?????????? ????
(
???.
???????? ?????
; ?.
14 ????????
,
1889
,
?????????
? ?.
27 ?????
,
1964
,
????
) ? ??????? (????????-????????????),
????????
??????????????? ????????? ???-???? ???????????????? ??????,
???????? ???????? ?????????
???????????, ???????? ???????
???????-????????
1947
????
15 ??????????
1964
????
27 ????????
.
?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???. ????? ?????????
?????????
???????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???, ??? ????????? ??? ???????? 1910 ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????. 1920-??? ?????? ???? ????????
???????? ?????????
???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????
??????? ??????
??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
1929
???? ?????? ????????? ???????????
?????????
???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????.
1930-??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????
??????????
??????????? ???????, ???
1937
???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????.
1942
???? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????. ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????????
??????? ??? ????
???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????????.
1947
???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????-????????? ??????. ????? ???????-????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????, ???????? ??? ?????
1941
???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????-????????? ??????? ??
1950
???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????-????????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????, ???
????????????
?? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????
?????????
?????.
????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????.
1951
,
1957
??
1962
?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????.
?????????? ???? ???????
1899
???? 14 ????????, ??????????, ?????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? (1861?1931 ??.) ??????????? ???????? ???, ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????
1919
??
1928
???? ?????. ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? (1868?1938 ??.) ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???. ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??.
?????? ?????? ???????
, ???????
?????? ?????????? ?????????
??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????“ ??????. ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??
?????????
. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????.
????????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????????.
?????-????????
??
??????? ????? ????
????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????
?????? ??????????
?????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????? ?????????????
??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????.
1907
?1910
?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????
?????????
??
????????
. ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????
??????? ????
, ??? ??????? ???????,
??????? ???????
, ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????.
1910
????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????????
????????
????????, ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????.
1912
???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????.
??????? ?????????? ??????
1912
???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????.
?????
????????
????????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????. 1912 ????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????
1913
???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.
??????? ??????? ????
?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????, ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????. ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????, ????? ???-??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????
????????
??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????.
????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????
1920
???? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? (?????????? ?????? ???????) ???????????????, ??? ?????
1921
???? ???????????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ???
1923
???? ???????????.
???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ??????.
1927
???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??
?????????
,
????????
????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????
?????????????
?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????.
???? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????. ??????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????
?????????
?? ??????????.
1929
???? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????; ???????????? ??????? ??????; ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????; ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?? ??????????; ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????; ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????; ?????????????? ????????; ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????;
??????????
?? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????
1929
?1931
???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????
1931
???? ?????.
???? ??? ???-???? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????
1927
???? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
1928
???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????. ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????.
1929
???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????
1929
???? 29 ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????. 1929 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????
?????????????
????????? ???? ???????????. ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? 172-?? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? 26 ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????.
1929 ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ???? ?? ??????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? 1942 ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.
???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ????
1930
???? 14 ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????. ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ????????
????????
?? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????.
1930-??? ??????
????????
?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???. ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????
???? ?????????????
??????????????? ??????????.
1936
???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ?????
???????
?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????.
1937
???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????, ??? ????? ????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???.
????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????????????
[
???????????
|
?????? ???????????
]
???????
????? ??????? ???
?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????.
- ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????.
- ?????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????.
???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????. ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????.
1940
???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????????. ??? ???????, ???
???????
???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????. 1942 ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????, ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????.
1942
???? 8 ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ?????
1945
???? 15 ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????.
???? ??????? ???????? 18 ???? ???????????? ???. ????????????? ?? ???????? ???????-???????? ?? 1950 ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????-???????? ???.
1946
???? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??????.
1947
???? ???????? ????? ?????????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????.
???? ??? ???????????????? ????? 1946 ???? ??????????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????.
1946
???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????-???????? ?????.
1947 ???? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ????????? 1947 ???? 3 ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??
?????????
???????????? ???????????? ??????????. 1947-1950 ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????.
1950
???? 26 ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????, ????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????.
???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ???????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? 15 ????? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????.
1952
???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????. ?????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.
1953
???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
1955
???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? A, B, C, ?? D ???????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???-???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????.
1957
???? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? 47,8 % ??????, ??? 494 ????????? 371 ???????? ????????? ???????????.
1962
???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ???-???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????.
???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????. ????V?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ???: ???????? ??????, ???????????? ??????????, ????????????????,
??????????
, ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????????????, ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ??????????????????.
??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????.
???? ????
???????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????.
??????? ????????
?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????.
1950
?1965
?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? 7 %-? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.
1950
?1951
??
1964
?1965
?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? 3,9 % ?? 4,0 % ?????????, ??? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????.
???? ???? ???????-??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????.
???? ????
???????? ???? ???????? ????????
??????
??
????????
???? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????.
1962
????
????????
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????.
??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ?????????
???? ???????????????
????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????.
???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????
????????????? ?????? ????????????
?? ??? ?????????, ????? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????
????????????? ????????? ????????
, ??????? ??? ??????????????? ??????
???
-? ??
????
-? ????? ???????????? ???????????. ???? ???? ??? ???-???? ???????, ????????
??????? ??????? ??????????
??????, ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????
?????????
??????????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????-?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. 1950-??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????.
???? ??????????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????????????? ???
??????????
??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????
1948
???? ??????????? ??
1961
????
????
??????? ????????.
???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????
??????? ???????
????? ??? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? 1948 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????.
?????? ????
(1950?1953 ??.) ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ????????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????.
???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ??? 1948 ???? ??? ????????
??????????
??????????, ???????
??????
?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ????? 1947 ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?? ????????, ??? ????? 1953 ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????.
1957
???? ???????? ??????????????
?????? ???????
8-???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????.
1954
???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????????. 1954 ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????.
1957
???? ??????? ???????-????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????
???????
??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????.
1959 ?????? ????? ?????-???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? 43 ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????.
???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? 14 000 ?????????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???-???? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????. ???? ?? ??????????, ??? ???? ???-? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????.
????? ???????????? ??????????
1962
?????? ?????-???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???-???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ???, ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????. ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????
1963
???? ???????? ???????.
1964
???? 26 ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????
1964
???? 27 ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? 28 ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????.
????
1916
???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????
?????? ?????
???????.
1936
???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????.
- Gopal, Sarvepalli.
Jawaharlal Nehru;a Biography Volume 1 1889?1947
(1975);
Jawaharlal Nehru Vol.2 1947?1956
(1979);
Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956?1964
(2014)
- Frank Moraes (2007).
Jawaharlal Nehru
. Jaico Publishing House.
ISBN
978-81-7992-695-6
.
- Sankar Ghose (1993).
Jawaharlal Nehru
. Allied Publishers.
ISBN
978-81-7023-369-5
.
- Jeffrey Kopstein (2005).
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-1-139-44604-4
.
- A Tryst With Destiny
historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947
- Nehru: The Invention of India
by Shashi Tharoor (November 2003) Arcade Books
ISBN
1-55970-697-X
- Jawaharlal Nehru
(Edited by S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar) (July 2003)
The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru
Oxford University Press
ISBN
0-19-565324-6
- Autobiography:Toward freedom
, Oxford University Press]
- Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and work
by M. Chalapathi Rau, National Book Club (1 January 1966)
- Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau.
[New Delhi] Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India [1973]
- Letters from a father to his daughter
by Jawaharlal Nehru,
Children's Book Trust
- Nehru: A Political Biography
by Michael Brecher (1959). London:Oxford University Press.
- After Nehru, Who
by Welles Hangen (1963). London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
- Nehru: The Years of Power
by Geoffrey Tyson (1966). London: Pall Mall Press.
- Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949
????????????
2012-05-15 ??????
Wayback Machine
.
(1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India.
- Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin. (1988)
Commanding Heights
. Simon & Schuster, Inc..
- "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism." by Selig S. Harrison
Foreign Affairs
vol. 34, no. 2 (1956): 620?636.
- "Nehru, Jawaharlal." by Ainslie T. Embree, ed., and the Asia Society.
Encyclopedia of Asian History.
Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. (1988): 98?100.