??????

**??????**
**London**
	?????? ? ????? ????? : ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? , ???? ?????? , ?????? ??? , ??? ????? ?????? , ???? ?- Underground , ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ??
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???	1,579 ??"?
????	24 ?????
? ?????? ??????	Biggin Hill ( 245 ??? )
?????????	‏
? ????	8,799,728 (2021)
? ? ?????????	15,010,295 (2013)
???????????	51°30′25″N 0°07′39″W / 51.50694°N 0.12750°W
???? ???	UTC
	london.gov.uk
	??? ????? ; ??? ?????? ; (???? ?????? ??????? ?????) ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???'??? ???? ????????' ?????? ?????? ??????' ????????? ; ??????? ; ??? ; ?????? ; ???? ; ????? ; ????????? ; ??????? ; ???? ?????? ??? ; ????? ; ?????? ????? ; ????????? ; ?????? (???? ?????? ?????) ??? ???? ??. ???. ??????????? ???? ??????

??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? (?????????) .

?????? (? ?????? : London , ‏ ????? ^ⓘ‏ ^?‏; ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? : /‎?l?nd?n/ ) ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? , ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? , ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????, ????? ???? ????????? . ^[1] ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ? ??? ??????? . ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?? "?????? ????", ????? ??? ?????? "??????".

?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????: ?????, ????, ?????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ????? ?????, ???? ???????, ??????? ????????, ???? ??????, ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??"? ????? ???????????. ^[2] ???? ?? ??, ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ^{[????? ?????]} ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ^[2] ????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? 2012, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ??300 ???? ??????? ??? ????????. ??2017, ???? ?????????? ??8,825,000 ??????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? (???? ???????? ? ?????? ). ???? ?????? ????? ??12.5% ?????????? ?????? ???????. ^[3] ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??15 ?????? ??????, ^[4] ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 1831 ?-1925.

??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????: ????? ?????? , ??? ??? ; ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? , ???? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ; ????????? ????????? ??????' , ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????' , ?? ???? 0, ??? ???? ??????' . ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? , ? ??? ?? , ? ?????? ??? , ???? ??????? , ?????? ??? ??? , ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? . ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?????????, ??????, ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? , ??????? ???? ????? , ??????? ??????? , ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? . ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????

???-???????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????: ?????? ?? ??? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ? ??? ??????? . ???? ????? ??? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???3,500 ??? ???? ????? . ???? 2010 ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? 6,500 ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???, ? ?????? ????????? , ???? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.

?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???? 43 ??????, ??? ????????? . ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? 61 ??? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ???? 100 ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????'??? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? . ???? ??????, ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??60,000 ??????.

?????? ???????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 450, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? . ???? 500 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????' , ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????????' ???? ??????, ?? ????? 680 ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? 886, ??? "????? ????" ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? . ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.

????? ??11, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? , ????? ???? ?????? ??????? , ???? ???? ?????? ????? , ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????, ???? ????'??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????, ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???.

??? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ? ??? ????????? , ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? , ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1066. ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? 1097 , ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????, ??? ? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????????? .

????? ???? ??12 , ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? (????? ?? ?????????) ? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????????????????, ????? ??????, ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? , ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? 1100, ????????? ???? ???? ??18,000 ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? 100,000.

???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????. ???? 1381, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? .

????? ??? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? , ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? . ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ??. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? 1530 ?? 1538 ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? . ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? (????? ?????? ? ????? ), ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ???? , ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.

???? ??? ?????? ????

????? ??????. ????? ?? ????, ???? ????

?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1555 ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? 1600 ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???????? ???? 1572 ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? (??? ??????? ) ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? . ???? 1565 ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??100 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??100,000 ?????? ???? 1580 ??200,000 ???? 1600 ???400,000 ???? 1650.

????? ???? ??16 , ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????. ?? ???, ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? (????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?'???? ?????? ) ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ????, ??? ????? ???????. ???, ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????, ?? ???? ??17. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????? , ????? 1665?1666, ??? ???? ?-100,000 ??????, ?????? ?????????? ????.

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1666, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? , ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? . ???? 1708 ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? , ?? ??? ???????? ?? . ?????? ????? ??? ????? , ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? , ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? , ?????? ????. ????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????.

???? 1762, ??? ???? ?'???' ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ? ????? ????? 75 ????. ????? ???? ??18 , ???? ?????? ???? ????? 1750 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? 200 ??????, ? ????? ???? , ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??? 74 ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ?'????? , ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??, ??? ??: "?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??, ?????! ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ??????; ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????".

????? ??19 ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? 1831 ??1925. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? , ????? 14,000 ??????? ??1848, ??6,000 ??1866. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????????????????: ?? ???? ???? ??19 ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ???? 1889, ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? . ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? , ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ??30,000 ???????? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??????, ???? 1948, ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? ???? .

???? 1951 ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????' ??? . ???? 1952, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??4,000 ??????, ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? , ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?'????? , ???? , ?????? ? ?????? , ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????.

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?'??? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? . ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? 1981, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? 8.6 ?????? ?????? ??1939 ??? ???? ??????? ???6.8 ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??50. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???, ??? 1980 ?? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????: ???? ? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 1986, ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? 2000, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? . ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ???? ????????, ? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???????? . ??6 ????? 2005 ???? ?????? ? ???? ???????? , ?????? ?? ??????????? ?-2012 , ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.

???? 1999 ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ??7 ????? 2005, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? . ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ?? 52 ??????.

????? "??????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?? " ?????? ???? ", ????? ??? ?????? "??????". ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? " ????? ?? ?????? " (City of London) ?? ?????? "?????", ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????. ????? ?? 32 ????? (boroughs), ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ???, ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? M25 ??? "??????", ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??????

?????? ????? ??????? (2011) ^[5]
??????: 3,957,984 (52.9%) ???????: 1,012,823 (13.5%) ??????: 411,291 (5.5%) ??????: 148,602 (2.0%) ?????: 126,134 (1.7%) ?????????: 82,026 (1.1%) ?????: 47,970 (0.6%) ???? ??: 1,694,372 (22.6%)

?????? ?????? ??????? (2011) ^[6]
?????: 4,887,435 (59.8%) ???????: 1,511,546 (18.5%) ??????: 1,088,640 (13.3%) ??? ??????: 405,279 (5.0%) ?????: 281,041 (3.4%)

???? 2011 ???? ???? ??????? 8 ?????? ??????. ????? 59.8% ?? ?????, 20.9% ??????? , 15.6% ?????? ????? ??????? , ????? ???????? , ?-5% ???????. ?????? ????? ???: 48.4% ?????? , 20.7% ??? ??, 12.4% ??????? , 5% ????? , 1.8% ?????? , ?-1.5% ????? . 21.8% ???????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? .

? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?-15 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? 20 ??????? ?????.

????????? ?????? ?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ???????

??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?-150 ??? ?????? , ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? - ?????? ???? (Golders Green), ????? (Hendon) ? ????'?? (Finchley). ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ???? ?????? , ????? ??????? ??? (Stamford Hill) ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? 50,000 ?????. ^[7] ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? , ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ?? ????? ???? ????????? , ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ????"? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??? ??? ? ????? ????????.

??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????? , ??? ???? ????? ?? ??"? ??????????,‏ Independent Jewish Day School‏, JFS, King Solomon‏ ?"????????". ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? FZY, ??? ????? , ???? , ?????? ???? ????? ?' ??"?, ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?'???? ??????? . ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????

?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? 18.7 ????? ?????? . ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? 5.5 ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ??? 601.7 ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????

????? ???????
????	?????	??????	???	?????	???	????	????	??????	??????	???????	??????	?????	???
???????? ????? ????? ?????? (C°)	8.1	8.4	11.3	14.2	17.9	21.0	23.5	23.2	19.9	15.5	11.1	8.3	15.2
???????? ????? ?????? ?????? (C°)	2.3	2.1	3.9	5.5	8.7	11.7	13.9	13.7	11.4	8.4	4.9	2.7	7.5
?????? ??????? (?"?)	55.2	40.9	41.6	43.7	49.4	45.1	44.5	49.5	49.1	68.5	59.0	55.2	601.7
????: London Heathrow Airport

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???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?" ??? ??? " ????? ????????? (??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? West End ???? ?????? ????? ?"????", ?????? ?????? ?? ????). ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????.

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?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ??????: ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? , ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? , ??????????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????? ????? , ??????? ???????? ??????? (??????) , ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? , ??????? ??????????? ???????? , ??????? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? . ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

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??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????:

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??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? , ???? ?????? ????? - ??? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? .

????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? .

???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? 1908 , 1948 ?- 2012 , ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ^[8]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ???? ?????? 43 ????????????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????:

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?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?-"Tube" (??? ???? ????? ?- 1863 ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????), ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??, ????????? ???????? (?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????), ????? ???? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????? . ??? ??, ???? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?-"Mini-Cabs", ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????.

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^ ?????? ??????? ?
^ ¹ ² ????
^ Focus on London - Population and Migration | London DataStore
^ The London Plan - Introduction - Positioning London
^ "2011 Census: QS208EW - Religion group" , NOMIS
^ "2011 Census: QS201EW - Ethnic group" , NOMIS
^ Mick Brown, ? Inside the private world of London's ultra-Orthodox Jews , The Telegraph , 25 February 2011
^ ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? 1944 , ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
^ ????? ??????? - ??? - ???? ????
^ ???? ?????

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^ UNITED KINGDOM: Countries and Major Cities
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	1	??????	??????	8,888,608	11	???????	??????	370,185	?????? ???????
	2	?????????	??????	1,161,258	12	???????	??????	355,703
	3	??????	???????	631,690	13	??????	?????	349,780
	4	???????	??????	586,781	14	?????	???? ??????	340,000
	5	???????	??????	576,561	15	?????????	??????	306,573
	6	???'???	??????	560,392	16	???????? ?? ????	??????	295,179
	7	?????	??????	525,142	17	??????? ?? ?????	??????	281,727
	8	????	??????	515,947	18	????	??????	269,053
	9	????????	???????	505,310	19	????'??????	??????	266,934
	10	????	??????	487,837	20	????'??????	??????	245,899

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[autogenerated1-2] ¹ ² ????

[3] Focus on London - Population and Migration | London DataStore

[4] The London Plan - Introduction - Positioning London

[5] "2011 Census: QS208EW - Religion group" , NOMIS

[6] "2011 Census: QS201EW - Ethnic group" , NOMIS

[7] Mick Brown, ? Inside the private world of London's ultra-Orthodox Jews , The Telegraph , 25 February 2011

[8] ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? 1944 , ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

[9] ????? ??????? - ??? - ???? ????

[10] ???? ?????

[11] UNITED KINGDOM: Countries and Major Cities

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