????? ?????????

????? ?????????

Imperium R?m?num ^[?]
????? ????????? ; Imperium R?m?num
?? ????????????????? ???????????
	?????????: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) ( ????? ) ; "????? ????? ? ????"
	????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ( ??? ???????????), ?????? ??????????? ??????????
??????	?????????
???????	??? ; (?? ?????? ? ??? ????) ; ?????????????? ; (??? ???? ????) ;
??????? ????	????? (???????), ????? (?????????)
????	????? ???????? , ??? ???????????
?????	?????????
??????
? ?? ?????? ? ?? ????	?????????
? ???????	??????? ?????????
?????
? 27?23 BC	Augustus
? 476	Basiliscus
???-???	Roman Senate
???????? ???	??????? ???
? ????????? princeps ????????????	?? ????????????
? ??????????? ?????	September 2 31 BC
? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????	16 January 27 BC
? Diocletian splits imperial administration between east and west	285
? Constantine I declares Constantinople new imperial capital	330
? ???????	???? ???????????
?????
25 BC	??,??,??? ????????????? (??,??,??? ????????)
50	??,??,??? ????????????? (??,??,??? ????????)
117	??,??,??? ????????????? (??,??,??? ????????)
390	??,??,??? ????????????? (??,??,??? ????????)
????????
? 25 BC	56800000
? 117	88000000
??????	??????? , ???????? , ???????? , ?????????? , ??
?????????	?????????
	????? ???????????
??????????? ?????????
?????? ????? ?????????

????? ????????? ( ????? : Imperium R?m?num; ?????????? ????????) ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? , ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???-??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ^[?], ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??-?? ???????? ?????? ??????? (?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??% ???)? ^[?] ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????:??: ??-?? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????:??: ??-? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????:??: ??-? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????

????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? “????? ??????”? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? (?????-????? ?????) ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ????

??????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????(??????????? ?????????) ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ????????, ???????????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ^[?] , ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ^[?]^[?] ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??% ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? , ????????, ????, ????????, ????????, ?????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Other possibilities are Imperium Romanum and Romania . Res publica , as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while Imperium Romanum is used to denote the territorial extent of Roman authority. The later term Romania , which was eventually carried over to Byzantium , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: Speculum , 23 (1948), pp. 1-34 (pp. 2-3).)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Taagepera , Rein (????)? "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D." ? Social Science History ? 3 (3/4): 125? ????? : 10.2307/1170959 ?
↑ John D. Durand, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation , 1977, pp. 253-296.
↑ (a) [?] Ian Morris , Social Development , Stanford University, October 2010. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules?For Now , New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ???????? ???-?-???-?????-? .
↑ an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ??????; see also * Kremer, Michael (1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990" in The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 681?716.
↑ "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?
↑ http://www.allaboutturkey.com/romans.htm

?? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????

[1] Other possibilities are Imperium Romanum and Romania . Res publica , as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while Imperium Romanum is used to denote the territorial extent of Roman authority. The later term Romania , which was eventually carried over to Byzantium , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: Speculum , 23 (1948), pp. 1-34 (pp. 2-3).)

[size-2] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Taagepera , Rein (????)? "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D." ? Social Science History ? 3 (3/4): 125? ????? : 10.2307/1170959 ?

[3] John D. Durand, Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation , 1977, pp. 253-296.

[4] (a) [?] Ian Morris , Social Development , Stanford University, October 2010. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Ian Morris, Why the West Rules?For Now , New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. ???????? ???-?-???-?????-? .

[HistoricalEstimates-5] verage of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???? ??????; see also * Kremer, Michael (1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990" in The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 681?716.

[6] "???????????????? ???????" ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?

[7] ttp://www.allaboutturkey.com/romans.htm

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