   978-0-684-81027-0 .  
  • Burns, James MacGregor (1970). Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom . San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN   978-0-15-178871-2 .  
  • Caputi, Robert (2000). Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement . Associated University Press.  
  • Churchill, Winston (1977). The Grand Alliance . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN   0-395-41057-6 .  
  • Cole, Wayne S (Mar 1957), ?American Entry into World War II: A Historiographical Appraisal”, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review (JStor) 43 (4): 595?617, DOI : 10.2307/1902275 , JSTOR   1902275   .
  • Dallek, Robert (1995). Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932?1945 . Oxford University. ISBN   0-19-509732-7 .  
  • Glantz, Mary E (2005), FDR and the Soviet Union: The President's Battles over Foreign Policy , U. Press of Kansas, ISBN   978-0-7006-1365-6   , 253 pp.
  • Hamilton, Nigel. The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941?1942 (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014) 514 pp.
  • Heinrichs, Waldo (1988), Threshold of War. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II , ISBN   978-0-19-504424-9   .
  • Kaiser, David. No End Save Victory: How FDR Led the Nation into War (2014) excerpt and text search
  • Kimball, Warren (1991), The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as World Statesman , ISBN   978-0-691-04787-4   .
  • Langer, William; Gleason, S Everett (1952), The Challenge to Isolation, 1937?1940 , OCLC   1448535   . The Undeclared War, 1940?1941 (1953) OCLC   404227 . highly detailed and influential two-volume semi-official history
  • Mayers, David. FDR's Ambassadors and the Diplomacy of Crisis: From the Rise of Hitler to the End of World War II (2013)
  • Larrabee, Eric, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War , ISBN   978-0-06-039050-1   . Detailed history of how FDR handled the war.
  • Reynolds, David (2006), From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s , ISBN   978-0-19-928411-5  
  • Sainsbury, Keith (1994). Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make . New York University Press. ISBN   0-8147-7991-3 .  
  • Sherwood, Robert E (1949) [1950], Roosevelt and Hopkins: an Intimate History   , Pulitzer Prize.
  • Watt, D.C. (1989), How War Came The Immediate Origins of the Second World War , New York: Pantheon Books   .
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L (1994), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II , ISBN   978-0-521-44317-3   . Overall history of the war; strong on diplomacy of FDR and other main leaders.
  • Woods, Randall Bennett (1990), A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941?1946 , ISBN   978-0-8078-1877-0   .
  • Barnes, Harry Elmer (1953), Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath   . A revisionist blames FDR for inciting Japan to attack.
  • Best, Gary Dean (1991), Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933?1938 , Praeger   ; summarizes newspaper editorials.
  • Best, Gary Dean (2002), The Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years   criticizes intellectuals who supported FDR.
  • Breitman, Richard; Lichtman, Allan J (2013), FDR and the Jews , Harvard University Press   , 433 pp.
  • Conkin, Paul K (1975), New Deal   , critique from the left.
  • Doenecke, Justus D; Stoler, Mark A (2005), Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933?1945 , Rowman & Littlefield   . 248 pp.
  • Feingold, Henry L (1970), The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938?1945   .
  • Flynn, John T (1948), The Roosevelt Myth   , former FDR supporter condemns all aspects of FDR.
  • Moley, Raymond (1939), After Seven Years (insider memoir by Brain Truster who became conservative)   .
  • Russett, Bruce M (1997), No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II (2nd izd.)   , says US should have let USSR and Germany destroy each other.
  • Plaud, Joseph J (2005), Historical Perspectives on Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Foreign Policy, and the Holocaust , The FDR American Heritage Center Museum, arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-01-12 , pristupljeno 2021-08-24   .
  • Powell, Jim (2003), FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression , ISBN   0-7615-0165-7   .
  • Robinson, Greg (2001), By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans   says FDR's racism was primarily to blame.
  • Schivelbusch, Wolfgang (2006), Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933?1939   , compares populist and paternalist features.
  • Smiley, Gene (1993), Rethinking the Great Depression (short essay)   by libertarian economist who blames both Hoover and FDR.
  • Wyman, David S (1984), The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941?1945 , Pantheon Books   . Attacks Roosevelt for passive complicity in allowing Holocaust to happen.
  • Braden, Waldo W; Brandenburg, Earnest, ur. (1955), ?Roosevelt's Fireside Chats”, Communication Monographs 22 (5): 290?302, DOI : 10.1080/03637755509375155   .
  • Buhite, Russell D; Levy, David W, ur. (1993), FDR's Fireside Chats   .
  • Craig, Douglas B (2005), Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920?1940   .
  • Crowell, Laura (1952), ?Building the 'Four Freedoms' Speech”, Communication Monographs 22 (5): 266?83, DOI : 10.1080/03637755509375153   .
  •     (1950), ?Franklin D. Roosevelt's Audience Persuasion in the 1936 Campaign”, Communication Monographs 17 : 48?64, DOI : 10.1080/03637755009374997   .
  • Houck, Davis W (2002), FDR and Fear Itself: The First Inaugural Address , Texas A&M UP   .
  •     (2001), Rhetoric as Currency: Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Great Depression , Texas A&M UP   .
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D. (2005), My Friends , Kessinger Publishing, ISBN   1-4179-9610-2  
  • Ryan, Halford Ross (1979), ?Roosevelt's First Inaugural: A Study of Technique”, Quarterly Journal of Speech 65 (2): 137?49, DOI : 10.1080/00335637909383466   .
  •     (1988), Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency , Greenwood Press   .
  • Stelzner, Hermann G (1966), ?'War Message,' December 8, 1941: An Approach to Language”, Communication Monographs 33 (4): 419?37, DOI : 10.1080/03637756609375508   .
  • (PDF) Statistical Abstract of the United States , Bureau of the Census, 1951   ; full of useful data
  • Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 , Bureau of the Census, 1976   .
  • Cantril, Hadley; Strunk, Mildred, ur. (1951), Public Opinion, 1935?1946   , massive compilation of many public opinion polls from the USA.
  • Gallup, George Horace, ur. (1972), The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935?1971   , 3 vol, summarizes results of each poll as reported to newspapers.
  • Loewenheim, Francis L; Langley, Harold D, ur. (1975), Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence   .
  • Moley, Raymond (1939), After Seven Years (memoir)   by key Brain Truster
  • Nixon, Edgar B, ur. (1969), Franklin D Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs   (3 vol), covers 1933?37. 2nd series 1937?39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries.
  • Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1945) [1938], Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ur., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt (public material only (no letters); covers 1928?1945), 13 volumes   .
  •     (1946), Zevin, BD, ur., Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932?1945 (selected speeches)   .
  •     (2005) [1947], Taylor, Myron C, ur., Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII (reprint), Prefaces by Pius XII and Harry Truman, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN   1-4191-6654-9   .
  • Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration   , 20 vol. available in some large academic libraries.

Vanjske Veze

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U Wikimedijinoj ostavi nalazi se ?lanak na temu: Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Wikizvor ima izvorni tekst na temu: Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Potra?ite izraz Roosevelt u W(j)e?niku , slobodnom r j e?niku.
Wikiknjige imaju materijala na temu: no
Prethodnik: Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Ameri?kih Dr?ava
1933 . - 1945 . 		Nasljednik:
Herbert Hoover
1929 . - 1933 . 		Harry S. Truman
1945 . - 1953 .
Izvor: https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt&oldid=41818820