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???? ??? ???? ???? ????-???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?,??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? (??%) ??????? (??%) ????? ???? ?????
????? ???????????
????
,
????
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??????????? ??????? ??????????????
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?
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???? ? ????????
[
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]
????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????
????? ????
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?????
,
?????
,
??????
? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????
???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????
?????
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????????? ???????
? ?????? ???? ????? ?????-??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????, ????????? ??????, ?????????, ??????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????, ????
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????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????
????? ????
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?????????? ?????????
, ????? ?
???????
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?????? ?????????
????? ????? ???? ??? ???????, ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? (???) ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???
???????????? ????-????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????
?????? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???
???? ?????
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???????
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???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??,??? ???-??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????-?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???
????? ??-??? ????
???????? ?????-???? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????, ??????, ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????-?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????
???????? ? ????????
[
????????
]
???????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????, ?????, ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????-?-?????? ??????????, ??????-???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ????-???? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? (?????? ???), ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????,
?????????? ?????
(?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????), ????? ????? ?????,
?????? ?????
? ??????? ???? ?????????
??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???-???? ?????? ???, ???? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ?????, ?????????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????-????? ?????? ????????
????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????, ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???
??????
,
???????????
,
??
, ???
????
?
???
? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????
?????????? ? ??????
[
????????
]
???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????
????? ??????????????
??????????
???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????
????
????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???, ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????
???? ????
??????
?????????????
??????
????????????? ????? ???????? ??????
??????????? ?????? ????????
????????? ???? ???? ???
??????????
???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????
???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
???? ??????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????-?? ???? ????????????? ??% ???? ?? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???
???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
????? ???????
?????????? ???? ??????
?????? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????
????? ??? ???????
???? ??? ??? ???
?????????
????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???-???????????????? ?? ????????? ?????
????
???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
???? ???? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ?????
??????? ???? ???????? ??????????
?? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????
- ↑
"BBCNazer.com | ????? ? ????? | ??? ??? ????: ???? ???"
?
www.bbc.co.uk
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Amirzai, Shafiq l?
"? ??? ???? ????? | ????"
?
Rohi.Af
(????? ??????)? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????"
?
?? ??? ????
(????? ??????)? ????-??-??
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Tharoor, Ishaan (????-??-??)?
"The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?"
?
Time
(?????? ??????)?
????????
0040-781X
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Role of the Taliban's religious police"
? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
"Dictionary.com Is The World's Favorite Online Dictionary"
?
Dictionary.com
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Constitution of Afghanistan"
? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
?
- ↑
Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
? the Cambridge English Dictionary?
????????
9781107660151
?
- ↑
Gunaratna, Rohan; Woodall, Douglas (????)?
Afghanistan After the Western Drawdown
? ?????? 117?
- ↑
Marcin, Gary (????)?
"The Taliban"
?
King's College
? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????
?
- ↑
??????., ???, ??????
???? ???? ? ???????
?
???????
952990372
?
- ↑
"South Asia :: Afghanistan ? The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
?
www.cia.gov
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"South Asia"
?
World Bank
(?????? ??????)? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"South Asia Studies"
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"Welcome to the Center for South Asia Outreach website"
? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"About the Center for South Asia Studies"
?
??????????????? ??????????????
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Middle East Network Information Center (MENIC), University of Texas at Austin"
? ? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
"National Geographic"
?
National Geographic
(?????? ??????)
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Afghanistan
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ?????????? ???? ??????, Middle East Institute (accessed
20 January
2006)
- ↑
"Sites in Perspectivechapter 3 of Nancy Hatch Dupree,
An Historical Guide To Afghanistan
"
? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"
Afghanistan
"
?
msn.com
? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
??????????, ????? ??. (????)?
The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate
?
????????? ???????????? ?????
?
????????
978-0-19-513777-4
?
- ↑
????? ???. ??. ?????? (?????????)?
"A.?The Hindu Kings of Kabul"
? ?????: ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
????-?????? ????????? (????)?
"The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB"
?
Translated by Guy Le Strange
? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"A.?The Hindu Kings of Kabul (p.3)"
?
????? ???. ??. ??????
? ?????: ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
???????????, ??????? ??. (?? ???????? ????)?
"Richard Strand's Nuristan Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan"
?
?????????
? ? ?????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
??????? ?????; ??????? ???????, ????????? (????)?
Afghanistan: A Country Study
? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???
- ↑
"Central Asian world cities"
? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
???, ????? (?? ??????????? ????)?
"Obama's war: Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan"
?
????? ????
? ?? ?? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
??????, ????????? ??.?
"A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500?1924), Chapter IV. An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722?1922)"
? ?????: ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"
Ahmad Shah Durrani
"
?
britannica.com
? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
?????????, ?? ??. "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam"? ??. ???
- ↑
*
"U.S. maps"
? Pubs.usgs.gov? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings"
? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Afghanistan"
?
???????????????? ??????????
? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Land area (sq. km)"
?
World Development Indicators
? World Bank? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"CIA Factbook ? Area: 41"
? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
????????????, ?????? (????)?
Afghanistan Revisited
? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????
????????
978-1-59033-421-8
? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976 - 2005"
(??????)
? ????-??-?? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
?
?
Peters, Steven G. (??????? ????)?
Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007
(??????)
(??????????? ?????????)? USGS Afghanistan Project/
US Geological Survey
/Afghanistan Geological Survey? Fact Sheet 2007?3063? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
Afghanistan
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ?????????? ???? ??????, CIA World Factbook.
- ↑
"
Gold and copper discovered in Afghanistan
"
(??????)
?
bgs.ac.uk
? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Uranium Mining Issues: 2005 Review"
?
www.wise-uranium.org
? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"DropCatch.com"
?
www.dropcatch.com
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Afghanistan’s Energy Future and its Potential Implications
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??? ???? ??????, Eurasianet.org.
- ↑
Govt plans to lease out Ainak copper mine
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??????????? ???? ??????, Pajhwok Afghan News.
- ↑
Klett, T.R. (????? ????)?
Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan, 2006
(??????)
(??????????? ?????????)? USGS-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines & Industry Joint Oil & Gas Resource Assessment Team? Fact Sheet 2006?3031? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Afghanistan signs '$7 bn' oil deal with China"
? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
?
?
Risen, James (?? ??? ????)?
"U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan"
?
The New York Times
? ?? ??? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"Minerals in Afghanistan"
(??????)
?
British Geological Survey
? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(PDF)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
"Afghanistan's Mineral Fortune"
? Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????
?
- ↑
Tucker, Ronald D. (????)?
Rare Earth Element Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan
(??????)
(??????????? ?????????)? USGS? Open-File Report 2011?1207? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
(??????)
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????
?
- ↑
"
China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches
".
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ???????? ???? ??????
- ↑
"China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce"
?
The New York Times
? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ????
- ↑
"
Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan's Hajigak
????????? ??????
??????????
????-??-?? ??????".
Businessweek
. 6 December 2011
- ↑
Vannieuwenhuyze, Bram (????-??-??)?
Motion in Maps, Maps in Motion
? Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89
1018 VR
Amsterdam
Nederland: Amsterdam University Press?
- ↑
Backman, Brian (????-??-??)?
Thinking in Threes
? New York: Routledge? ?????? 11?11?
- ↑
Tolo, Khama-Basili (????-??-??)?
"Khama-Basili Tolo"
?
LitteRealite
?
4
(2)?
????????
0843-4182
?
?????
:
10.25071/0843-4182.26564
?
- ↑
Ebrahimbay Salami, Gholamheidar (????-??-??)?
"Khaf-Herat-China Railway; a Transition Opportunity to Geo-Economic Situation"
?
geographical researches quarterly journal
?
34
(3): 389?402?
????????
1019-7052
?
?????
:
10.29252/geores.34.3.389
?
- ↑
Pakistan grants $10m for Balkh University
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ??????????? ???? ??????, Pajhwok Afghan News.
- ↑
????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???
??????
[?]
?
????????????
?
[?]
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An Historical Guide to Afghanistan
. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization.
- Fowler, Corinne. Chasing Tales: Travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan, 2007 (forthcoming), Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York.
- Ghobar, Mir Gholam Mohammad. Afghanistan in the Course of History, 1999, All Prints Inc.
[?]
- Griffiths, John C. 1981.
Afghanistan: A History of Conflict
. Andre Deutsch, London. Updated edition, 2001. Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2002,
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Levi, Peter. 1972.
The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan
. Collins, 1972,
????????
?-??-??????-?
. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, Indianapolis/New York,
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Moorcroft, William
and
Trebeck, George
. 1841.
Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825
, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1979,
????????
?-??-??????-?
.
|
|
- Rashid, Ahmed (2000) "Taliban - Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia", Yale University Press
- Caroe, Olaf
. 1958.
The Pathans
(on the ethnic origin of Afghans).
- Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979)
The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War
. University of Washington Press. 1st paperback edition with new preface and epilogue (2002).
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961.
Between Oxus and Jumna
. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN B0006DBR44.
- Wood, John. 1872.
A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus
. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971,
????????
?-???-?????-?
.
- Heathcote, T.A. The Afghan Wars 1839?1999, 1980,2003, Spellmount Staplehurst.
- Rall, Ted. 2002. "To Afghanistan and Back: A Graphic Travelogue" New York: NBM Publishing.
- Vogelsang, Willem. 2002.
The Afghans
. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford.
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General information
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News from Afghanistan
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