????? ??????
|
???
|
7,293,609±1 ??????? ????
|
---|
?????????
|
371,000,000 (???? ??2010)
|
---|
???? ???
|
UTC+2
,
UTC+3
,
UTC+3:30
|
---|
|
????? ??????
(?
??????
:
The Middle East
) ??? ????? ???????-???????? ??
???? ???????
?
????-???? ????
????? ????? ??
??? ??? ???
,
???? ?????
, ?
????
,
???
, ?
???? ?????
. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? 7,302,680
??"?
. ???? ???? 2024 ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? 489,689,549 ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????-??????.
????? "????? ??????" ???? ??????? ?
??????
("The Middle East"), ??? ????? ????
1850
, ?? ??? ?????
???? ???????
; ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????
????????
???????. ????? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??-??????
[1]
. ??????? 1902 ?????
????? ???? ???
? ??
????
?
?? ?? ????? ?????
????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ????? "????? ??????" ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?
???? ?????
??
???? ????
. ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????
The National Review
?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
. ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??
?????? ?????
(
??'
)
, ???? ????? ???? ?? "
??????
", ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? "????? ?????-???????" ??-1903 ???? ??? ??? "
???? ????? ??????
".
[2]
???? ???????? ????? ????? "??????" ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ?? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?-30. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??
??????
????? ?????? ??
??? ??????
(
?????
,
?????
,
?????
?????? ????? ??
?????
) ??? "
????? ?????
", "
????? ?????
" ????? ?????
???
, ????? "????? ??????" ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? (????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
???? ????
)
[6]
.
????
1939
?????
???????? ???????
??
????? ????? ??????
, ?????? ??? ?
????
. ???? ??? ???, ??? ????? "????? ??????" ?????? ???? ?
??????
??
????? ?????
, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????
[7]
[8]
.
??? ??????
[????? ?????]
?? ????? "???? ?????" ???? ?
???????????
?????? ????: ????? ?????? ??? ???? "????" ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????-??????? (???? ??????). ???? ?
?????
, ????? ???? ?????, ????? ?
?????
- ?????. ?? ????? "?????" ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ????
????? ????? ???????
, ????? ?????? ??????
??? ?????
?
???????? ????'?????
??? "
????? ?????
", ????? "????? ??????" ?????? ?
???
,
????????
???????
???? ????
,
???????
??
?????
. ????? ???, "
????? ?????
" ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????
???
,
???
,
??????
,
???? ????
,
??????
???'.
???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????'????? ?-
1918
, ??? ?????? ????? "????? ?????", ??? ?"????? ??????" ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?
???? ?????
. ?? ???, ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? "????? ?????", ?????
??????????
?
???????? ?????
, ???????? ???? ???????
????? ????? ?????
.
??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? "???? ?????" ???? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???, ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??, ???????? ?????? ????? "
????-???? ????
" ??????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ????? ??????: "
???? ????
" - ????? ????? ?
????
?????? ?????; "
????? ??????-???? ??????
"
(
??'
)
, ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????
?????
?
??????
. ??????
????? ??????
??????? ?????? ????? "????? ?????? ?????" ???????? ??? ??????
????? ??????
(???? ?????? ??????????), ??? ?? ??????, ?????,
??????
,
????????
?
?????
. ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?
?????
????? ?????? ???? ??????.
????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????-???? ?
?? ??????
??? ?
???? ?????
. ????? ?????? ??? ??-???? ?
??????-????????
, ?????? ????? ???? -
????
, ??? ??? ?
??????
???? ?
???? ??????
.
???? ?
???????
??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??
?????? ??????
,
??????
?
???????
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????
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??
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. ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?
?????
. ???? ?????, ??? ???
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??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????-???? ????, ?
?????
???
?????
. ?????, ?????, ?????? ????? ?????-????
??????
(???? ??? ???
????
???????), ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?
????
(
???
,
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,
???'????
,
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?
?????????
), ??????? ????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??-???? ???? ????? ??????,
???? ??????
.
??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? (???????) ????? ??????:
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????
?????? ???????
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??
?????? ???????
, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?
???? ??????????
:
???????? ??????
???????? ??????
,
???????? ????????
???????? ????????
,
????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
??
????? ?????????
????? ?????????
.
???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? (???"?), ??????? (????? ???"?) ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???:
?????
|
??? (
??"?
)
|
?????????
|
?????? (????? ???"?)
|
?????
?????
|
1,010,407
|
114,484,252
|
114
|
?????
?????
|
10,452
|
5,219,044
|
499
|
?????
?????
|
185,180
|
24,348,053
|
131
|
?????
?????
|
22,072
|
9,311,652
|
448
|
??????
??????
|
783,562
|
86,260,417
|
110
|
????
????
|
89,342
|
11,384,922
|
127
|
?????
?????
|
437,072
|
46,523,657
|
106
|
?????
?????
|
1,648,195
|
89,809,781
|
54
|
?????
?????
|
17,818
|
4,349,380
|
244
|
??? ???????
??? ???????
|
2,149,690
|
37,473,929
|
17
|
????? ????????? ???????
????? ????????? ???????
|
83,600
|
9,591,853
|
115
|
????
????
|
527,968
|
35,219,853
|
67
|
?????
?????
|
309,500
|
5,467,192
|
15
|
??????
??????
|
1,959
|
1,498,712
|
765
|
??? (?????)
???
|
11,586
|
2,737,061
|
236
|
????? ?????????
????? ?????????
|
6,220
|
5,494,963
|
883
|
???????
???????
|
9,251
|
1,268,467
|
137
|
??"?
|
7,302,680
|
489,689,549
|
67
|
??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? (?????? ???????):
?????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????:
????????
????????
?-
???? ???????
???? ???????
??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????:
?????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????:
??????
??????
?-
???? ??????
???? ??????
237 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
?????
, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? (48%).
[9]
????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
??????
,
?????
,
??????
?
?????
(??? ?????
???????'?
), ????? ????????? ?????? ??
??????
?
??????
.
????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????
??????
. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????
??????
,
????????
,
?'?????
(???? ??????),
????? ?? ??? ??? ????
,
??????
?
????????
.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?
??????
,
?????
,
?????????
,
?????????
,
????????
?
??????
. ?????? ???? 95% ??????????? ????? ?????? ???
???????
. ????? 70% ??
?????
?-30% ??
?????
.
???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????
[9]
. 60% ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?
?????
,
??????
?
?????
.
???
|
?????????
|
?????? (??? ???"?)
|
????? ?????
|
2024
|
489,689,549
|
67
|
1.38%
|
2023
|
483,004,121
|
66
|
1.31%
|
2020
|
464,536,544
|
64
|
1.66%
|
2015
|
427,757,193
|
59
|
2.12%
|
2010
|
385,191,583
|
53
|
2.33%
|
2005
|
343,359,351
|
47
|
2.02%
|
2000
|
310,635,734
|
43
|
2.15%
|
1995
|
279,293,791
|
38
|
2.41%
|
1990
|
247,909,018
|
34
|
2.91%
|
1985
|
214,745,336
|
29
|
3.19%
|
1980
|
183,510,845
|
25
|
2.91%
|
1975
|
158,955,840
|
22
|
2.78%
|
1970
|
138,570,667
|
19
|
2.85%
|
1965
|
120,422,415
|
17
|
2.83%
|
1960
|
104,718,009
|
14
|
2.66%
|
1955
|
91,820,967
|
13
|
2.46%
|
1950
|
81,301,077
|
11
|
2.58%
|
??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?
?????
(?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????). ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????: ?
????
??
????
. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?
?????
(60?65%),
?????
(90?96%),
?????
(25?35%), ?
??????
?
????
(55%) ?
??????
(75-80%). ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?
??????
???
??????
(20?25%),
??? ???????
(10?15%), ?
?????
(15%). ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
??????
, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????
?????
.
??? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???
?????
?
?????
. ??????: 41% ??????
?????
?? ??????. ????? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? 5% ?????????? ????? ??????, ????? 20% ??????
???? ?-20
. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? ?
?????
????? ?????. ?????, ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????
?'?????????
??
?????
, ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?
??????
??????.
????? ??????? ???? ????? ??
??? ???????
,
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, ?
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,
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, ??
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???????????
?? ?????
[
???? ????
]
.
- ??? ????? ?
???????? ?? ????? ??????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
???????
??
???????????
?????? ?? ???? ?-5000 ????. ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?
?????????
??????? 2400
???? ??????
.
??????
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,
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,
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,
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,
????? ??????
.
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, ??? ?
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(
?????
?????? ?? ????) ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
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634
?????? ??????? ?? ?
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??? ?????
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636
, ??
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?-
637
, ??
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640
???
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?-
642
. ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??
???????
, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?
??????
400 ???? ????? ????. ??? ?
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??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
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.
?? ?? ?? ??
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, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?'??????? ?
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?????
?
?????
????? ???? ??????? (??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????
????
) ???? ?-400 ????. ????? ?????, ???
???
????? ????? ????? ??, ?????
??? ???
???,
?????? ?????
, ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?
?????
??????. ?? ????
????
????? ???? ????? ????????????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?
????
??
?????????
.
?????
???? ?-11
????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?
???'????
??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??
???? ????
. ????'???? ???? ??
???
,
?????
(
?????
????? ?-
1055
),
?????
,
??? ?????
??
??'??
, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?
??? ???????
????? ??
???????
.
?????
?????? ???? ??? ??'????? ?
???????
??
1169
, ?? ???? ???? ???????. ????'???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????'???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????.
????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?-
1095
????????
??????? ????
??? ?
???????????
???????? ????? ???? ??
??? ?????
??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????
??? ???? ??????
???? ??
???????
. ?? ????? ??
?????
???????? ??
1187
, ?? ????? ?? ???
???? ? ???
???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??
1291
. ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????.
?????
???? ?-13
????? ????? ?????? ??
???????? ?????????
????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????
?????
?
?????
?????????,
?????
?????? ?
???? ?????
. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?-200 ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????
?? ???????
[10]
.
??????
???? ?-15
?????? ??????? ?
???'?????
??
???????
???????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????
1453
, ???? ????'????? ???? ??
?????????????
(????:
????????
) ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????'????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?-
1514
?
??????
????'????
???? ??????
??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.
?????
?????? ?
?????
??????
???????? ????????
????? ?-
1515
,
?????
?
??? ?????
?-
1516
?????? ?-
1517
, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ????'????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??????? ???
???????? ???????
?
???? ???????
, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? 400 ????? ?????.
????
1914
????? ????? ???????????'????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????
??????
?
????? ????? ???????
??? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????'????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?
????
, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?
?????
. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?
???????
(
1915
), ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????'??????, ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????'???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ??? "?????????" ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
?????? ?? ???
????
???
??????? ?? ?????? ?????
?????
, ??? ??? ????
???? ?????
?????? ????'???? (
1916
) ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????.
??? ?????
???? ?-20
???? ????? ?????? ????? ?
????????
??????????, ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? - ????????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ????? - ??? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ?????
(???
??? ????? ??????
); ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? (?
?????
, ?
?????
??
?????
), ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???; ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????, ???
?????? ???????-????
.
??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-20 ????? ?????? ???
????? ????? ???????
??????? ??????
???????? ????'?????
?-
1917
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
????
?????? ?? ???
???????
?
????
, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
???? ??????????
. ????? ?????? ????
??? ??? ??????
.
??????
????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
?? ????? ???? ?
????? ??????
?
??? ?????
, ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????
????? ????? ??????
?
?????
, ??? ?-
1948
????? ?????
. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????
?????? ???????-????
?????? ?????
??????
??? ????? ????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?
????? ???????-???????
?????? ???????
????
?
????? ????????
????? ???? ?-20.
????? ????? ??????
?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??
?????
?
?????
(??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????) ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
?????
?
?????
??? ???
???? ????
.
????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
?????? ????
, ?????
????? ?????
?
???? ???????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??????, ???? ?????
???"?
?????? ?
?????? ?????
?
????????
????
??"?
???? ?
????? ????? ???????
?
??????????
. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??"? ?????? ?
????? ??????
?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?-
1955
???? ????? ????? ??
???? ?????
, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?
????????
????? ??????. ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?
?????
?????? ???? ????? ??
?????
?
??????
, ????? ??????
????
?
????
. ??????
???? ???? ??'?????????-?????
, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????
??? ?????
?
????
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[24]
).
- ^
Beaumont (1988), p. 16
- ^
1
2
Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac,
Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East
(W. W. Norton & Company: 2009), pp. 37-38
- ^
Koppes, C.R. (1976). "Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term "Middle East"".
Middle East Studies
12:
95?98.
- ^
Lewis, Bernard (1965).
The Middle East and the West
. p. 9
- ^
Fromkin, David (1989).
A Peace to end all Peace
. p. 224
- ^
Davison, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?".
Foreign Affairs
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(4): 665?675.
- ^
??? ????, ?
"??????? ? ??? ??????"
,
??????
,
?????? 1
, ??????? 2016
- ^
Held, Colbert C. (2000).
Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics
. Westview Press. p. 7
- ^
1
2
the Middle East Population 2024
, worldpopulationreview.com
- ^
Interactive World History Atlas since 3000 BC
- ^
?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?-1993, ?? ?-2020
, ????
????
, 2 ??????? 2020
- ^
1
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- ^
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???? ??????,
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, ????
???? ??????? ????????? ????????
, 21 ?????? 2018
- ^
Rubin, Alissa J.; Gamio, Lazaro (2024-04-06).
"Power by Proxy: How Iran Shapes the Mideast"
.
The New York Times
(??????? ????????).
ISSN
0362-4331
. ???? ?-
2024-04-19
.
- ^
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- ^
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