?????????????

??????????????????????
?????? :	Jumh?r?yat Mi?r al-?Arab?yah
?????????? :	Gomhoreyyet Ma?r el-?Arabeyya
	?????? ??????????
	???????? : ?????? ?????? ?????? ;
????????? ; ???????????????	???? ; 30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E
??????????	??????
?????????????	?????????????????
?????	?? ????????????????????
?????????	????????? ???????????????????? ; ?????????
? ????????????	????????????? ???????
? ????????????	????????? ???????
??????????????	??????
???????
? ?????? ???????????? ; ???????	?. 3150 ?????? ?.?.
? ??????? ??????????????? ????	9 ??????? ?.?. 1805
? ?????????? ??? ; ?????????????	28 ?????????? ?.?. 1922
? ??????????	23 ??????? ?.?. 1952
? ???????????????????	18 ???????? ?.?. 1953
? ??????????????????????	18 ?????? ?.?. 2014
???????
? ???	1,010,408 ????????????? (390,121 ?????????) ( ????????? 29 )
? ???????? (%)	0.632
???????
? 1 ?????? ?.?. 2021 ??????	101,478,581 ( ????????? 14 )
? ????????????? 2017	94,798,827
? ???????????	100 ???????????????? (259.0 ????????????) ( ????????? 83 )
?????? ( ????????? )	?.?. 2020 (??????)
? ???	1.391 ???????????????????? ( ????????? 20 )
? ??????	14,023 ???????????? ( ????????? 92 )
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2020 (??????)
? ???	362 ??????????????????? ( ????????? 34 )
? ??????	3,561 ???????????? ( ????????? 114 )
???? (?.?. 2017)	31.5 ; ??????? · ????????? 46
??????? (?.?. 2019)	0.707 ; ??? · ????????? 116
????????	???????????? (E￡) ( EGP )
???????	UTC +2 ( ?????????????????? )
?????????	???
????????????	+20
??????????	.eg ; ???. ;
	^ ?????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ; ^ "?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????" Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. ; ^ ?? ????????????????????????? ;

26°N 30°E / 26°N 30°E / 26; 30

??????? ( ?????? : Egypt ; ?????? : ??? ) ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ( ?????? : Arab Republic of Egypt ; ?????? : ??????? ??? ??????? ) ???????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????? 1,010,408 ????????????? ^[14] ?????????? ????????????? (???????????????? ????????????????????? ) ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????

??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (?????? 40,000 ?????????????) ??? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? (Valley of the Kings) ?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????

???? "???????" (Egypt) ????????? ????????? ??? "????????" (Aegyptus) ??????? ???????? ??? "????????" (Αιγυπτο?) [??????????????????? ???????? ] ??????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??? "??-??-?????" (Hi-ku-ptah) ????????????????????????? ??????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????

???????????????????? ????????????????????
????????????????????? ??? ????????
??????????? ??? ???????
?????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ?????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 2412 ( ?.?. 1869 ) ??????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???

????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 5,000 ??????

????????? 19-20 [ ??? ]

?????????????? ?.?. 1882 ???????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? 1 ?????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????? 1 ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?? ?.?. 1922 ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? 1 ??????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????? 1 ??????????? ??? ??????????????? 2 ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 2 ?? 3 ???????????????????????? ???????????????????? 6 ?? ??????????? Mohamed Hosni Mubarak ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 4 ?????????????? 2 ???????? 2542 ????????????? (People’s Assembly) ?????????? ??????????????????? 454 ?? ??????????????? (445 ?????) ??????????????????????? Hosni Mubarak ?????????????????????? 2524 ????????????????????????????????????????????? 4 (????????????????? 6 ??) ???????????????????? 5 ?????? 2542 ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ??? ??? Ahmad Nazif ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2004 ????????????????????? 13 ???????????? ?????? National Democratic Party (NDP) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Labour Party, New Wafq Party, Liberal Party (Ahrar), Tabammu (Progressive Unionist Party) ??? Democratic Nasserite Party ???? NDP ????????? ???????????????????? 2521 ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? 11 ?????????? ?.?. 2554 ?????????????????????? ????????????????? ?.?. 2554

??????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? 2 ??? ??? - ?????????? (People’s Assembly) ???????? 454 ?? ????????????????? 444 ?? ??????????????????????? 10 ?? ?????? 5 ?? ???????????? ??? Dr. Ahmed Fathi Sorour - ???????????? (Shura Council) ???????? 285 ?? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????? 2 ?? 3 (190 ??) ??? 95 ?? ??????????????????? ?????? 3 ??

???????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?.?. 2498 ( ?.?. 1955 ) ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?.?. 2499 (?.?. 1956) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????

?? ?.?. 2510 (?.?. 1967) ???????????????????????? ????? ???-????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????????????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????????? ?.?. 2513 ( ?.?. 1970 ) ????????????????????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????

????????? ?????? 18 ??? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?.?. 2519 ( ?.?. 1976 ) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 2.2 ???????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 2520 ( ?.?. 1977 ) ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?.?. 2522 ( ?.?. 1979 ) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????? ??????? (?????? ???? ) ???????????????????? ?.?. 2525 ( ?.?. 1982 ) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????????

????????? ?.?. 2524 ( ?.?. 1981 ) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????

????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-?????????????????????? ?.?. 2546 ????????????????????? ?.?. 2549 ????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ?.?. 2547 ??????????????????? 50 ?? ?????????????????????????????????????-??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 500 ???????????????? ???? ?.?. 2551 ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? 17-23 ?????? ?.?. 2550 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? 23-27 ???????? 2550 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????

????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? 27 ??????? ?.?. 2497 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????? Asia Middle East Dialogue (AMED) ???????

????????????

???????? 3 ?????????? ?.?. 2554 ????????? ???????????? 8830 ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ^[15]

????????? - ??????????? ?.?. 2556 ??????????? 949 ???? ???????????? ????????? 911 ???????????????? ?????? 38 ???????????????? ????????????????????? 873 ????????????????

??????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????

???????????????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? ??? ????? ????????????????????????? ????? ???????

????????????

??????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.???????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? 2,500 ?? ?????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? 60-80 ??? ?????????????????????? (????????????????) ??????????????????????????? ???? 2 ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 20 ?????? ??????? ???? ?.?. 2549- ?.?. 2557 ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????

????????

- ??????? ????????????????? ?.?. 2531 ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????

???????????????? ?.?. 2533 ?????????????? ?.?. 2536 ??????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????

????????????????? ?.?. 2548 ?????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????

?????? 17 - 23 ?????? ?.?. 2550 ???????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????

???????????????? ?.?. 2530 ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????

??????? ?.?. 2542 ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????? 29 - 30 ?????? ?.?. 2546 ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????-??????? ???????? 1

??????????? 23 - 25 ??????? ?.?. 2546 ????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????

??????????? 20 - 23 ?????? ?.?. 2547 ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? 3 (Third Meeting of the Global Alliance for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis) ??????? ????

??????????? 4 - 9 ?????? 2548 ????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????

??????????? 31 ??????? - 2 ??????? 2548 ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????

??????????? 28 - 30 ?????? ?.?. 2549 ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????-??????? ???????? 2

??????????? 17- 18 ?????? ?.?. 2550 ???????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????

??????????? 22 ?????? ?.?. 2555 ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????

??????????? 11- 12 ??????? ?.?. 2557 ??????????? ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (??.??.) ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? - ??????????? ??????? ?.?. 2539 ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????? 27 ?????????? - 2 ?????? ?.?. 2547 ??? ??????? ???-????? ??????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????

??????????? 13- 15 ?????? 2547 ??? ?????? ?????, ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????

?????? 23- 27 ???????? ?.?. 2550 ??.????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ^[16]

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????? 27 ???????????? (governorate) ??????

????????	????????????	?????????
1	???????????	???????????
2	????	????
3	????	????
4	????	????
5	???????????	????????
6	???????	???????
7	???????????	??????
8	?????????	?????????
9	???????????	???????????
10	??????????	??????????
11	???????	????????????
12	???????	???????
13	?????	?????
14	??????????????	??????????????

????????	????????????	?????????
15	????????????	??????????
16	?????????????????	??????????????
17	???????????????	?????
18	?????????????	??????
19	?????????????????	???????????????
20	??????????????	????????
21	?????????	?????????
22	????????	????????
23	?????????????	??????????
24	?????????????	??????????
25	??????	??????
26	??????	??????
27	???????????	???????????

???????? [ ??? ]

?????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????????????????? 3 ????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????????????? ????????? Paris Club ????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2533 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? 950,000 ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????? 2 ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????? 2 ????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? 2 ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????? 5 ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? 1 ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? 1.5 ?????? ???????????????????????????? 4 ??????????????????? (????????????????????????????? ? ??????????? 11 ??????? ?.?. 2544 ????????????????????????????? ?????? 1.5 ? 2 ??????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????? 20 ???????????? ?????? 10

?????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????? ? ????????????????????????? ???? 2544 ??????????????? 151.5 ???? ???????????? ??????????????? 103.5 ???????????????? ?????? 7.1 ???????????????? ????????????????????? 96.4 ???????????????? ???????? ?.?. 2545 ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????????-?????????? 96.7 ???????????????? ??????????????? 88.4 ???????????????? ?????? 8.4 ????????????????-????????????????????? 80.0 ????????????????

??????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????????? (??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????)

???????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? (Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa ? COMESA) ???? ?.?. 2541 (?.?. 1998) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????/?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??.?. 44 ?????????????????????? ?????????? (????) ?????????? Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????? 78 ?????? (?? 2549) ????????????????????? 45 ?????????????????????????? 2 ??????????????????????????? ?????????? 3 ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? 99.8% ????????????????? 0.2% ???????????????????? ?????????? 1.9% ?????????? 65 ?? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? 75.68 ??/??.?? ????????????????? ??????????????? 16 ?????? ?????????????????????????????? 34.000-35.000 ??/??.??. ???????????????????????????? ??????????????? 4 ?????? ????????????????? 13.000-9.000 ??/??.??

????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? (???????????? ???????????????????????? ) ???????????????????????????? 94% ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? 6% ?????? ??????????? ???????????

???????????? 20 [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????

??????????? ????? (Kabab) ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State . Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4 . ???? ????????????????? 17 December 2020 . ??????????? 20 June 2015 . Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
↑ "Background Note: Egypt" . United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs . 10 November 2010 . ??????????? 5 March 2011 .
↑ Pierre Crabites (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt . Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7 . ???? ????????????????? 9 May 2013 . ??????????? 10 February 2013 . ... on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ...
↑ "Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 - Area km2 (Theme: Population - pg.14)" . Capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .
↑ "Total area km2, pg.15" (PDF) . Capmas.Gov ? Arab Republic of Egypt. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 21 March 2015 . ??????????? 8 May 2015 .
↑ "Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2021 (Theme: Population - pg.4)" . Capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .
↑ "Population of Egypt Now (PopulationClock)" . www.capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .
↑ "Distribution Egyptians Population By Governorate - Census 2017 (Theme: Census - pg.15)" . Capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .
↑ "?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????" (PDF) . www.capmas.gov.eg . ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 13 October 2017 . ??????????? 13 October 2017 .
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 14 December 2019 .
↑ "GINI index" . World Bank. ???? ????????????????? 21 September 2021 . ??????????? 21 September 2021 .
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .
↑ "Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People" . Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. ???? ????????????????? 27 April 2011 . ??????????? 15 April 2011 .
↑ ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? area
↑ ???????????????????????
↑ http://www.thaiembassy.org/cairo/th/relation/42381-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C.html

????????????? ???????? 2005-09-11 ??? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

??????

Egypt Information Portal (Arabic, English)
Egypt Information and Decision Support Center (Arabic, English)
Egypt State Information Services (Arabic, English, French)
Egyptian Tourist Authority ???????? 2012-05-03 ??? ??????????????

??????

Country Profile from the BBC News
Egypt . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
Egypt profile from Africa.com
????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? GovPubs ????????? ??????????????????? ????????
Egypt news ???????? 2018-11-28 ??? ??????????????
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Wikimedia Atlas of Egypt
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Egypt Maps ? Perry?Castaneda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin

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World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Egypt

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History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria in the Light of Recent Discovery by Leonard William King, at Project Gutenberg.
Egyptian History (urdu) ???????? 2018-05-23 ??? ??????????????
By Nile and Tigris ? a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British museum between 1886 and 1913, by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge , 1920 ( DjVu and layered PDF formats)
Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt .

[goldschmidt_oldest_nation-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State . Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4 . ???? ????????????????? 17 December 2020 . ??????????? 20 June 2015 . Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.

[2] "Background Note: Egypt" . United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs . 10 November 2010 . ??????????? 5 March 2011 .

[3] Pierre Crabites (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt . Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7 . ???? ????????????????? 9 May 2013 . ??????????? 10 February 2013 . ... on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ...

[4] "Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 - Area km2 (Theme: Population - pg.14)" . Capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .

[5] "Total area km2, pg.15" (PDF) . Capmas.Gov ? Arab Republic of Egypt. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 21 March 2015 . ??????????? 8 May 2015 .

[6] "Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/1/2021 (Theme: Population - pg.4)" . Capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .

[7] "Population of Egypt Now (PopulationClock)" . www.capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .

[8] "Distribution Egyptians Population By Governorate - Census 2017 (Theme: Census - pg.15)" . Capmas.gov.eg . ??????????? 8 July 2021 .

[capmas.gov.eg-9] "?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????" (PDF) . www.capmas.gov.eg . ???? (PDF) ????????????????? 13 October 2017 . ??????????? 13 October 2017 .

[IMFWEOEG-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 14 December 2019 .

[11] "GINI index" . World Bank. ???? ????????????????? 21 September 2021 . ??????????? 21 September 2021 .

[HDI-12] Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .

[Provisional_Constitution-13] "Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People" . Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. ???? ????????????????? 27 April 2011 . ??????????? 15 April 2011 .

[area-14] ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? area

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[16] ttp://www.thaiembassy.org/cairo/th/relation/42381-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C.html

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