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????? "??? km.t" ?? ? ????? ?????? ?????? "?? km" ? ???? "? t." ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? "?" ????? ??????? (? ??????: ??? ??????? ????????). ? ??????? ?????? ? ????? (? ? ??????? ?????????? ????) ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? "????" ? ?????? ?????? ??????? "????" ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? "?" ? ?????? ??????? ? ?? "?" ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????. ? ???? ???????? ???????? (????????) ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????????? (? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????) ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? "??? km.t" ? ?????? ??? ?????? "????? [kuːmat]" ? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? "?" ?????? ?? ?????? ?"??? ?" ????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??? "???? ????"? ? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ????.

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???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? "??????" ???? ???? ? ???????:

??????? : ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? 80% ?90% ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???. ^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]
???????? : ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? 10% ^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19] ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? 15% ?20%. ^[15]^[20]^[21]
?????? : ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ? ??50?? ? ??60??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ? ??? ????? 300 ????? ? ?????? ? ??????? .
???????? : ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? 2000 ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? 6-4-2006 ? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????. ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ( ? ) ? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???????.

??????? ? ?????????

??????? ? ????????? : ?? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ???????. ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????. ? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??? "???? ????" ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????. ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?? ??? ? 2006. ?? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???-???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

?????

??? ???????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? .

???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ? ???? ???? ??????? " ? ? ??? r n km.t " ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? " ?????????????? ?????????????? " ? ?????? ???????? ? " ?????????????? ????????????? " ? ?????? ???????.

?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ????? ???????? ??- ?? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? ? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ???? (68%)? ????? (29%)? ???? (1.6%)? ?????? (0.6%)? ???? (0.3%)? ?????? (0.3%)? ???? (0.1%)? ???? . ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??????-?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? (???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ???? )? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????????. ? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? 1922? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ? ? ????? ???? . ????? ??? ? ??40-?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????). ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????. ^[4]^[5]

????????

???????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? . ??? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????? 51% ? ??????? ????? 32% ? ??????? ????? 17% ???????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???????.

???????

??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 1861 ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 1890 ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 1898 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? 3 ????. ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1903 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????. ^[22]

?????

????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????) ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ^[23] ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ? ? ??? ????? ?? 468,000 ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? 41 ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ? ?????? ????? . ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???-2 ? ?????? ??? ? ????? 2014 ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???-1 ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????? .

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? .

????? ????? ??????

????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 5200 ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? (????) ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? 3200 ?.?. ,??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????.

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↑ {{ cite web }}: Empty citation ( help )
↑ ?????: 2
↑ ^? ^? ^? ?erny, J. (1976). Coptic Etymological Dictionary . Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-521-07228-X
↑ ^? ^? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ??? (?????? ??????? ed.). ??? ??? ????.
↑ ^? ^? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? 2008 ed.). ??? ?????.
↑ Petry, Carl F. (1991). Copts in Late Medieval Egypt. In The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 2 , p. 618, edited by Aziz S. Atiya. ISBN 0-02-897025-X
↑ Crum, Walter Ewing (1939). A Coptic Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 185b&287b. ISBN 0-19-864404-3 .
↑ ^? ^? "world factbook" . Archived from the original on 2018-12-26 . Retrieved 2008-07-18 .
↑ coptichistory
↑ "Egypt from "The World Factbook" " . American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . September 4, 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26 . Retrieved 2008-07-18 .
↑ " "Religion/Islamic conservatism's revival attracts followers, worries governments" " . Star Tribune. June 18, 2009.
↑ "Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs" " . United States Department of State . September 30, 2008.
↑ "Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office" " . Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs . August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13 . Retrieved 2009-05-12 .
↑ "Egypt Religions & Peoples from "LOOKLEX Encyclopedia" " . LookLex Ltd. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02 . Retrieved 2009-07-30 .
↑ ^? ^? "??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? 12 ????? ????" . November 2, 2008.
↑ "Egypt from "The World Factbook"". Central Intelligence Agency|American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . September 4, 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html Archived 2018-12-26 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ "Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"". w:en:United States Department of State . September 30, 2008. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm .
↑ "Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"". Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs . August 15, 2008. http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ "Fact Sheet from "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network"". Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network. October 10, 2008. http://www.euromedrights.net/pages/262 Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine .
↑ [1] . The Washington Post . "Estimates of the size of Egypt's Christian population vary from the low government figures of 6 to 7 million to the 12 million reported by some Christian leaders. The actual numbers may be in the 9 to 9.5 million range, out of an Egyptian population of more than 60 million." Retrieved 10-10-2008
↑ [2] . The New York Times . Retrieved 10-10-2008.
↑ "???? ?????? ??????? ???????" . ??????? ??????? . Archived from the original on 2021-05-18 . Retrieved 2021-07-27 .
↑ [sis.gov.eg/Story/131693/?????-??????-?????-????????lang=ar "????? ?????? ????? ???????"]. ?????? ?????? ??????????? . 2016-11-28. {{ cite web }}: Check |url= value ( help )

??? ?? ???????? ???????

??? ? ????? ????? ?? ?????
????? ?? ???? ???????.
???????? ?? ???? ????????

??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????

??? ??? ???? .

[1] {{ cite web }}: Empty citation ( help )

[93143c52631707be56b778c75443bdc8812729b5-2] ?????: 2

[:0-3] ? ^? ^? ?erny, J. (1976). Coptic Etymological Dictionary . Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-521-07228-X

[:1-4] ? ^? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ??? (?????? ??????? ed.). ??? ??? ????.

[:2-5] ? ^? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? 2008 ed.). ??? ?????.

[6] Petry, Carl F. (1991). Copts in Late Medieval Egypt. In The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 2 , p. 618, edited by Aziz S. Atiya. ISBN 0-02-897025-X

[7] Crum, Walter Ewing (1939). A Coptic Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 185b&287b. ISBN 0-19-864404-3 .

[world_factbook-8] ? ^? "world factbook" . Archived from the original on 2018-12-26 . Retrieved 2008-07-18 .

[9] tichistory

[The_world_factbook/Egypt/-10] "Egypt from "The World Factbook" " . American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . September 4, 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26 . Retrieved 2008-07-18 .

[11] " "Religion/Islamic conservatism's revival attracts followers, worries governments" " . Star Tribune. June 18, 2009.

[U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt-12] "Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs" " . United States Department of State . September 30, 2008.

[FCO/Egypt/-13] "Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office" " . Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs . August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13 . Retrieved 2009-05-12 .

[LOOKLEX_Encyclopedia/Egypt/Religions&Peoples-14] "Egypt Religions & Peoples from "LOOKLEX Encyclopedia" " . LookLex Ltd. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02 . Retrieved 2009-07-30 .

[Al_Arabiya_News-15] ? ^? "??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? 12 ????? ????" . November 2, 2008.

[16] "Egypt from "The World Factbook"". Central Intelligence Agency|American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) . September 4, 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html Archived 2018-12-26 at the Wayback Machine .

[17] "Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"". w:en:United States Department of State . September 30, 2008. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm .

[18] "Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office"". Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs . August 15, 2008. http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine .

[19] "Fact Sheet from "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network"". Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network. October 10, 2008. http://www.euromedrights.net/pages/262 Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine .

[20] [1] . The Washington Post . "Estimates of the size of Egypt's Christian population vary from the low government figures of 6 to 7 million to the 12 million reported by some Christian leaders. The actual numbers may be in the 9 to 9.5 million range, out of an Egyptian population of more than 60 million." Retrieved 10-10-2008

[21] [2] . The New York Times . Retrieved 10-10-2008.

[22] "???? ?????? ??????? ???????" . ??????? ??????? . Archived from the original on 2021-05-18 . Retrieved 2021-07-27 .

[23] [sis.gov.eg/Story/131693/?????-??????-?????-????????lang=ar "????? ?????? ????? ???????"]. ?????? ?????? ??????????? . 2016-11-28. {{ cite web }}: Check |url= value ( help )

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