Moscau
(
rus
: Москва,
pronunzia
[m??skva]
(
scota su
)
) ie la
capitela
y la majera
zita
de la
Ruscia
. La ie sul
ruf Moskva
tl
Raion Federel Zentrel
y a na populazion de 12,4 milions tl chemun, 17 milions tl raion urban y plu de 20 milions tl raion metropolitan. La zita se destira ora sun na spersa de 2.511 km². Moscau ie una de la majera ziteies al mond, la zita cun la majera populazion tl
cuntinent europeich
y enghe la zita cun la majera spersa te l'Europa.
L prim iede ie Moscau stata documenteda tl 1147 y fova cresciuda a devente na zita putenta y rica che fova deventeda la capitela dl
Gran Ducat de Moscau
. Canche l Gran Ducat fova deventa l
Zarat de la Ruscia
fova Moscau resta inant l zenter politich y economich de la Ruscia. Cun la formazion dl
Mper Rus
oven spusta la capitela da Moscau a
San Petersburg
y chesc ova smendri l nflus de la zita. Do la
revoluzion de Utober
tl 1917 ova i
Bolscevichs
ino spusta la senta dl guviern zeruch a Moscau.
Moscau ie la
megazita
plu a nord y plu freida al mond, cun na storia de ot seculi, y ie guverneda coche na
zita federela
(dal 1993)
[2]
che ie l zenter pulitich, economich, culturel y scientifich de la Ruscia y de l'
Europa dl est
. Coche na
zita globela alfa
[3]
a Moscau una de la majera economies urbanes al mond.
[4]
La zita ie una de la destinazions turistiches che cresc l plu debota al mond,
[5]
y ie una de la ziteies plu vijitedes de l'Europa. A Moscau vif l setim majer numer de miliarderes al mond.
[6]
L
Zenter Nternaziunel de Cumerz de Moscau
ie un di majeri zentri finanzieres de l'Europa y a n grum di
crazaciel plu auc de l'Europa
. A Moscau fova stai i
juesc olimpics dl 1980
y la fova una de la ziteies di
campiunac dl mond dl 2018
.
[7]
Moscau ie l zenter storich de la Ruscia y ie la cesa de n gran numer de artis?, scienziac y sportifs per via dl gran numer de museums, istituzions academiches y pulitiches y teatri. Te la zita dal n gran numer de
sic de l'Arpejon Mundiela UNESCO
y la ie cunesciuda per i ejempli de architetura russa, dantaldut la
plaza cuecena
y frabicac sciche la
catedrela de San Basil
y l
creml de Moscau
, che ie nce la senta dl
guviern de la Ruscia
. Moscau ie la senta de n grum de
firmes russes
te n gran numer de industries y a na re de trasport scialdi svilupeda, pra chela che toca cater aeroporc nternaziunei, diesc stazions termineles de ferata, n
sistem de trams
, na
monoscina
y la
metro de Moscau
, che ie chela cun l plu passajieres te l'Europa y una de la majera
metros
al mond. L 40% de la spersa de la zita ie verda, cie che ne'n fej una de la ziteies plu verdes te l'Europa y al mond.
[8]
[9]
Daniel ova renia Moscau coche gran duca nfin al 1303 y ne'n ova fat na zita de benste y richeza che fova deventeda plu putenta de si prinzipat desseura, l
prinzipat de Vladimir
, nteur al 1320. Moscau ova te chesc temp atira n grum de
muciadifs
da autra pertes de la Ruscia. Tl 1304 se stritova Moscau y Tver per l cuntrol dl tron dl prinzipat de Vladimir.
Ivan I
ova ala fin abu la seuraventa contra Tver y fova deventa l seul a pudei tlupe adum la cheutes per i renianc mongolesc. Nsci fova Moscau deventeda la capitela de
Vladimir-Suzdal
. Paian n tribut aut ova Ivan giata cunzesions mpurtantes dal khan.
Sceben che n iede ulova la
Horda d'Ora
limite n influs de Moscau, canche l
Gran Ducat de Lituania
scumenciova a crescer y meter n pericul duta la Ruscia, ova l Khan scumencia a susteni Moscau coche contrapeis a la Lituania, ti mpermetan nsci de devente la zita plu putenta de la Ruscia. Tl 1380 ova l prinz
Dmitry Donskoy
de Moscau manda na armeda liedia a bater i Mongolesc te la
Batalia de Kulikovo
. Daldo ova Moscau teut su la pert de delibre la Ruscia dala dominazion di mongolesc. Tl 1480 ova
Ivan III
delibra i rusc dal cuntrol di tataresc y Moscau fova deventeda la capitela de n mper che plu tert tulera ite duta la Ruscia, la
Siberia
y mo autri raions.
Tl 1462 fova Ivan III (1440?1505) deventa l Gran Prinz de Moscau (che a chel temp fajova pert dl stat medievel de Moscau). El ova scumencia a cumbater i Tatars y slargia l raion de Moscau, purtan richezes ala capitela. Tl 1500 ova Moscau arjont na populazion de 100 000 y fova a chel temp una de la majera ziteies al mond. El ov cuncuista la scialdi majer prinzipat de Novgorod a nord, che se ova metu adum cun la Lituania. El ova ngrandi la spersa de dl ducat set iedesc, da 430 000 a 2 800 000 km².
L
creml de Moscau
fova uni frabica tl 14ejim secul. L fova stat fat su da nuef da Ivan che ti ani 1480 ova nvia architec da la
Talia dl Rinasciment
sciche
Petrus Antonius Solarius
, che ova dessenia l crem y si tores, y
Marco Ruffo
che ova dessenia l palaz dl prinz. I mures dl creml sciche i ie al didancuei fova sta cunpletei tl 1495.
N luech de cumerz o
posad
fova nasciu a est dl creml te n raion che se tlama
Saradie
(Зарядье). Tl temp de Ivan III ie unida a se l de la
plaza cuecena
, che ova n iede inuem
ciamp uet
(Полое поле).
In 1508?1516, the Italian architect
Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)
arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the
Moskva
and
Neglinnaya
and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and having a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and a depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31?43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, 4-metre-thick (13-foot)
*
cogged-brick walls.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built:
Kitay-gorod
(Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the
Crimean Tatars
captured Moscow
, burning everything except the Kremlin.
[10]
The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.
The
Crimean Tatars
attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named
Fyodor Kon
. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the
Novodevichy Convent
and
Donskoy
,
Danilov
,
Simonov
,
Novospasskiy
, and
Andronikov
monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as
Bielokamennaya
, the "White-Walled." The city's limits as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the
Garden Ring
.
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.
The
Russian famine of 1601?03
killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of the
Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth
occupied Moscow, as its ruler
Sigismund III
tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people of
Nizhny Novgorod
and other Russian cities conducted by prince
Dmitry Pozharsky
and
Kuzma Minin
rose against the Polish occupants,
besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them
. In 1613, the
Zemsky sobor
elected
Michael Romanov
tsar, establishing the
Romanov dynasty
. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish?Lithuanian invaders (1612), the
Salt Riot
(1648), the
Copper Riot
(1662), and the
Moscow Uprising of 1682
.
During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. It is estimated, that in the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
, practically all of them being driven from their homeland to Moscow by Muscovite invaders.
[11]
By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by
Ukrainians
and
Belarusians
abducted from their hometowns in the course of the
Russo-Polish War (1654?1667)
. These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the
Meshchanskaya
sloboda
, after Ruthenian
meshchane
"town people". The term
meshchane
(мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".
[12]
The entire city of the late 17th century, including the
slobodas
that grew up outside the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's
Central Administrative Okrug
.
Numerous disasters befell the city. The
plague
epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570?1571, 1592 and 1654?1656.
[13]
The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654?55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.
[14]
In 1712
Peter the Great
moved his government to the newly built
Saint Petersburg
on the Baltic coast. Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital, except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the
Supreme Privy Council
.
Template:Panorama
After losing the status as the capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The
1770?1772 Russian plague
killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.
[15]
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets called
val
(“ramparts”).
Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813, following the destruction of much of the city during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time was the
Grand Kremlin Palace
and the
Kremlin Armoury
, the
Moscow University
, the
Moscow Manege
(Riding School), and the
Bolshoi Theatre
. In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.
In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns ? "raskats". The
Tsar Cannon
was located on the platform of the
Lobnoye mesto
.
The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the
M10 highway
, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old
Tver
road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as
Peterburskoye Schosse
after it was paved in the 1780s.
Petrovsky Palace
was built in 1776?1780 by
Matvey Kazakov
.
When
Napoleon
invaded
Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the
Moscow fire
was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's
Grande Armee
was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time.
[16]
Moscow State University
was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by
Domenico Giliardi
. The
Moskovskiye Vedomosti
newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.
The
Arbat Street
had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.
In the 1830s, general
Alexander Bashilov
planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace.
Khodynka field
south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day
Belorussky Rail Terminal
) was inaugurated in 1870.
Sokolniki Park
, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban
Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or
Mayor
, was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.
When
Catherine II
came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855?56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda.
[17]
Temperatures mesanes y prezipitazions per Moscau
|
Jen
|
Fau
|
Mer
|
Aur
|
Mei
|
Jun
|
Lug
|
Ago
|
Set
|
Uto
|
Nov
|
Dez
|
|
|
Mesaria mascima (
°C
)
|
?6,2
|
?3,9
|
2,4
|
10,6
|
18,6
|
22,4
|
23,8
|
22,0
|
15,8
|
8,4
|
1,3
|
?3,4
|
Ø
|
9,4
|
Mesaria minima (°C)
|
?12,7
|
?11,6
|
?5,9
|
1,8
|
7,6
|
11,4
|
13,1
|
11,7
|
7,0
|
2,1
|
?3,4
|
?8,9
|
Ø
|
1,1
|
|
Prezipitazions (
mm
)
|
42
|
36
|
34
|
44
|
51
|
75
|
94
|
77
|
65
|
59
|
58
|
56
|
Σ
|
691
|
|
Eures de suredl (
h/d
)
|
1,0
|
2,5
|
4,1
|
5,7
|
8,5
|
9,2
|
8,8
|
7,6
|
4,8
|
2,5
|
1,1
|
0,6
|
Ø
|
4,7
|
|
Dis cun prezipitazions (
d
)
|
11
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
8
|
11
|
12
|
10
|
11
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
Σ
|
122
|
|
Tume (
%
)
|
85
|
83
|
78
|
71
|
64
|
67
|
72
|
77
|
81
|
83
|
86
|
87
|
Ø
|
77,8
|
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jen
|
Fau
|
Mer
|
Aur
|
Mei
|
Jun
|
Lug
|
Ago
|
Set
|
Uto
|
Nov
|
Dez
|
P
r
e
z
i
p
i
t
a
z
i
o
n
s
|
42
|
36
|
34
|
44
|
51
|
75
|
94
|
77
|
65
|
59
|
58
|
56
|
|
Jen
|
Fau
|
Mer
|
Aur
|
Mei
|
Jun
|
Lug
|
Ago
|
Set
|
Uto
|
Nov
|
Dez
| Funtana:
wetterkontor.de
[18]
|
Liej de plu tl articul:
Metro de Moscau
La metro de Moscau ie cunesciuda per si
ert
, mosaics, urnamenc y candelieresc. L fova stata giaurida tl 1935 y fova bel snel deventeda n pez zentrel tl sistem de trasport de la zita.
- ↑
https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/
.
- ↑
"A glimpse into history"
.
mos.ru
. Archivia da
l uriginel
ai October 7, 2021
. Trat ite ai
September 21,
2021
.
- ↑
According to the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
- ↑
Brade, Isolde; Rudolph, Robert (2004). "Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas".
Area
.
Wiley
.
36
(1): 69?80.
doi
:
10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x
.
JSTOR
20004359
.
- ↑
aldo dl
MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index
- ↑
McEvoy, Jemima.
"Where The Richest Live: The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2022"
.
Forbes
(per inglese)
. Trat ite ai
2022-07-06
.
- ↑
"FIFA World Cup kicks off in Russia"
.
The New Indian Express
. Archivia da
l uriginel
ai August 2, 2021
. Trat ite ai
March 20,
2021
.
- ↑
Fal tles notes: Errore nell'uso del marcatore
<ref>
: non e stato indicato alcun testo per il marcatore
Planete Energies
- ↑
"Moscow parks"
.
Bridge To Moscow
. Trat ite ai
May 27,
2020
.
- ↑
"
The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World
Archived
nuvember 22, 2022, te la
Wayback Machine
". John F. Richards (2006).
University of California Press
. p. 260.
ISBN
0-520-24678-0
- ↑
Абецедарский, Л. С. (1978).
Белоруссия и Россия
(per russo). Москва. p. 213.
- ↑
П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
- ↑
Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster
Archived
nuvember 22, 2022, te la
Wayback Machine
. John T. Alexander (2002).
Oxford University Press US
. p. 17.
ISBN
0-19-515818-0
- ↑
M.S. Anderson,
Peter the Great
(1978) p. 13
- ↑
Melikishvili, Alexander (2006).
"Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period"
(PDF)
.
Critical Reviews in Microbiology
.
36
(1): 19?31.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.204.1976
.
doi
:
10.1080/10408410500496763
.
PMID
16610335
.
S2CID
7420734
. Archivia da
l uriginel
(PDF)
ai November 23, 2009
. Trat ite ai
March 22,
2020
.
- ↑
"
The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars
". Albert Seaton, Michael Youens (1979). p. 29.
ISBN
0-88254-167-6
- ↑
Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770?1880",
Russian Review
(2008) 67#2 pp. 243?274.
- ↑
wetterkontor.de