?????????????

??????????????????
?????????????????? ; ????? ??????? (??????)
	?????? ??????????
	???????? : ?????????? ;
	?????????? ????????????? ( ????????? )
????????? ; ???????????????	?????? ; 26°13′N 50°35′E / 26.217°N 50.583°E
??????????	??????????
	??????????
??????????????? (?.?. 2563 )	47.4% ?????????? ; 43.4% ????????? ; 4.9% ?????????? ? (??????????? GCC) ; 1.4% ?????????? ; 1.1% ??????????????? ; 0.9% ??????????? GCC ; 0.8% ???????? ; 0.1% ???? ? ;
?????	70.3% ?????? ( ?????? ) ; 14.5% ?????? ; 9.8% ????? ; 2.2% ???? ; 0.3% ?????? ; 1% ????????? ? ; 1.9% ?????????????? ;
?????????	????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????
? ??????????????	??????????????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????
? ????????????	????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????	??????
? ??????	????????????
? ???????	??????????????
????????????
? ??? ?????????????	15 ??????? ?.?. 2514
? ????????????	14 ??????? ?.?. 2514
? ??????????????? ?????????????	15 ??????? ?.?. 2514
? ???????????????????????????	21 ??????? ?.?. 2514
? ??????????????????	14 ?????????? ?.?. 2545
???????
? ???	785.08 ????????????? (303.12 ?????????) ( ????????? 172 )
? ???????? (%)	???????
???????
? ?.?. 2560 ??????	1,425,171 ( ????????? 149 )
? ????????????? ?.?. 2563	1,501,635
? ???????????	1,912.7 ???????????????? (4,953.9 ????????????) ( ????????? 3 )
?????? ( ????????? )	?.?. 2562 (??????)
? ???	$78.760 ??????? ( ????????? 94 )
? ??????	$52,129 ( ????????? 19 )
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2562 (??????)
? ???	$41.607 ??????? ( ????????? 91 )
? ??????	$27,538 ( ????????? 33 )
??????? (?.?. 2562)	0.852 ; ?????? · ????????? 42
????????	????????????? ( BHD )
???????	UTC +3
????????????	973
??????????	.bh

??????? ( ?????? : Bahrain ; ?????? : ??????? ) ?????????????? ?????????????????? ( ?????? : Kingdom of Bahrain ; ?????? : ????? ??????? ) ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????? 28 ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 25 ????????? ?.?. 1986 ???? ??????????????????-??????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????? ^[11] ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 19 ^[12] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?.?. 2064 ??? ?.?. 2145 ?????????????????? ????????????? 1 ?????????????????? ?? ?.?. 2326 ????? Bani Utbah ???????????????????? Nasr Al-Madhkur ????????????????????????????????? 18 ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????

???????????????? 1800 ??????????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????????????? ?.?. 2514 ^[13] ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?.?. 2545 ????????? ?.?. 2554 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ^[14]^[15]

??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ^[16] ??????????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????????? ^[17] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????????? ^[18] ???????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????

?????????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????? ?????????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? (??????? ? ??????) ????????????????????? 19 - 29 ???????????? ??????????? (???????????-??????) ????????????? ????????????????? 49 ????????????

???????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????????

????????????? [ ??? ]

???????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2363 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? 19 ???????? ?.?. 2523 ?????????????????????? UN ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 15 ??????? ?.?. 2514 ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? (??????????? ???????????????????? ) ???????????????????????????????

?????????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?.?. 2475 ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ??? ??????????????

????????????????? [ ??? ]

**??????????????????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????** ??????????????????????????????

???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 14 ?????????? ?.?. 2545 ???????? ??? ??????????????????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? (His Majesty King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa) ?????????????????? (????????????????????) ??????????? 6 ?????? ?.?. 2542

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

???????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 2545 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ( ?????????? ) 12 ???? ??????

???????? (Al Hidd)
??????????? (Al Manamah)
??????????????????????????? (Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah)
?????????????????????? (Al Mintaqah al Wusta)
??????????????????????????? (Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah)
???????????? (Al Muharraq)
????????????????????????????????????? (Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah)
?????????? (Jidd Haffs)
???????????? (Madinat Hamad ??????????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ?.?. 2534)
??????????? (Madinat 'Isa)
???????????? (Juzur Hawar)
??????? (Sitrah)

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 ??????????????? (governorates) ?????? 1 ???????????????????? (Northern) 2 ???????????????????????? (Capital) 3 ???????????????????????? (Muharraq) 4 ??????????????????? (Central) ??? 5 ?????????????????? (Southern) ^[19] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?.?. 2557 ^[20] ??????????????????????????????????????? 4 ??????????

????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????? ??????? ??? 190 ????????????? ^[21] ???? 2012 ????????????????????????? 25 ???? ????????? 3 ???? ???????????????? 4 ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? 36 ??????????? ^[22] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ^[23] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[24] ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2524 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[25]

????????????????????????????????????? ???????? Yossi Sarid ? ?????????????????????????? ?.?. 2563 ?????????????? ?.?. 2563 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? 11 ??????? ?.?. 2563 ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????

???????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??????? ????????????????????????????????????????? 17 ?????? ?.?. 2520 ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????

?????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? (Bahren Defence Force ???? BDF) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 13,000 ??? ^[26] ???????????????????????????????????? King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ?????????????????????????????????????? Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ^[27]^[28]

???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ^[29] ???? ???????????? F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-5 Freedom Fighter, UH-60 Blackhawk, ????? M60A3 ??????????????????? Oliver Hazard Perry ???????????????????????? RBNS Sabha ^[30]^[31]

????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1990 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ? (COMUSNAVCENT) / ???????????????????????????? (COMFIFTHFLT) ??????????????????????? 6,000 ???????????? ??????????????????????????????? ^[32]

??????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ^[33]

???????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2549 ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[34] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2554 ????????????????????????????/?????????????????????? ^[35]

???? ?.?. 2551 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Global Financial Centres ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? 60% ????????????????????? 70% ?????????????????? ??? 11% ??? ??????????????????????? (??????) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? 51% ????????????????????????? ?.?. 2550 ^[36] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[37] ?????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? 75% ??????????????????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????? 2.9% ????????? ???? ?.?. 2547 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? 2011 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? 1.3% ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 1994 ^[38]

????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????? ?????? 6.1 (??? 2.6%)
?????????????????????????? 18.97 ??????? USD (??? 273.4 ??????? USD)
????????????????????? 18,979 USD (??? 4,081 USD)
????????????????? 125 ???????????

????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????? ????????????? ???? 8 ?????????? 2008 ^[39] ?????????????????????????????????????????? ^[40] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ^[41] ??????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????? Qalat Al Bahrain ??????????????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 9,000 ???????????? Beit Al Quran (??????: ??? ?????? ????????: ??????? Qur'an) ???? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? Al Khamis ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? Arad ?? Muharraq ??? Barbar ??????????????????????? Dilmunite ?????????????????

??????????? ? ???????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????

????????????? ?.?. 2562 ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?.?. 2562 ????????????????????????? 100,000 ????????? ??????????????? ????? 747 ????????????????????????????????????????? ^[42] ???????????????????????????????? Supreme Council for Environment, Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority (BTEA) ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????? ?.?. 2548 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Spring of Culture ^[43] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2555 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2556 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2557 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2559 ???????????????????????????????????

?????? ??? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????? 40 ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????

????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????? ^[44] ??????????????? ?.?. 2503 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? 4.5% ????????? ^[45] ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?.?. 2436

???????????????????????????????? 73 ?? ???????????? ??? 76 ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ^[46]

????????????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????
?????			%
??????			81.2%
??????			9%
???? ?			9.8%

????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ? ???????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????????

???? [ ??? ]

?? ?????????? ??????????????

???? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????? (????????) ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? , Arab Nations Cup ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????? [ ??? ]

?????????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? " ???? " (Thobe) ????????????????????????????????????????????? " ???????? " (Abaya)

????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1950 ?????????????????????????????? Expressionism ??? surrealism ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Beit Al Quran

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? Spring of Culture ??????? ????????????? Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[47]^[48]^[49]

???????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

??????	??????????	??????????	????????
1 ??????	New Year's Day	??? ????? ?????????	?????????????
1 ???????	Labour Day	??? ??????	?????????
16 ???????	National Day	????? ??????	??????? ^[50]
17 ???????	Accession Day	??? ??????
1 ?????????	Islamic New Year	??? ????? ???????	????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????
9, 10 ?????????	Day of Ashura	???????	????????????????????????????????????
12 ???????????????	Prophet Muhammad's birthday	?????? ??????	?????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????????????????????
1, 2, ??? 3 ??????	Little Feast	??? ?????	?????????????????????????? ??????
9 ????????????	Arafat Day	??? ????	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
10, 11, 12, ??? 13 ????????????	Feast of the Sacrifice	??? ??????	????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? (????????????????? 10 ??? 13)

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN (ISSUED IN 2002) AND ITS AMENDMENTS (ISSUED IN 2012)" (PDF) . National Institution for Human Rights . National Institute for Human Rights . ??????????? 31 August 2020 .
↑ ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? BO
↑ "Living in Bahrain" . BSB. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? June 24, 2012 . ??????????? June 7, 2017 .
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? Census2020
↑ "Bahrain ends special pact" . The Straits Times . 15 August 1971.
↑ ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? CIA
↑ "some spreadsheet" . data.gov.bh . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-06-11 . ??????????? 4 August 2021 .
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↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 12 March 2019 .
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .
↑ "Saudi Aramco World : Oman: The Lost Land" . archive.aramcoworld.com .
↑ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), Bahrein, 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 240
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↑ ?????????????????????????????
↑ "The Gulf Daily News" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2017-10-10 . ??????????? 2016-08-23 .
↑ "Bilateral Relations" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).
↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).
↑ "login" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).
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↑ "?? ??? | ????? ????? ???????" . www.bna.bh .
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↑ "Bahrainguide · Popular Attractions" . web.archive.org . 2012-09-23. ??????????????????????????????????? 2012-09-23 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )
↑ "Tourism" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).
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↑ "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . 2012-02-27. ??????????????????????????????????? 2012-02-27 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )
↑ "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . 2013-01-17. ??????????????????????????????????? 2013-01-17 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )
↑ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (2009-05-14). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set (??????????). OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1 .
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?????????? [ ??? ]

Baynes, T. S., ?.?. (1878), "Bahrein" , Encyclopædia Britannica , vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 240
Cole, Juan R. I. (1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300?1800". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 19 (2): 177?203. doi : 10.1017/s0020743800031834 . JSTOR 163353 . S2CID 162702326 .
Holdich, Thomas Hungerford (1911). "Bahrein Islands" . ?? Chisholm, Hugh (?.?.). ?????????????????? ?.?. 1911 . Vol. 3 (11 ed.). ??????????????????????????????. p. 212.
Larsen, Curtis (1983). Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46906-5 .
Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (1999). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1098-0 .
????????????????????????????????????????? (free content) ??????????????? CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ?????????????? UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 , ??, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Official government portal
Kingdom of Bahrain, Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
Bahrain entry at The World Factbook
????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? GovPubs ????????? ??????????????????? ????????
????????????? ??????????? Curlie
Bahrain profile from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Bahrain
??????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? (????????????)
Key Development Forecasts for Bahrain from International Futures

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[BO-2] ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? BO

[3] "Living in Bahrain" . BSB. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? June 24, 2012 . ??????????? June 7, 2017 .

[Census2020-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? Census2020

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[CIA-6] ??????????????: ???????? <ref> ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????? CIA

[7] "some spreadsheet" . data.gov.bh . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-06-11 . ??????????? 4 August 2021 .

[UN_WPP-8] "???????????????????? ?.?. 2560" . ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . ??????????? 10 September 2017 .

[imf2-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ??????????? 12 March 2019 .

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[19] ?????????????????????????????

[20] "The Gulf Daily News" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2017-10-10 . ??????????? 2016-08-23 .

[21] "Bilateral Relations" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).

[22] "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).

[23] "login" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).

[24] "The Cooperation Council For The Arab States of The Gulf - Secretariat General" . web.archive.org . 2012-07-16. ??????????????????????????????????? 2012-07-16 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[25] Local, N. Y. U. (2016-11-16). "A Bahraini Hunger Strike And An Inhumane Argument" . Medium (??????????).

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[27] "?? ??? | ????? ????? ???????" . www.bna.bh .

[28] "H.R.H. the Crown Prince and Prime Minister" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????). ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-08-19 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 .

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[31] Allison, George (2020-08-07). "HMS Clyde sold to Bahrain" (???????????????????).

[32] Bandow, Doug. "U.S. Hypocrisy on Parade: Washington Arms Bahrain, Denounces Russia For Arming Syria" . Forbes (??????????).

[33] "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?" . www.bloomberg.com . {{ cite web }}: Cite ????????????? ( help )

[34] "Index of Economic Freedom: Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity by Country" . www.heritage.org (??????????).

[35] ttps://www.arabianbusiness.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7116

[36] "Open Data Platform" . data.footprintnetwork.org .

[37] "DailyTribune - Business News" . web.archive.org . 2013-01-17. ??????????????????????????????????? 2013-01-17 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[38] "Bahrain profile - Timeline" . BBC News (???????????????????). 2018-11-12 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 .

[39] "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . 2011-08-12. ??????????????????????????????????? 2011-08-12 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[40] "Bahrainguide · Popular Attractions" . web.archive.org . 2012-09-23. ??????????????????????????????????? 2012-09-23 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[41] "Tourism" . www.mofa.gov.bh (?????????????????????).

[42] "The World’s Largest Underwater Theme Park Is Coming to Bahrain" . Travel + Leisure (??????????).

[43] "Bahrain's 'Spring of Culture Festival' opens" . www.tradearabia.com . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2021-08-19 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 .

[44] "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . 2013-01-17. ??????????????????????????????????? 2013-01-17 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[45] "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . 2012-02-27. ??????????????????????????????????? 2012-02-27 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[46] "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . 2013-01-17. ??????????????????????????????????? 2013-01-17 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[47] Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (2009-05-14). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set (??????????). OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1 .

[48] "Bahrain's Art and Culture Scenes. Nafas Art Magazine" . web.archive.org . 2016-08-10. ??????????????????????????????????? 2016-08-10 . ??????????? 2021-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( ????? )

[49] "Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities - Kingdom of Bahrain | Home" . culture.gov.bh .

[50] Joyce, M. (2012). Bahrain from the Twentieth Century to the Arab Spring . Springer. p. 52. ISBN 9781137031792 .

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??????????	??????????? (?.?. 2012?2021)