Henry VIII c?a Anh

Henry VIII c?a Anh
	Vua Henry VIII vao n?m 1540 ho? ph?m c?a Hans Holbein the Younger
Qu?c v??ng n??c Anh
T?i v?	21 thang 4, 1509 ? 28 thang 1, 1547 ; (37 n?m, 282 ngay)
đ?ng quang	24 thang 6 n?m 1509
Ti?n nhi?m	Henry VII
K? nhi?m	Edward VI
Than v??ng x? Wales
T?i v?	18 thang 2 n?m 1504 ? 22 thang 4 n?m 1509 (5 n?m, 63 ngay)
Ti?n nhi?m	Arthur c?a Anh
K? nhi?m	Edward c?a Anh
Thong tin chung
Sinh	28 thang 6, 1491 ; Lau đai Placentia, Greenwich
M?t	28 thang 1, 1547 ; Lau đai Whitehall , Luan đon
An tang	4 thang 2 n?m 1547 Nha nguy?n St. George, Lau đai Windsor
Ph?i ng?u	Catalina x? Aragon ; Anne Boleyn ; Jane Seymour ; Anna x? Kleve ; Catherine Howard ; Catherine Parr
H?u du?	Henry, Cong t??c x? Cornwall ; Mary I c?a Anh ; Elizabeth I c?a Anh ; Edward VI c?a Anh ; Henry FitzRoy, Cong t??c Richmond va Somerset (con ngo?i hon) ; cung nhi?u ng??i con ch?t y?u khac ;
V??ng t?c	Nha Tudor
Than ph?	Henry VII c?a Anh
Than m?u	Elizabeth x? York
Ton giao	Anh giao , ; (c?i đ?o t? Cong giao La Ma )
Ch? ky

Henry VIII ( 28 thang 6 n?m 1491 ? 28 thang 1 n?m 1547 ) la Qu?c v??ng c?a n??c Anh t? ngay 21 thang 4 n?m 1509 cho đ?n khi b?ng ha . Ong la Lanh chua, v? sau la Vua c?a Ireland. Gi?ng cac vua Anh khac, ong t? nh?n danh hi?u Qu?c v??ng Phap. Henry la vua th? hai thu?c Nha Tudor , k? v? ph? v??ng Henry VII .

Ngoai sau cu?c hon nhan, Henry VIII con n?i ti?ng do đa tach Giao h?i Anh kh?i Giao h?i Cong giao Roma . S? tranh ch?p c?a Henry đ?i v?i Roma d?n đ?n cu?c ly giao c?a Giao h?i Anh kh?i th?m quy?n giao hoang , gi?i th? cac tu vi?n , va nha vua đ?m nh?n v? tri lanh đ?o t?i cao c?a Giao h?i Anh. Tuy nhien, Henry v?n duy tri ni?m tin vao giao ly Cong giao, ngay c? sau khi ong b? v? tuy?t thong . ^[1]

Henry đ??c xem la m?t quan v??ng h?c th?c, cu?n hut, va thanh cong, đ??c ca t?ng nh? la "m?t trong nh?ng đ? v??ng đ?y s?c thu hut t?ng ng?i tren ngai vang n??c Anh ." ^[2]^[3] Nha vua c?ng vi?t sach va sang tac nh?c. Khao khat c?a Henry co m?t con trai đ? k? v? - m?t ph?n do tinh huy?n ho?c c?a nha vua, ph?n khac do ong tin r?ng m?t N? v??ng s? khong đ? n?ng l?c đ? c?ng c? tri?u đ?i Tudor va duy tri n?n hoa binh mong manh c?a đ?t n??c sau Chi?n tranh Hoa H?ng ^[4] - d?n đ?n hai s? ki?n đang ghi nh? v? th?i tr? vi c?a nha vua: sau cu?c hon nhan nhi?u u?n khuc, va vai tro c?a nha vua nh? la nhan t? kh?i phat thuc đ?y ti?n trinh c?i cach ton giao t?i n??c Anh , v? sau đa khi?n đ?t n??c nay tr? thanh m?t qu?c gia Khang Cach l?i duy tri m?t s? truy?n th?ng Cong giao. Cu?i đ?i, Henry tr? nen beo phi, s?c kh?e suy gi?m; hinh ?nh ong trong m?t th?n dan ch? con la m?t ong vua dam đang, ich k?, kh?c nghi?t, va tam ly b?t ?n. ^[5]

Thi?u th?i [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Chao đ?i t?i Lau đai Greenwich, Henry VIII la con th? ba va la con trai th? hai c?a Henry VII va Elizabeth x? York. ^[6] Trong sau anh em c?a Henry ch? co ba ng??i con s?ng cho đ?n tu?i tr??ng thanh: Arthur, Than v??ng x? Wales , Margaret Tudor , va Mary Tudor . ^[7] Henry đ??c Richard Fox, Giam m?c Exeter lam l? r?a t?i t?i tu vi?n dong Phan-xi-co g?n lau đai. ^[8] Henry th? h??ng n?n giao d?c hang đ?u t? cac giao t?p trong cung, thong th?o ti?ng Latin , ti?ng Phap , m?t it ti?ng Tay Ban Nha , va ti?ng Hi L?p c?. ^[9]^[10] B?i vi Than v??ng Arthur, anh c?a Henry, đa đ??c ch?n lam ng??i k? v?, Henry đ??c chu?n b? cho m?t ch?c v? trong giao h?i. Elizabeth x? York, m? c?a Henry, qua đ?i khi c?u m?i 11 tu?i. ^[9]^[10]

N?m 1502 , Arthur lia đ?i ? tu?i 15, ch? 20 tu?n l? sau khi k?t hon v?i Catalina c?a Aragon , ^[11] đ? l?i m?i ngh?a v? va k? v?ng tren vai c?u em trai Henry m?i 10 tu?i. Thang 9 n?m 1502, Henry k? v? anh trai đ? tr? thanh Cong t??c x? Cornwall , r?i Than v??ng x? Wales , va Ba t??c Chester vao thang 2 n?m 1503. ^[12] Do mu?n c?ng c? lien minh quan s? gi?a Anh va Tay Ban Nha , Henry VII bu?c con trai th? hai c?a minh k?t hon v?i Catalina, con gai c?a Qu?c v??ng Ferrando II va N? v??ng Isabel I, ^[11] ch? m?t th?i gian ng?n khi Arthur lia đ?i, v?i s? quy?t tam t? Isabel va Henry VII. ^[13] Henry, m?i 11 tu?i, khong đ??c phep s?ng chung v?i Catalina l?n h?n c?u n?m tu?i; hai ben đ??c yeu c?u ph?i ch? đ?i. ^[14] Song, do N? v??ng Isabel I qua đ?i n?m 1504, r?i nh?ng v?n đ? n?y sinh t? vi?c k? v? v??ng qu?c Castilla, đa lam thay đ?i v? th? c?a Catalina. Cha co, Ferrando, mu?n co ? l?i Anh trong c??ng v? đ?i s? cho Tay Ban Nha, nh?ng m?i quan h? gi?a Henry VII va Ferrando đa x?u đi. ^[15]

Sau khi Henry VII b?ng ha ngay 22 thang 4, 1509, tan v??ng tuyen b? k?t hon v?i Catalina. ^[16]^[17] Henry VIII cho r?ng đo la ??c mu?n c?a vua cha tr??c khi t? tr?n. Du đi?u nay co th?t hay khong, thi cu?c hon nhan la ich l?i cho Henry vao th?i đi?m ?y: Hoang đ? Maximilian I c?a đ? qu?c La Ma thanh mu?n g? chau gai, Leonor c?a Castilla , cho Henry. ^[18]

Tr? vi: 1509 ? 1525 [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Hai ngay sau khi đ?ng quang, Henry ra l?nh b?t gi? hai quan đ?i th?n đang suy gi?m uy tin, Sir Richard Empson va Edmund Dudley. H? b? bu?c t?i ph?n lo?n r?i b? x? t? n?m 1510. đo la chi?n thu?t đ??c Henry th??ng xuyen ap d?ng đ?i v?i nh?ng ai b? xem la đang ngang tr? b??c ti?n c?a ong. ^[6]

Henry c? cong to đi?m hinh ?nh c?a minh nh? la m?t nha lanh đ?o uyen bac, cung vua tr? thanh đ?a đi?m sang t?o trong ngh? thu?t va h?c thu?t. B?n than nha vua c?ng la m?t nh?c s?, tac gia, va thi s?. Xung quanh nha vua la nh?ng nh?c s? nh? Benedict de Opitiis, Richard Sampson, Ambrose, va ngh? s? phong c?m đ?n t? Venice, Dionisio Memo. Henry co m?t b? s?u t?p cac lo?i nh?c c?; nha vua s? d?ng thanh th?o đan lute, organ, va đan virginals; nha vua t? ra xu?t s?c trong x??ng am va hat. ^[19] Henry r?t thich ch?i bai va xuc s?c, gi?i trong cac mon th? thao, nh?t la c??i ng?a đ?u th??ng, s?n b?n, va qu?n v?t.

Henry c?ng n?i ti?ng la ng??i sung đ?o, va nhi?t tinh b?o v? đ?o giao. ^[7] Nha vua vi?t quy?n Assertio Septem Sacramentorum cong kich nha c?i cach ton giao ng??i đ?c Martin Luther va bi?n minh cho giao ly Cong giao nh? cac bi tich, l? Misa, va quy?n t?i th??ng c?a Giao hoang. Giao hoang Leo X r?t hai long va ban t?ng Henry danh hi?u Fidei Defensor (Ng??i B?o v? đ?c tin). ^[20]

N??c Phap va Nha Habsburg [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

N?m 1511, Giao hoang Julius II cong b? Lien minh thanh ch?ng l?i n??c Phap. Lien minh m?i nay phat tri?n nhanh chong v?i s? gia nh?p c?a Tay Ban Nha, đ? qu?c La Ma thanh, va Anh. Henry quy?t đ?nh n?m l?y c? h?i đ? m? r?ng lanh th? ? phia b?c n??c Phap. Ong ch?m d?t Hi?p ??c Westminster, cam k?t h? tr? Tay Ban Nha ch?ng Phap vao thang 11 n?m 1511, va chu?n b? cho cu?c chi?n Lien minh Cambrai.

N?m 1513, Henry xam l?n n??c Phap, quan Anh đanh b?i quan Phap trong Tr?n Spurs. M?c du anh r? ong, James IV c?a Scotland , xam l?ng n??c Anh theo yeu c?u c?a Louis XII c?a Phap , ^[21] Henry v?n khong ch?u lui binh. V??ng h?u Catalina, đang n?m quy?n nhi?p chinh khi Henry v?ng m?t, lanh đ?o quan Anh đanh b?i quan Scotland trong Tr?n Flodden vao ngay 9 thang 9, 1513. James IV thi?t m?ng trong chi?n tr?n, ch?m d?t s? can thi?p ng?n ng?i c?a Scotland .

Ngay 18 thang 2, 1516, Catalina sinh cho Henry ng??i con duy nh?t con s?ng đ?n tu?i tr??ng thanh, V??ng n? Mary (tr??c đo, n?m 1511, Catalina sinh m?t con trai la Henry, Cong t??c x? Cornwall nh?ng ch? s?ng vai tu?n sau khi chao đ?i).

Quy?n l?c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Chinh quy?n va tai chinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tinh tr?ng tai chinh n??c Anh g?n nh? la m?t th?m h?a trong nh?ng n?m tr? vi c?a Henry, m?c du nha vua th?a h??ng m?t n?n kinh t? th?nh v??ng (ch?a k? đ?t đai c?a giao h?i b? t?ch thu lam gia t?ng tai s?n c?a hoang gia). S? tieu xai hoang phi c?a nha vua cung s?u cao thu? n?ng đa tan pha n?n kinh t?. ^[22]^[23] L?y thi d?, Henry gia t?ng s? l??ng tau cho H?i quan Hoang gia t? 5 chi?c len đ?n 53 chi?c. Say me cac toa lau đai, khi đ?ng quang Henry co m?t ta, khi b?ng ha con s? nay la 55 v?i 2 000 chi?c th?m theu. ^[24] đ? so sanh, vua n??c lang gi?ng va la chau c?a Henry, James V c?a Scotland , ch? co n?m lau đai v?i 200 t?m th?m theu. ^[25] Henry hanh di?n khi khoe khoang b? s?u t?p v? khi c?a minh, trong đo co b? thi?t b? cung ten ngo?i nh?p, 2 250 mon quan nhu, va 6 500 sung ng?n. ^[26]

Khi m?i len ngoi, Henry ph? thu?c nhi?u vao cac c? v?n, nh?ng v? sau nha vua n?m toan quy?n. T? n?m 1514 đ?n 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530), m?t h?ng y Cong giao, lam t? t??ng, trong th?c t? ki?m soat chinh sach ngo?i giao va n?i tr? cho ong vua tr?. Ong th??ng th?o m?t cu?c h?u chi?n v?i Phap. Ong đa d?n d?t n??c Anh luc ti?n luc thoai trong vai tro đ?ng minh v?i Phap l?n đ? qu?c La Ma thanh. Wolsey t?p trung quy?n l?c v? chinh quy?n trung ??ng. Song, ch? tr??ng c?a Wolsey s? d?ng cac kho?n n? b?t bu?c đ? tai tr? cho cac cu?c vi?n chinh cung s? l??ng tai s?n kh?ng l? va n?p s?ng pho tr??ng c?a ong gay c?m ph?n trong gi?i giau co ? Anh. R?i Wolsey lam nha vua th?t v?ng vi khong th? giup ong xoa b? cu?c hon nhan v?i V??ng h?u Catalina. Ngan kh? tr?ng r?ng sau nhi?u n?m tieu xai hoang phi, va khi s? b?t man dang cao Henry c?n co gi?i phap m?i: Wolsey b? thay th?. Sau 16 n?m s?ng tren đ?nh cao danh v?ng va quy?n l?c, n?m 1529 Wolsey b? th?t s?ng, n?m sau ong b? b?t gi?, b? gan t?i ph?n lo?n, r?i ch?t trong tu. S? s?p đ? c?a Wolsey la l?i c?nh bao cho Giao hoang va gi?i t?ng l? ? Anh v? nh?ng gi h? s? đ?i di?n n?u khong thu?n theo y nha vua. Henry toan quy?n cai tr? đ?t n??c, m?c cho cac phe phai trong tri?u v?n ti?p t?c đ?u đa va tr? kh? l?n nhau.

Geoffrey Elton (1962) suy lu?n r?ng co m?t cu?c cach m?ng quan tr?ng x?y ra trong tri?u. M?c du th?a nh?n Henry la m?t quan v??ng thong minh s?c s?o, Elton tim th?y ph?n đong gop l?n lao trong cac đ?ng thai tich c?c, nh?t la quy?t đ?nh tach r?i kh?i Ro-ma, la do Thomas Cromwell ch? khong ph?i nha vua. Elton nh?n th?y Henry la nha lanh đ?o tai n?ng nh?ng ong khong đ? kien nh?n đ? theo đu?i nh?ng k? ho?ch lau dai; đung h?n, nha vua la m?t k? c? h?i, nh? ng??i khac đ?a ra cac y t??ng va s? d?ng h? đ? đ?t đ?n m?c đich. Nh?ng cu?c phieu l?u tinh ai c?a Henry la m?t ph?n trong chu?i ch?ng c? c?a Elton; m?t ng??i đan ong k?t hon đ?n sau l?n, theo Elton, khong th? la ng??i co th? ki?m soat s? ph?n c?a minh. Elton nh?n ra r?ng chinh Thomas Cromwell la ng??i đa hinh thanh y ni?m v? m?t n??c Anh th?nh v??ng v?i s? tham gia tich c?c c?a ng??i dan thong qua Qu?c h?i, va đo la s? kh?i đ?u cho m?t nha n??c phap quy?n. C?n co s? chu?n thu?n c?a Qu?c h?i khong co ngh?a la nha vua nh??ng b?; Henry la nha cai tr? chuyen ch?, ch?a bao gi? t? ra ng?n ng?i khi s? d?ng quy?n l?c c?a minh. S? đ?ng thu?n c?a ng??i dan ch? giup lam t?ng ch? khong h?n ch? quy?n l?c hoang gia. ^[27]

C?i cach ton giao [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Henry ch?a bao gi? chinh th?c bac b? th?n h?c Cong giao, nh?ng t? n?m 1534, nha vua t? nh?n minh la nha lanh đ?o t?i cao c?a giao h?i t?i Anh. Quy?t đ?nh nay, k?t h?p v?i nh?ng đ?ng thai k? ti?p nhau, d?n da hinh thanh nen m?t giao h?i tach r?i kh?i Ro-ma, Giao h?i Anh. Henry va cac c? v?n c?a ong c?m th?y r?ng Giao hoang, trong cac v?n đ? th? t?c, đang hanh đ?ng nh? la m?t v??ng quy?n Y , do đo lam lu m? vai tro lanh đ?o ton giao c?a ong. Vi quy?n l?i qu?c gia, Henry ngay cang c?m th?y kho ch?p nh?n khi nh?ng v?n đ? n?i chinh quan tr?ng c?a n??c Anh đ?u đ??c quy?t đ?nh b?i ng??i Y . S? ki?n h?y hon v?i Catalina la m?t thi d? đi?n hinh nh?ng chinh no khong ph?i la nguyen nhan c?a s? vi?c. ^[28]

Cu?c c?i cach giao h?i do Henry ti?n hanh kh?i phat t? nh?ng nguyen nhan ph?c t?p h?n ch? khong ch? đ?n thu?n la khao khat c?a nha vua mu?n co v? m?i va co con trai đ? k? v?. Henry kh?ng đ?nh r?ng cu?c hon nhan đ?u tien ch?a bao gi? la h?p l?, nh?ng vi?c h?y hon ch? la m?t trong nh?ng nhan t? khi?n Henry mu?n c?i cach giao h?i. T? n?m 1532-1537, Henry ban hanh m?t lo?t đ?o lu?t lien quan đ?n m?i quan h? gi?a nha vua v?i Giao hoang, va v? c? c?u t? ch?c c?a Giao h?i Anh. Trong giai đo?n nay, Henry gi?i th? cac tu vi?n va nh?ng đi?n th? hanh h??ng nh? la m?t ph?n trong n? l?c c?i cach giao h?i. Nha vua luon th? gi? vai tro ch? ch?t trong vi?c ra quy?t sach v? ton giao; chinh sach nay, đ??c ong kien tri theo đu?i, co th? đ??c mieu t? chinh xac nh?t la đi theo đ??ng l?i trung dung. ^[29]

Gi?i th? cac tu vi?n [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tren kh?p n??c Anh co r?t nhi?u c? s? ton giao s? h?u nhi?u đ?t đai cho ta đi?n thue m??n đ? canh tac. T? n?m 1536-1541, Henry gi?i th? cac c? s? ton giao va chuy?n đ?i m?t ph?n n?m đ?t canh tac c?a n??c Anh sang tay ch? m?i. K? ho?ch đ??c thi?t k? nh?m t?o ra m?t gi?i quy t?c ch?u ?n nha vua, h? la nh?ng ng??i s? d?ng đ?t canh tac hi?u qu? h?n.

Henry ti?n hanh m?t s? thay đ?i trong cung cach hanh đ?o. Nha vua ra l?nh cho gi?i t?ng l? thuy?t gi?ng ch?ng l?i cac lo?i ?nh t??ng me tin, cac thanh tich, cac lo?i phep l?, va vi?c hanh h??ng, c?ng nh? d?i b? cac chan n?n. Sach d?y giao ly n?m 1545, g?i la King’s Primer , lo?i b? cac thanh. Nghi l? c? hanh b?ng ti?ng Latin nh??ng ch? cho ti?ng Anh. đi?n th? cac thanh b? h?y b?, va cac thanh tich b? ch? gi?u nh? la nh?ng b? x??ng kho vo gia tr?.

Nh?ng ng??i tinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Khong nh? m?i ng??i v?n ngh? v? ong, Henry khong co qua nhi?u m?i quan h? ngoai hon nhan, co th? xac đ?nh ch?c ch?n la tr??ng h?p c?a hai ng??i tinh: Elizabeth Blount va Mary Boleyn. ^[30] M?t khac, c?ng kho co th? noi Henry khong co ai khac ngoai hai ng??i tinh k? tren; Alison Weir tin r?ng Henry dinh liu đ?n nhi?u m?i quan h? ng?n ng?i va bi m?t, h?u h?t đ?u di?n ra ? toa nha Jordan House ben b? song. ^[31]

Thang 6, 1519, Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount sinh cho Henry m?t con trai ngo?i hon, Henry FitzRoy. C?u be đ??c t?n phong Cong t??c Richmond thang 6, 1525 trong k? ho?ch ti?n hanh t?ng b??c m?t đ? h?p phap hoa đ?a con ngo?i hon. N?m 1533, FitzRoy k?t hon v?i Mary Howard, em h? c?a Anne Boleyn, nh?ng FitzRoy ch?t ba n?m sau đo ma khong co con.

Mary Boleyn la ng??i tinh c?a Henry tr??c khi em gai co, Anne Boleyn , tr? thanh v? th? hai c?a nha vua. Tr??c đo co thu?c đoan tuy tung c?a Catalina. đa co đ?n đ?i r?ng hai con c?a Mary, Catherine va Henry, la con c?a nha vua, nh?ng Henry ch?a bao gi? th?a nh?n đi?u nay nh? ong đa lam v?i Henry FitzRoy.

N?m 1510, ng??i ta tin r?ng Henry co quan h? v?i em gai c?a Edward Stafford, Cong t??c Buckingham, la Anne Hastings, N? Cong t??c Huntingdon, ^[32] khi?n Stafford gi?n d?, va Lord George Hastings, ch?ng c?a Anne, g?i co vao m?t tu vi?n. Eustace Chapuys vi?t, "ch?ng c?a ng??i ph? n? ?y đem v? đ?n m?t tu vi?n cach xa 60 d?m đ? khong ai con th?y co". ^[33]

Tieu hon: 1525-1533 [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Henry m?t kien nh?n v?i vi?c Catalina khong co kh? n?ng sinh con trai đ? n?i ngoi. Ngo?i tr? Mary, cac con c?a Catalina đ?u ch?t khi con nh?, ^[34] ma Henry khao khat co m?t con trai đ? c?ng c? quy?n l?c tri?u đ?i Tudor.

N?m 1525, Henry ph?i long m?t thi?u n? quy?n r? trong đoan tuy tung c?a V??ng h?u, Anne Boleyn . ^[35] Luc đ?u, Anne kh??c t? m?i m?i m?c c?a Henry, va t? ch?i tr? thanh ng??i tinh c?a nha vua nh? ch? co, Mary Boleyn t?ng lam. Co noi: "Toi kh?n thi?t nai xin hoang th??ng t? b? y đ?nh ?y. Toi tha m?t m?ng s?ng con h?n đanh m?t s? chan th?t c?a minh." ^[31]^:160 L?i kh??c t? c?a co gai lam co tr? nen quy?n r? h?n, khi?n nha vua cang kien tri theo đu?i co.

Cu?i cung, khi nh?n th?y nh?ng c? h?i thu?n l?i khi đ??c nha vua say me, Anne bay t? s? c??ng quy?t ch? nh?n l?i n?u co chinh th?c tr? thanh V??ng h?u. ^[36] Nha vua quy?t tam h?y b? hon nhan v?i Catalina. ^[37] Henry tr?c ti?p th?nh c?u Giao hoang ma khong thong qua H?ng y Thomas Wolsey. Th? ky c?a Henry, William Knight, đ??c sai đ?n g?p Giao hoang Clemente VII đ? xin h?y hon v?i l?p lu?n s?c th? do Giao hoang Giulio II ban hanh la khong co c? s?, b?i vi cu?c hon nhan ng?n ng?i gi?a Catalina v?i Arthur đa đ??c cong nh?n la hoan h?p (hai ng??i đa nen v? ch?ng trong khue phong). Vi v?y, Henry th?nh c?u đ??c phep tai hon.

Tuy nhien, khi ?y Giao hoang đang b? qu?n thuc b?i chau c?a Catalina, Hoang đ? Karl V , r?t kho kh?n Knight m?i co th? g?p Giao hoang, va c?ng ch? xoay x? xin đ??c quy ch? tai hon co đi?u ki?n. Henry bu?c ph?i nh? Wolsey. Wolsey lam m?i đi?u co th? đ? nha vua hai long, ong tri?u t?p m?t phien toa giao h?i t?i Anh v?i s? co m?t c?a đ?c s? c?a Giao hoang. ^[36]

V? Henry VIII c?a Shakespeare mieu t? chinh xac hanh đ?ng ngo?n m?c c?a Catalina t?i phien toa. Ba qu? ph?c tr??c Henry, kh?n nai nha vua, va trinh bay s? vi?c cach thuy?t ph?c, r?i r?i kh?i phien toa trong n??c m?t. Charles V ch?ng l?i vi?c h?y hon du khong ch?c la ong co nhi?u ?nh h??ng tren Giao hoang. Du v?y, Henry tin r?ng Giao hoang s? khong cho phep h?y b? cu?c hon nhan v?i co c?a hoang đ? ^[38] Giao hoang c?m Henry tai hon cho đ?n khi co quy?t đ?nh đ?n t? Roma, ch? khong ph?i t?i Anh. Tin r?ng Wolsey la k? ph?n b?i, Anne Boleyn duy tri ap l?c cho đ?n khi Wolsey b? bai nhi?m n?m 1529. Sau khi m?t ch?c, Wolsey nai xin Anne giup ong ph?c h?i quy?n l?c nh?ng b? t? ch?i. Wolsey am m?u l?u đay Anne, đ?ng th?i b?t lien l?c v?i V??ng h?u Catalina va Giao hoang đ? th?c hi?n k? ho?ch. Khi am m?u b? b?i l?, Henry ra l?nh b?t gi? Wolsey; n?u khong ch?t vi b?nh t?t n?m 1530, co l? ong đa b? x? t? hinh vi cao bu?c ph?n qu?c. ^[39] Thay th? Wolsey, Thomas More b?t đ?u h?p tac v?i nha vua th?c thi chinh sach m?i, t?i Qu?c h?i ong len an Wolsey va cong b? quan đi?m cac nha th?n h?c t?i Oxford va Cambridge cho r?ng hon nhan gi?a Henry va Catalina la b?t h?p l?. Tuy nhien, khi Henry kh?i s? bac b? th?m quy?n c?a Giao hoang, s? e ng?i c?a More c?ng gia t?ng.

M?t n?m sau, Catalina b? tr?c xu?t kh?i tri?u đinh. Sau khi Wolsey b? th?t s?ng, quy?n l?c chinh tr? c?a Anne gia t?ng đang k?. La m?t ph? n? thong minh va h?c th?c, m?t đi?u hi?m co vao th?i ?y, Anne quan tam đ?n giao hu?n c?a nh?ng nha c?i cach Khang Cach. Khi T?ng Giam m?c Canterbury William Warham qua đ?i, Anne v?n đ?ng cho tuyen uy c?a gia đinh ba, Thomas Cranmer , đ??c b? nhi?m vao v? tri nay. Nh? s? can thi?p c?a Vua n??c Phap, s? b? nhi?m đ??c Roma chu?n thu?n. ^[40]

Ti?n trinh tach r?i kh?i Roma di?n ra ch?m ch?p. N?m 1532, m?t lu?t s? ?ng h? Anne, Thomas Cromwell, trinh Qu?c h?i cac đ?o lu?t cong nh?n th?m quy?n c?a nha vua tren giao h?i. Sau khi cac đ?o lu?t nay đ??c thong qua, Thomas More t? nhi?m, ch?c t? t??ng đ??c giao cho Cromwell. ^[41]

Hon nhan th? hai [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Mua đong n?m 1532, trong l?n h?i ki?n v?i Francis I c?a Phap t?i Calais, Henry co đ??c s? h?u thu?n c?a vua n??c Phap, ^[42] ngay khi v?a v? đ?n Dover, Anh, Henry va Anne bi m?t t? ch?c hon l?. ^[43] Anne mang thai, hai ng??i t? ch?c hon l? l?n th? hai vao ngay 25 thang 1, 1533. Ngay 23 thang 5, 1533, trong m?t phien toa đ?c bi?t t?i Dunstable Priory, Cranmer tuy?n b? cu?c hon nhan gi?a nha vua v?i Catalina khong con gia tr?. N?m ngay sau, Cranmer tuyen b? hon nhan gi?a Henry va Anne la h?p phap. ^[44]

Ngay 1 thang 6, 1533, Anne đ??c t?n phong V??ng h?u; ngay 7 thang 9, 1533 ba sinh cho nha vua m?t con gai, Elizabeth , đ??c đ?t theo ten c?a ba n?i. ^[45] V?i đ?o lu?t K? v? 1533, Qu?c h?i bac b? quy?t đ?nh c?a Giao hoang va cong nh?n hon nhan c?a Henry va Anne la h?p phap. Con gai c?a Catalina, Mary, b? xem la con b?t h?p phap, va h?u du? c?a Anne đ??c cong nh?n quy?n k? v?. M?i th?n dan đ?n tu?i tr??ng thanh đ?u đ??c yeu c?u tuyen th? ch?p nh?n đ?o lu?t; ai t? ch?i tuyen th? đ?u b? b?t giam. B?t c? ?n ph?m nao tuyen truy?n cu?c hon nhan nay la b?t h?p l? đ?u b? xem la m?u ph?n va tac gi? b? x? t? hinh.

Tach kh?i Ro-ma: 1533 ? 1540 [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Cung luc, Qu?c h?i nghiem c?m vi?c th?nh th? y ki?n Ro-ma trong cac v?n đ? ton giao c?ng nh? trong cac l?nh v?c khac, va tr?ng ph?t nh?ng ai qu?ng ba cac ch? d? c?a Giao hoang trong n??c Anh. Qu?c h?i c?ng c?m Giao h?i ban hanh cac chu?n t?c ton giao ma khong co s? chu?n thu?n c?a nha vua. Giao hoang Clement ch? con cach xet đ?n bi?n phap rut phep thong cong Henry va Thomas Cranmer, ^[46]^[47] đ?ng th?i tuyen b? quy?t đ?nh c?a Henry h?y hon v?i Catalina va hon nhan c?a Henry v?i Anne la b?t h?p l?. S? th?n c?a Giao hoang b? tri?u h?i, va bang giao gi?a Ro-ma v?i n??c Anh b? c?t đ?t. ^[40]

Them m?t s? đ?o lu?t đ??c thong qua yeu c?u gi?i t?ng l? b?u ch?n cac Giam m?c la nh?ng ng??i đ??c nha vua đ? c?. đ?o lu?t Quy?n T?i th??ng n?m 1534 tuyen b? nha vua la "Nha lanh đ?o duy nh?t tren đ?t c?a Giao h?i Anh", m?t đ?o lu?t khac đ??c thong qua cung n?m 1534 k?t an t? hinh nh?ng ai b? bu?c t?i ph?n lo?n vi khong ch?u cong nh?n quy?n t?i th??ng c?a nha vua. đap tr? vi?c rut phep thong cong, đ?o lu?t Peter’s Pence đ??c thong qua tai kh?ng đ?nh r?ng n??c Anh "d??i s? t? tr? c?a Thien Chua khong co b? tren nao h?t ngo?i tr? nha vua", va r?ng v??ng quy?n c?a Henry t?ng b? suy y?u do s? ti?m quy?n vo ly va ha kh?c c?ng nh? b?i s? "tr?n l?t" c?a Giao hoang. ^[48]

B?i vi s? đ?i đ?u gi?a nha vua va Giao hoang do xung đ?t l?i ich ma Giao h?i Anh đ?i ch?, t? Ro-ma sang Henry VIII. Nh?ng nha c?i cach Khang Cach v?n ti?p t?c b? bach h?i, nh?t la khi h? ch?ng l?i vi?c h?y hon c?a Henry. Nhi?u ng??i tr?n ra n??c ngoai ch? đ? r?i vao tinh c?nh kh?c nghi?t h?n nh? tr??ng h?p c?a William Tyndale , cu?i cung ong b? h?a thieu theo yeu c?u c?a Henry. Ph?i đ?i đ?n th?i tr? vi c?a con trai Henry, Edward VI , nh?ng c?i cach giao h?i trong l?nh v?c th?n h?c va hanh đ?o m?i co th? ti?n hanh, sau đo đ??c c?ng c? va xac l?p b?i m?t ng??i con khac c?a Henry, Elizabeth I .

R?c r?i n?y sinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

C? nha vua l?n V??ng h?u đ?u khong hai long v?i cu?c s?ng hon nhan. H? t?ng vui h??ng nh?ng ngay binh yen va h?nh phuc, nh?ng Anne khong ch?u ph?c tung nha vua nh? ba đ??c mong đ?i ph?i lam. Tinh soi n?i ho?t bat va tri thong minh khong c?n gi?u kin t?ng lam Anne la m?t ng??i tinh quy?n r? thi nh?ng tinh cach nay t? ra khong thich h?p v?i vai tro m?u nghi thien h?, b?i vi Henry đoi h?i s? th?n ph?c tuy?t đ?i c?a m?i ng??i trong tri?u. Thai đ? nay khi?n Anne co nhi?u k? thu. V? ph?n minh, Henry khong m?y thich thu v?i nh?ng c?n gi?n d? th??ng xuyen c?a Anne. Sau m?t l?n s?y thai n?m 1534, Henry xem vi?c Anne khong th? sinh con trai cho ong la m?t s? ph?n b?i. đ?n Giang sinh n?m 1534, Henry ban v?i Cranmer va Cromwell v? nh?ng c? h?i b? r?i Anne ma khong ph?i quay tr? l?i v?i Catalina. ^[49]

Nh?ng đ? khang ch?ng l?i chinh sach ton giao c?a Henry b? d?p t?t mau chong. M?t s? tu s? b? tra t?n va x? t?. Nh?ng nhan v?t n?i ti?ng nh? John Fisher, Giam m?c Rochester, va Sir Thomas More, t?ng la T? t??ng c?a Henry, vi t? ch?i tuyen th? trung thanh v?i nha vua ma b? k?t an m?u ph?n va b? chem đ?u t?i Tower Hill, ngay ben ngoai Thap Luan đon .

M?t khac, s? đan ap lam gia t?ng ch?ng đ?i c?a ng??i dan, đang k? nh?t la s? ki?n Pilgrimage of Grace , m?t cu?c n?i d?y r?ng l?n ? mi?n b?c n??c Anh trong n?m 1536. Henry h?a an xa va c?m ?n nh?ng ng??i n?i d?y vi giup ong quan tam đ?n v?n đ? c?a h?, r?i m?i lanh t? c?a phe n?i d?y, Robert Aske, đ?n d? ti?c hoang gia. Trong b?a ti?c, Henry yeu c?u Aske vi?t v? nh?ng gi đa x?y ra đ? nha vua hi?u ro tinh hinh h?n ma ti?n hanh thay đ?i. Sau nay, nh?ng đi?u Aske vi?t b? nha vua s? d?ng đ? ch?ng l?i ong. B?i vi Henry xem nh?ng ng??i n?i d?y la k? ph?n qu?c nen ong t? cho minh khong co ngh?a v? gi? l?i h?a. Khi bi?t nha vua th?t h?a, h? n?i d?y l?n n?a, nh?ng đa b? suy y?u nhi?u. Nha vua cho đ?p tan cu?c n?i d?y, va b?t gi? nh?ng ng??i lanh đ?o, trong đo co Aske. H? b? x? t? vi t?i ph?n qu?c.

X? t? Anne Boleyn [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ngay 8 thang 1, 1536, nha vua va V??ng h?u bi?t tin Catalina qua đ?i. Luc ?y V??ng h?u đang mang thai, ba bi?t s? ph?n c?a minh s? ra sao n?u khong th? sinh con trai, b?i vi n?u c? hai V??ng h?u khu?t bong thi nha vua co th? t? do tai hon ma khong ai co th? xem cu?c hon nhan m?i la b?t h?p phap. đ?n cu?i thang, Henry b? nga ng?a trong m?t cu?c thi đ?u va b? ch?n th??ng nghiem tr?ng. Khi bi?t tin, V??ng h?u ch?n đ?ng va b? s?y thai, m?t be trai 15 tu?n tu?i. ^[50]

Sau khi Anne h?i ph?c, Henry tuyen b? cu?c hon nhan c?a ong la h?u qu? c?a ma thu?t. Ng??i tinh m?i c?a nha vua, Jane Seymour, d?i đ?n ch? ? m?i sau khi em trai c?a Anne, George Boleyn, b? kh??c t? m?t đ?c an vinh d? c?a tri?u đinh, Huan ch??ng Garter. Anh trai c?a Seymour đ??c ban t?ng huan ch??ng nay. ^[51]

N?m ng??i đan ong, trong đo co em trai c?a Anne, b? b?t gi? va bu?c t?i lo?n luan va ph?n qu?c vi b? cao bu?c quan h? tinh d?c v?i V??ng h?u. ^[52] Ngay 2 thang 5, 1536, Anne b? b?t va giam gi? trong Thap Luan đon. Ba b? cao bu?c t?i ngo?i tinh, lo?n luan, va ph?n qu?c. ^[53] M?c du Anne khong nh?n t?i va khong co ch?ng c? thuy?t ph?c, ba b? tuyen an t? hinh ngay 17 thang 5, 1536. Tam gi? sang ngay 19 thang 5, 1536, V??ng h?u b? x? chem. Cu?c hanh hinh di?n ra nhanh chong. Anne qu? th?ng l?ng, lia đ?i ch? sau m?t nhat chem. ^[54]

V??ng t? Edward [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

M?t ngay sau khi Anne b? hanh hinh, Henry đinh hon v?i Jane Seymour , m?t trong nh?ng Th? n? thu?c đoan tuy tung c?a V??ng h?u Anne Boleyn khi tr??c. M??i ngay sau hai ng??i k?t hon. C?ng vao th?i đi?m đo, Henry phe chu?n b? lu?t v? x? Wales n?m 1535, sap nh?p x? Wales vao n??c Anh, sau đo la đ?o lu?t K? v? th? hai , tuyen b? h?u du? c?a V??ng h?u Jane s? la ng??i k? v? tr?c ti?p, nh? th? Lady Mary va Lady Elizabeth b? k? la con ngo?i hon va m?t quy?n k? v?. Nha vua co them quy?n ch? đ?nh ng??i k? v? theo y mu?n c?a minh.

N?m 1537 , Jane sinh m?t con trai duy nh?t c?a nha vua, V??ng t? Edward. đay la m?t ca sinh kho va V??ng h?u qua đ?i do nhi?m trung ngay 24 thang 10 cung n?m t?i Lau đai Hampton Court. Toan th? tri?u đinh cung than khoc v?i Henry trong m?t th?i gian dai. Henry xem Jane la ng??i v? chinh danh duy nh?t vi ba la ng??i ph? n? duy nh?t sinh cho ong m?t con trai đ? n?i ngoi, đi?u ong v?n tha thi?t mong đ?i. Sau khi b?ng ha, nha vua đ??c an tang c?nh V??ng h?u Jane.

Cu?i đ?i [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

N?m 1540, Henry cho pha h?y nh?ng đi?n th? cac thanh. Cung luc, nha vua mu?n tai hon đ? đ?m b?o ch?c ch?n s? n?i ngoi. Thomas Cromwell, đa đ??c phong t??c Ba đ? c? Anna, em gai Cong t??c x? Kleve (Kleve ho?c Julich-Kleve-Berg la lanh th? ph?n l?n thu?c n??c đ?c, ph?n con l?i thu?c Ha Lan ngay nay). Cong t??c x? Kleve la tin h?u Khang Cach, ng??i đ??c xem s? la m?t đ?ng minh quan tr?ng trong tr??ng h?p Cong giao Ro-ma t?n cong n??c Anh. Hans Holbein đ??c sai đ?n g?p Kleve đ? v? chan dung Anna v? trinh nha vua. Henry đ?ng y k?t hon, nh?ng sau khi g?p Anna, nha vua t? ra th?t v?ng v? nhan s?c c?a co dau. ^[55]

Henry mu?n tieu hon; trong khi đo Cong t??c x? Kleve đang tranh ch?p v?i Hoang đ? La Ma thanh, ng??i Henry khong mu?n đ?i đ?u. V??ng h?u Anna đ? khon ngoan đ? khong lam trai y nha vua, ba lam ch?ng r?ng cu?c nhan c?a h? la khong hoan thi?n. Henry đ??c thu?t l?i r?ng m?i đem đ?n phong co dau ch? đ? hon len tran co tr??c khi v? phong minh. Cu?c hon nhan b? tieu h?y, Anne nh?n t??c v? "Em gai nha vua", va đ??c ban t?ng Lau đai Hever, tr??c đo la n?i ? c?a gia đinh Boleyn. B?i vi đa tich c?c s?p x?p cu?c hon nhan nay ma Cromwell b? th?t s?ng, cu?i cung b? x? chem. Ngay Cromwell b? hanh hinh (ngay 28 thang 7 n?m 1540) c?ng la ngay Henry c??i Catherine Howard , em h? c?a Anne Boleyn, tr??c đay thu?c đoan tuy tung c?a Anne. ^[56] Nha vua r?t thich co v? m?i. Tuy nhien, khong lau sau khi k?t hon, V??ng h?u Catherine co quan h? tinh c?m v?i Thomas Culpeper. Ba c?ng ch?n Francis Dereham, ng??i yeu c? va la hon phu c?a ba tr??c khi tr? thanh V??ng h?u, lam th? ky rieng cho ba.

Thomas Cranmer , T?ng giam m?c Canterbury, đ?i ngh?ch v?i gia đinh Howard theo Cong giao, đa trinh nha vua cac ch?ng c? v? nh?ng hanh vi c?a V??ng h?u. Du khong ch?u tin l?i cao bu?c, nha vua cho phep Cranmer m? cu?c đi?u tra. Khi b? tra h?i, V??ng h?u thu nh?n t?ng co hon ??c v?i Dereham, co ngh?a hon nhan c?a ba v?i Henry la b?t h?p l?, m?t khac ba noi Dereham đa ep bu?c ba ngo?i tinh. Cung luc, Dereham t? giac V??ng h?u co quan h? v?i Thomas Culpeper. Catherine b? x? t? ngay 13 thang 2n?m 1542. Trong n?m ?y, nh?ng tu vi?n con l?i đ?u b? gi?i th?, tai s?n tu vi?n đ??c chuy?n v? ngan kh? nha vua. Cac tu vi?n tr??ng m?t gh? trong Vi?n Quy t?c.

N?m 1543, Henry k?t hon l?n cu?i, l?n nay v?i Catherine Parr , m?t goa ph? giau co. Ba th??ng xuyen tranh lu?n v?i Henry v? ton giao va ?ng h? c?i cach, con nha vua mu?n duy tri truy?n th?ng c?. Quan đi?m ton giao c?a V??ng h?u lam nh?ng ng??i Cong giao co nhi?u ?nh h??ng nh? Stephen Gardiner , Giam m?c Winchester, va T? t??ng Lord Wriothesley nghi ng?i. N?m 1546 , h? thuy?t ph?c nha vua ch?ng l?i ba. M?t l?nh b?t gi? đa đ??c so?n s?n trong khi nh?ng tin đ?n loan truy?n kh?p chau Au r?ng nha vua b?t đ?u quan tam đ?n m?t ph? n? khac la Ba Cong t??c Suffolk. ^[57] Song, sau khi đ?c l?nh b?t gi?, Catherine tim cach gi?i hoa v?i nha vua, th? h?a r?ng nh?ng cu?c th?o lu?n v? ton giao ch? nh?m m?c đich giup nha vua quen nh?ng c?n đau do b?nh t?t. ^[58]

Catherine Parr c?ng giup Henry hoa gi?i v?i cac con gai c?a ong, Lady Mary va Lady Elizabeth . N?m 1544, m?t đ?o lu?t đ??c thong qua ph?c h?i quy?n k? v? cho h?, k? ti?p Edward , Than v??ng x? Wales, m?c du h? v?n b? xem la con ngo?i hon. Cu?i đ?i, Henry VIII phat phi, vong b?ng ong len đ?n 54 inches /137 cm va c?n co thi?t b? h? tr? m?i co th? di chuy?n. Nha vua ch?u nhi?u đau đ?n th? xac, than th? b? nhi?u ung nh?t, va co l? m?c b?nh th?ng phong. S? beo phi va cac v?n đ? s?c kh?e khac c?a Henry co l? phat sinh t? tai n?n n?m 1536 khi nha vua b? ch?n th??ng trong m?t tr?n c??i ng?a đ?u th??ng (tai n?n nay c?ng la nguyen nhan khi?n Anne Boleyin b? s?y thai), lam tai phat va l?n nay tr?m tr?ng h?n ? v?t th??ng c? ? chan c?a nha vua. V?t th??ng b? l? loet va tr? thanh ung nh?t su?t ph?n đ?i con l?i c?a Henry va lam suy y?u s?c kh?e c?a ong. Ng??i ta tin r?ng b?nh t?t đa khi?n tinh cach c?a Henry tr? nen th?t th??ng. ^[59]

Henry t? tr?n ngay 28 thang 1 n?m 1547 t?i Lau đai Whitehall ? tu?i 55. Nha vua đ??c an tang t?i Nguy?n đ??ng St George trong Lau đai Windsor, ben c?nh V??ng h?u Jane Seymour. ^[60]

Edward, con trai chinh th?c duy nh?t c?a Henry, len ngoi l?y hi?u Edward VI. Theo di chuc c?a Henry, m?t h?i đ?ng g?m 16 nhi?p chinh đ??c thanh l?p đ? đi?u hanh qu?c gia cho đ?n khi Edward đ? 18 tu?i. Cac nhi?p chinh ch?n Edward Seymour Ba t??c Hertford, anh trai Jane Seymour, vao ch?c v? Lord Protector .

Hinh ?nh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Henry kh? cong xay d?ng hinh ?nh m?t nha lanh đ?o v?i th?m quy?n tuy?t đ?i va quy?n l?c khong th? thach th?c. Theo y minh, nha vua x? t?i ch?t, th??ng la chem đ?u n?i cong c?ng, nh?ng nha quy t?c nhi?u h?n b?t c? vua chua nao tr??c va sau ong. Trong danh sach n?n nhan c?a Henry co hai V??ng h?u, hai m??i nha quy t?c, b?n quan đ?i th?n, sau c?n th?n va than h?u v?i nha vua, ch?a k? m?t h?ng y va nhi?u tu vi?n tr??ng. H?ng y Wolsey ch?t luc đang b? xet x? v? t?i ph?n qu?c.

Cao h?n 6 feet (183 cm), v?m v? va m?nh s?c, Henry thi đ?u xu?t s?c trong mon c??i ng?a đ?u th??ng va s?n b?n. Khong ch? đ?n thu?n đ? gi?i tri, cac mon th? thao nay đ??c Henry xem la ph??ng ti?n đ?t đ?n nh?ng m?c đich chinh tr? nh? nang cao hinh ?nh c??ng trang c?a m?t nha lanh đ?o nh?m t?o ?n t??ng v?i vua chua va s? th?n cac n??c, c?ng nh? pho di?n kh? n?ng d?p lo?n trong n??c c?a nha vua. Khi Henry xu?t hi?n trong m?t cu?c tranh tai mon c??i ng?a đ?u th??ng do ong t? ch?c t?i Greenwich n?m 1517, m?t s? th?n đa g?i t??ng trinh v? n??c c?a minh, "S? giau co va v?n minh c?a th? gi?i đang t? h?i t?i đay, nh?ng ai g?i dan Anh la m?i r?, theo toi, nen t? nh?n minh la m?i r?." Tuy nhien, đ?n cu?i đ?i s?c kh?e nha vua suy gi?m nhanh chong do ch? đ? ?n thi?u lanh m?nh c?a ong.

Henry la m?t nha lanh đ?o thong thai, la vua Anh đ?u tien th? h??ng n?n giao d?c nhan v?n hi?n đ?i. Nha vua co th? đ?c, vi?t ti?ng Anh, Phap, va Latin. Nha vua danh nhi?u thi gi? trong th? vi?n l?u tr? nhi?u sach c?a minh; ong đich than chu gi?i nhi?u sach c?ng nh? vi?t m?t quy?n sach đ? phat hanh. Nha vua thanh l?p Tr??ng Christ Church Cathedral ? Oxford n?m 1546.

Tai chinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Henry th?a k? tai s?n kh?ng l? t? ph? v??ng Henry VII, ??c tinh len đ?n 1 250 000 b?ng Anh (ngay nay tr? gia 375 tri?u b?ng Anh). ^[31]^:13 Khac v?i con trai, Henry VII la ng??i ti?t ki?m va c?n tr?ng trong chi tieu. Ph?n l?n tai s?n c?a Henry đ??c dung đ? duy tri cac ho?t đ?ng c?a tri?u đinh va hoang gia. Cac quan v??ng Tri?u đ?i Tudor trang tr?i chi phi cho chinh quy?n t? l?i t?c c?a chinh h?, đ?n t? đ?t đai c?a hoang gia c?ng nh? cac lo?i thu? do Qu?c h?i quy đ?nh.

Trong th?i tr? vi c?a Henry m?c l?i t?c c?a nha vua la ?n đ?nh (kho?ng 100 000 b?ng Anh), ^[31]^:64 nh?ng b? tieu hao đang k? do l?m phat b?i chi?n tranh. đ?n gi?a th?p nien 1520, chi?n tranh va tham v?ng chinh tr? c?a Henry ? chau Au đa lam c?n ki?t tai s?n Henry th?a k? t? vua cha. Ch??ng trinh gi?i th? cac tu vi?n đa b? sung đang k? cho ngan kh?. Gia tr? s? đ?t đai nha vua chi?m h?u t? cac tu vi?n m?i n?m len đ?n 120 000 b?ng Anh (36 tri?u b?ng Anh theo th?i gia). ^[31]^:393 Trong hai n?m 1526 va 1539, Henry cho h? gia ti?n đ?ng nh?m gi?i quy?t cac kho?n tham h?t, va m?c du cac b? tr??ng c?a nha vua c? c?t gi?m cac kho?n chi tieu va s? hoang phi, nha vua v?n ng?p trong n? n?n khi ch?t.

Di s?n [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

“	Cac th?n dan yeu quy! Ta t?ng ngh? r?ng gi?i t?ng l? trong n??c ta hoan toan la th?n dan c?a ta, nh?ng nay, ta nh?n ra r?ng h? la th?n dan c?a ta ch? m?t n?a, vang, va kho la th?n dan c?a ta: b?i vi t?t c? ch?c s?c cao c?p khi đ??c t?n phong đ?u th? nguy?n v?i Giao hoang, trai v?i l?i th? đ?i v?i ta, v?y thi xem ra h? la th?n dan c?a Giao hoang, khong ph?i c?a ta.	”
— Henry VIII , phat bi?u tr??c Qu?c h?i, 11/5/1532. ^[61]

M?c du đ?ng l?c chinh thuc đ?y m?i ho?t đ?ng c?a Henry la vi quy?n l?i c?a v??ng tri?u va nh?ng tham v?ng ca nhan, va du ch?a bao gi? ch?i b? cac giao ly c?n b?n c?a Giao h?i Cong giao, th?i tr? vi c?a Henry đa t?o nen b??c ngo?t quan tr?ng trong l?ch s? v??ng quy?n Anh. Quy?t đ?nh c?a Henry tach kh?i Ro-ma trong nh?ng n?m 1533 ? 1534 đa co h? qu? lau dai tren dong ch?y l?ch s?, va khong ch? gi?i h?n trong nh?ng n?m tr? vi c?a tri?u đ?i Tudor, khong ch? la y?u t? thuc đ?y ti?n trinh chuy?n đ?i n??c Anh tr? thanh m?t c??ng qu?c ma con t??c b? quy?n l?c chinh tr? va kinh t? kh?i giao h?i đ? trao cho gi?i c?m quy?n n??c Anh thong qua vi?c tru?t h?u tai s?n va đ?t đai c?a cac tu vi?n ? m?t bi?n phap ng?n h?n nh?ng co hi?u qu? xa h?i lau dai. H?i đ?ng nhi?p chinh đ??c thanh l?p theo y mu?n c?a Henry sau khi nha vua b?ng ha đa trao quy?n cho Edward Seymour v?i ly do Seymour la nha lanh đ?o v?ng vang nh?t co th? thuc đ?y ti?n trinh c?i cach ton giao t?i Anh đi xa h?n trong th?i tr? vi c?a Edward VI . đi?u nay x?y ra ngoai y mu?n c?a Henry nh?ng l?i la m?t trong nh?ng d?u ?n trong di s?n c?a ong.

Trong khi khuy?n khich h?c thu?t nhan v?n, Henry la ng??i ph?i ch?u trach nhi?m v? cai ch?t c?a m?t vai nha nhan v?n xu?t chung. Trong th?i tr? vi c?a Henry, quy?n l?i qu?c gia phat tri?n đang k?, va nha vua đa kha thanh cong trong n? l?c bi?n n??c Anh tr? thanh m?t th? l?c quan tr?ng ? chau Au du ph?i ch?u hao t?n nhi?u ti?n c?a.

Nha s? h?c J. Scarisbrick nh?n xet r?ng Henry la m?t nha lanh đ?o d? d?i va đ?y thu hut, ng??i "c?m gi? v??ng quy?n v?i ni?m xac tin tuy?t v?i." ^[62] Song, s?c thu hut manh li?t c?a Henry trong phut ch?c co th? bi?n thanh c?n cu?ng n? b?i vi ong luon c?ng th?ng, tam ly b?t ?n, va tam tinh hung b?o.

H?i quan Anh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Cung v?i Alfred đ?i đ? va Charles II , Henry đ??c k? ten trong s? nh?ng nha sang l?p H?i quan Hoang gia. Nh?ng kho?n chi tieu r?ng rai đ??c danh cho nganh đong tau (trong đo co nh?ng chi?c tau l?n nh? chi?c Mary Rose), nh?ng b?n đong tau (nh? HMNB Porsmouth), m?t s? sang ki?n (nh? s? d?ng đ?i phao tren boong tau). Tuy nhien, s? la sai l?m n?u cho r?ng Henry đ? l?i cho nh?ng ng??i k? v? m?t l?c l??ng h?i quan đa đ??c t? ch?c t?t v?i đ?y đ? đ?n d??c. Th?t ra, ch? đ?n gi?n la m?t đoan tau. Sau nay, Elizabeth I ph?i tr?ng d?ng tau t? nhan đ? chi?n đ?u ch?ng l?i Armada Tay Ban Nha (l?c l??ng h?i quan hung h?u nay c?a Tay Ban Nha co kho?ng 130 chi?n thuy?n va tau th??ng m?i c?i t?o thanh tau chi?n). M?t khac, khai ni?m v? l?c l??ng h?i quan hi?n đ?i, H?i quan Hoang gia, ch? xu?t hi?n t? th? k? 17 trong cu?c tranh ch?p s?c m?nh tren bi?n gi?a Anh va Ha Lan. Du v?y, chinh la trong th?i tr? vi c?a Henry ma h?i l?c Anh đ??c khai sinh đ? v? sau tr? thanh nhan t? ch? ch?t d?n đ?n chi?n th?ng vang d?i tr??c Armada Tay Ban Nha.

Quy?t đ?nh c?a Henry tach kh?i Ro-ma đ?ng ngh?a v?i nh?ng đe d?a đ?n t? n??c Phap hung m?nh ho?c la m?t cu?c xam l?ng b?i Tay Ban Nha. đ? phong v?, Henry cho c?ng c? cac c? đi?m phong th? duyen h?i nh? Lau đai Dover, đe Moat, va Phao đai Archcliffe, c? m?i vai thang, nha vua đich than th? sat cac c? đi?m nay. Ong cho xay d?ng nhi?u c?n c? quan s? m?i d?c b? bi?n mi?n nam va mi?n đong n??c Anh t? East Anglia đ?n Cornwall , s? d?ng cac lo?i v?t li?u xay d?ng l?y t? nh?ng tu vi?n b? pha đ?.

Danh hi?u va huy hi?u [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Su?t trong th?i tr? vi c?a Henry đa co kha nhi?u đi?u ch?nh cho danh hi?u hoang gia. Kh?i th?y, Henry dung danh hi?u " Henry đ? Bat, b?i an đi?n c?a Thien Chua, Vua Anh, Phap, va Lanh chua Ireland ". N?m 1521, nh? cu?n "B?o v? B?y Bi tich" Henry vi?t đ? kich Martin Luther , Giao hoang Leo X ban t?ng nha vua danh hi?u Ng??i B?o v? đ?c tin . Do đo, danh hi?u nha vua tr? thanh " Henry đ? Bat, b?i an đi?n c?a Thien Chua, Vua Anh va Phap, Ng??i B?o v? đ?c tin va Lanh chua Ireland ". Sau khi rut phep thong cong Henry, Giao hoang Paul III h?y b? vi?c ban t?ng danh hi?u " Ng??i B?o v? đ?c tin ", Qu?c h?i Anh li?n thong qua m?t đ?o lu?t cong b? danh hi?u ?y v?n co gia tr?, va v?n đ??c V??ng th?t Anh s? d?ng cho đ?n ngay nay.

N?m 1535, Henry ch?nh s?a danh hi?u tr? thanh " Henry đ? Bat, b?i an đi?n c?a Thien Chua, Vua Anh va Phap, Ng??i B?o v? đ?c tin, Lanh chua Ireland va Lanh t? t?i cao tren đ?t c?a Giao h?i Anh ". N?m 1536, cau " Giao h?i Anh " đ??c b? sung thanh " Giao h?i Anh va Ireland ".

N?m 1541, sau khi đ??c bao cho bi?t nhi?u ng??i dan Ireland v?n xem Giao hoang la nha lanh đ?o th?t s? c?a đ?t n??c, va Lanh chua Ireland c?ng ch? la đ?i di?n c?a Giao hoang, Henry cho Qu?c h?i Ireland thong qua đ?o lu?t V??ng quy?n Ai Nh? Lan 1542 thay đ?i danh hi?u " Lanh chua Ireland " thanh " Vua Ireland ".

Huy hi?u c?a Than v??ng x? Wales
Huy hi?u c?a Vua Henry VIII (th?i k? đ?u)
Huy hi?u c?a Vua Henry VIII (th?i k? sau)

Henry VIII trong v?n h?c ngh? thu?t [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Henry va th?i tr? vi c?a ong đa đ??c mieu t? trong h?i h?a, đi?n ?nh, v?n h?c, am nh?c, opera, k?ch ngh?, va truy?n hinh.

H?i h?a [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

“	Toi ng??ng m? Henry VIII. Ong la m?t quan v??ng v? đ?i. Toi khao khat th?c hi?n nh?ng gi ong đa lam. Ong c??i h?t th?y ph? n? ong thich. Vi v?y ma ong g?p khong it r?c r?i. Ong luon b? cam d?. Toi c?ng v?y. Nh?ng toi khong đ? s?c khang c? l?i chung.	”
— Mark Twain , nha v?n M?. ^[63]

Henry VIII (c. 1545) c?a Hans Eworth
The Family of Henry VIII c?a Lucas de Heere
Untitled Miniature of King Henry (c. 1526) c?a Lucas Horenbout
Henry VIII (c. 1535) c?a Joos van Cleve
Portrait of Henry VIII , The Dynasty Portrait , va Henry VIII and the Barber-Surgeons (1540) c?a Hans Holbein the Younger
Henry Meeting Anne at Hampton Court c?a Daniel Maclise
Untitled Bust of Prince Henry (c. 1498) c?a Guido Mazzoni
The Six Wives of Henry VIII c?a Willard Wigan

đi?n ?nh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Arthur Bourchier trong Henry VIII (1911)
Tefft Johnson trong Cardinal Wolsey (1912)
Emil Jannings trong Anna Boleyn (1920)
Lyn Harding trong When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922) and Les Perles de la couronne (1937)
Charles Laughton trong The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933) and Young Bess (1953)
Frank Cellier trong Tudor Rose (1936)
Montagu Love trong The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
Ralph Forbes trong Tower of London (1939)
Mel Blanc trong Book Revue (1946)
James Robertson Justice trong The Sword and the Rose (1953)
Douglas Campbell trong The Prince and the Pauper (1957)
Robert Shaw trong A Man for All Seasons (1966)
Richard Burton trong Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Sid James trong Carry On Henry (1971)
Keith Michell trong Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972)
Charlton Heston trong Crossed Swords (1977)
Keith Barron trong God's Outlaw : The Story of William Tyndale (1986)
Rusty Goffe trong U.F.O. (1993)
Eric Bana trong The Other Boleyn Girl (2008)

V?n h?c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

To Die For: A Novel of Anne Boleyn c?a Sandra Byrd
The Confessions of Katherine Howard , The Queen of Subtleties , and The Sixth Wife c?a Suzannah Dunn
The First Elizabeth , Mistress Anne , and The Last Wife of Henry VIII c?a Carolly Erickson
The Autobiography of Henry VIII c?a Margaret George
The Other Boleyn Girl c?a Philippa Gregory
The Morland Dynasty "The Dark Rose" c?a Cynthia Harrod-Eagles
When Knighthood Was in Flower c?a Charles Major
Wolf Hall c?a Hilary Mantel
Shadow of the Pomegranate , Katharine the Virgin Widow , King's Secret Matter , Murder Most Royal , Mary, Queen of France , St. Thomas's Eve , and The Sixth Wife c?a Jean Plaidy
Dissolution , Dark Fire and Sovereign c?a C. J. Sansom
The Prince and the Pauper c?a Mark Twain
My Lady Elizabeth c?a Alison Weir
A Woman of Passion c?a Virginia Henley

Truy?n hinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bewitched : "How Not to Lose Your Head to Henry VIII, Parts 1 & 2" ( Ronald Long )
Disneyland : "The Prince and the Pauper" ( Paul Rogers )
DuPont Show of the Month : "The Prince and the Pauper" (Douglas Campbell)
Henry VIII ( John Stride )
Henry VIII ( Ray Winstone , Sid Mitchell)
Henry VIII: Mind of a Tyrant (Laurence Spellman)
I Dream of Jeannie : "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday, Part 2" (Jack Fife)
A Man for All Seasons (Martin Chamberlain)
National Geographic 's The Madness of Henry VIII (Dan Astileanu)
Histeria! : "The Terrible Tudors" (1998)
The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything (1999) ( Brian Blessed )
Omnibus : "The Trial of Anne Boleyn" ( Rex Harrison )
The Other Boleyn Girl ( Jared Harris )
The Prince and the Pauper (2000) ( Alan Bates )
Relic Hunter : "The Royal Ring" (Michael Hofland)
The Simpsons : " Margical History Tour "
The Six Wives of Henry VIII ( Keith Michell )
The Tudors ( Jonathan Rhys Meyers )
CBBC Horrible Histories (2009-)

T? tien [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

T? tien c?a Henry VIII c?a Anh

16. Maredudd ap Tudur

8. Owen Tudor

17. Margaret ferch Dafydd

4. Edmund Tudor, Ba t??c x? Richmond th? nh?t

18. Charles VI c?a Phap

9. Catherine c?a Phap

19. Isabeau x? Bavaria

2. Henry VII c?a Anh

20. John Beaufort, Ba t??c x? Somerset th? nh?t

10. John Beaufort, Cong t??c Somerset th? nh?t

21. Margaret Holland

5. Margaret Beaufort

22. John Beauchamp x? Bletso

11. Margaret Beauchamp x? Bletso

23. Edith Stourton

1. Henry VIII c?a Anh

24. Richard, Ba t??c x? Cambridge

12. Richard Plantaganet, Cong t??c th? 3 x? York

25. Anne de Mortimer

6. Edward IV c?a Anh

26. Ralph Neville, Ba t??c x? Westmorland th? nh?t

13. Cecily Neville

27. Joan Beaufort, Ba Ba t??c x? Westmorland

3. Elizabeth x? York

28. Richard Wydeville

14. Richard Woodville, Ba t??c Rivers th? nh?t

29. Joan Bittelsgate

7. Elizabeth Woodville

30. Peter I, Ba t??c x? Saint-Pol

15. Jacquetta x? Luxembourg

31. Margaret x? Baux

Xem them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Hon nhan va con cai [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ten	Ngay sinh	Ngay m?t	Notes
B?i Catalina c?a Aragon (k?t hon ngay 11 thang 6, 1509; tieu hon ngay 23 thang 5, 1533)
Con gai ch?a co ten	31 thang 1, 1510	2 thang 2, 1510
Henry, Cong t??c x? Cornwall	1 thang 1, 1511	22 thang 2, 1511	ch?t khi g?n hai thang tu?i
Con trai ch?a co ten	thang 11, 1513		ch?t sau khi sinh
Henry, Cong t??c Cornwall	thang 12, 1514		ch?t trong vong m?t thang sau khi sinh
N? v??ng Mary I	18 thang 2, 1516	17 thang 11, 1558	k?t hon n?m 1554 v?i Philip II c?a Tay Ban Nha ; khong co con
Con gai ch?a co ten	Thang 11, 1518		ch?t sau khi sinh
B?i Anne Boleyn (k?t hon ngay 25 thang 1, 1533; tieu hon ngay 17 thang 5, 1536) hanh hinh ngay 19 thang 5, 1536
Henry, Cong t??c Cornwall	Thang 8/thang 9, 1534		ch?t sau khi sinh
N? v??ng Elizabeth I	7 thang 9, 1533	24 thang 3 n?m 1603	khong k?t hon, khong con cai
Con trai ch?a co ten	29 thang 1, 1536		ch?t l?u thai
B?i Jane Seymour (k?t hon 30 thang 5, 1536; Jane Seymour m?t ngay 24 thang 10, 1537)
Vua Edward VI	12 thang 10, 1537	6 thang 7, 1553	khong k?t hon, khong con
B?i Anna x? Kleve (k?t hon 6 thang 1, 1540; tieu hon 9 thang 7, 1540)
khong con cai
B?i Catherine Howard (k?t hon 28 thang 7, 1540; tieu hon 23 thang 11, 1541) hanh hinh 13 thang 2, 1542
khong con cai
B?i Catherine Parr (k?t hon Hampton Court Palace 12 thang 7, 1543; Henry VIII ch?t 28 thang 1, 1547)
khong con cai
B?i Elizabeth Blount
Henry FitzRoy, Cong t??c x? Richmond va Somerset	15 thang 6, 1519	23 thang 7, 1536	con ngo?i hon; k?t hon n?m 1533, Lady Mary Howard; khong con cai
B?i Mary Boleyn v?n con tranh cai v? ng??i cha
Catherine Carey, Lady Knollys	c. 1524	15 thang 1, 1569	k?t hon v?i Sir Francis Knollys; co con
Henry Carey, Ba t??c Hunsdon	4 thang 3, 1526	23 thang 7, 1596	k?t hon n?m 1545 v?i Ann Morgan; co con

Chu thich [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

^ J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , p. 361.
^ John A. Guy, The Tudors: a very short introduction (2000) p. 41
^ Robert M. Adams, The land and literature of England (1986) pp. 111?12.
^ Wilkinson, Josephine. Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress p.70. Amberley Publishing, 2009
^ Eric Ives, "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" History Today 2006 56(2): 28?36.
^ ^a ^b Crofton (2006). p. 128.
^ ^a ^b Crofton (2006). p. 129.
^ Scarisbrick (1997). p. 3.
^ ^a ^b Churchill, p. 29.
^ ^a ^b Scarisbrick (1997). pp. 14–15.
^ ^a ^b Crofton (2006). p. 126.
^ Scarisbrick (1997). pp. 4–5.
^ Loades (2009). p. 22.
^ Loades 2009 , tr. 22
^ Loades (2009). pp. 22–23.
^ Scarisbrick (1997). p. 8.
^ Loades (2009). p. 23.
^ Scarisbrick (1997). p. 12.
^ Scarisbrick (1997). pp. 15?16.
^ Catholic Encyclopedia
^ Guicciardini, History of Italy , 280.
^ Elton (1977)
^ MacCulloch (1995)
^ Simon Thurley, "Palaces for a nouveau riche king." History Today, (June 1991), Vol. 41, No. 6 in Academic Search Premier
^ Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie , Birlinn (2005), 79?80 citing Simon Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England , 222-4.
^ Jonathan Davies, "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 2005 83(333): 11?29. Issn: 0037-9700
^ G. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (1962) online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-18 t?i Wayback Machine ; Elton, Reform and Reformation: England, 1509?1558 (1977) is sharply hostile toward the king ? an "ego-centric monstrosity," whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from himself." p. 43
^ A. F. Pollard, Henry VIII (1905) provides the classic statement of the Henrician position, esp. pp 230?38. Pollard argues that that Spain and France stayed loyal because they controlled the papacy.
^ G. W. Bernard, The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (2005)
^ Fraser considers that only three named mistresses are definitely known: Bessie Blount, Mary Boleyn and Madge Shelton, but even the last is now disputed. Fraser p. 220
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Weir, Alison (2002). Henry VIII: The King and His Court . Random House. ISBN 978-0-345-43708-2 .
^ Hart, Kelly (ngay 1 thang 6 n?m 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII . The History Press. tr. 27. ISBN 0-7524-4835-8 .
^ PRO, E36/215 f.449
^ Lacey, p. 70.
^ Scarisbrick, p. 154.
^ ^a ^b " Henry VIII " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia .
^ Brigden, p. 114.
^ Morris, p. 166.
^ Christopher Haigh p.92f
^ ^a ^b " Clement VII " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia .
^ Williams, p.136
^ Williams, p.123
^ Starkey, pp. 462?4.
^ Williams, p.124
^ Williams, pp.128?31
^ Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication; according to Winston Churchill 's 'History of the English Speaking Peoples', the bull of 1533 was a draft with penalties left blank and was not made official until 1535. Others say Henry was not officially excommunicated until 1538, by Pope Paul III , brother of Cardinal Franklin de la Thomas.
^ According to J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , p.361, Pope Paul promulgated the Bull of Excommunication on ngay 17 thang 12 n?m 1538
^ Lehmberg.
^ Williams, p.138
^ Williams, p.141
^ Williams, p.142
^ Williams, pp.143?4
^ Hibbert, pp.54?5
^ Hibbert, p.60
^ Lindsey, Karen (1995). "Divorced, Beheaded, Survived", pp.136?157. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. ISBN 0-201-60895-2 .
^ Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals , p.75. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9 .
^ Hart, Kelly (ngay 1 thang 6 n?m 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII . The History Press . ISBN 0-7524-4835-8 .
^ Foxe's Book of Martyrs
^ “The jousting accident that turned Henry VIII into a tyrant ? This Britain, UK” . The Independent . UK. ngay 18 thang 4 n?m 2009 . Truy c?p ngay 25 thang 8 n?m 2010 .
^ Early Tudor Tombs and the Rise and Fall of Anglo-Italian Relations , in The The evolution of the grand tour:Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance by Edward Chaney (Routledge 2000).
^ Wikiquote: Speech to Parliament (11 May, 1532), as quoted in Hall's Chronicle (1809), edited by Sir Henry Ellis, p. 788
^ Scarisbrick 1968 , tr. 17
^ Twain, Mark. “Britons Toast King Edward” . The New York Times, ngay 10 thang 11 n?m 1901.

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Adams, Robert M. (1986). The Land and Literature of England .
Ashley, Mike (2002). British Kings & Queens . ISBN 0-7867-1104-3 .
Ashrafian, Hutan (2011). “Henry VIII's Obesity Following Traumatic Brain Injury” . Endocrine . 42 (1): 218?9. doi : 10.1007/s12020-011-9581-z . PMID 22169966 .
Bernard, G. W. (2005). The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church .
Betteridge, Thomas (2005). “The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture” . Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies . 35 (1): 91?109. doi : 10.1215/10829636-35-1-91 .
Brigden, Susan (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds .
Bush, M. L. (2007). “The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace”. Historical Research . 80 (207): 47?72. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00351.x . ISSN 0950-3471 .
Chaney, Edward (2000). The Evolution of the Grand Tour:Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance . Routledge. ISBN 9780714644745 .
Chibi, Andrew A. (1997). “Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy” . Journal of Church and State . 39 (3): 543?560. doi : 10.1093/jcs/39.3.543 . ISSN 0021-969x Ki?m tra gia tr? |issn= ( tr? giup ) .
Churchill, Winston (1966). The New World .
Crofton, Ian (2006). The Kings and Queens of England .
Cruz, Anne J.; Suzuki, Mihoko (2009). The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe . U. of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252076169 .
Davies, Jonathan (2005). “ ' We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII”. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . 83 (333): 11?29. ISSN 0037-9700 .
Elton, G. R. (1962). The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 21 thang 10 n?m 2012 . Truy c?p ngay 7 thang 8 n?m 2012 .
Elton, G. R. (1977). Reform and Reformation: England, 1509?1558 .
Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals . New York, US: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9 .
Fraser, Antonia (1994). The Wives of Henry VIII . Vintage Books. ISBN 9780679730019 .
Guicciardini, Francesco (1968). The History of Italy .
Gunn, Steven (1991). “Tournaments and Early Tudor Chivalry”. History Today . 41 (6): 543?560.
Guy, John A. (2000). The Tudors: a Very Short Introduction .
Harrison, William; Edelen, Georges (1995) [1557]. The Description of England: Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life . Dover Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-28275-6 .
Hays, J. N. (2010). The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History . Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4613-1 .
Hart, Kelly (ngay 1 thang 6 n?m 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII (?n b?n 1). The History Press. ISBN 0-7524-4835-8 .
Hall, Edward (1904). The Triumphant Reign of Henry VIII .
Haigh, Christopher (1993). English Reformations .
Ives, Eric (2006). “Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?” . History Today . 56 (2): 28?36.
Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1970). The Reformation Parliament, 1529?1536 .
Lindsey, Karen (1995). Divorced, Beheaded, Survived . Reading, MA., US: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. ISBN 0-201-60895-2 .
Loades, David (1999). Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict . The National Archives. ISBN 9781905615421 .
MacCulloch, Diarmaid bien t?p (1995). The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy, and Piety .
Marvin, Frederic (2010) [1902]. The Last Words of Distinguished Men and Women: Collected from Various Sources . Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-4400-6608-5 .
Morris, T. A. (1998). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century .
Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2003). The Pilgrimage of Grace: the Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne .
Pollard, A. F. (1905). Henry VIII .
Rex, Richard (1996). “The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation” . The Historical Journal . 39 (4): 863?894. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00024687 . JSTOR 2639860 .

Scarisbrick, J. J. (1968). Henry VIII . University of California Press. ISBN 9780520011304 .
Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (?n b?n 2). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300071582 .
Smith, Lacey Baldwin (1971). Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty . ^{[
lien k?t h?ng
]}
Starkey, David (2003). Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII . ISBN 0-06-000550-5 .
Stober, Karen (2007). Late Medieval Monasteries and Their Patrons: England and Wales, C.1300?1540 . Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843832843 .
Thomas, Andrea (2005). Princelie Majestie . Birlinn.
Thurley, Simon (1994). The Royal Palaces of Tudor England .
Thurley, Simon (1991). “Palaces for a Nouveau Riche King”. History Today . 41 (6).
Trollope, William (1874). A practical and historical commentary on the liturgy and ritual of the Church of England: with examination questions . J. Hall.
Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII . ISBN 0-8021-3683-4 .
Weir, Alison (2002). Henry VIII: The King and His Court . Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 0-345-43708-X .
Whitley, Catrina Banks; Kramer, Kyra (2010). “A New Explanation for the Reproductive Woes and Midlife Decline of Henry VIII”. The Historical Journal . 52 (4): 827. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X10000452 .
Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). Mary Boleyn: the True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress (?n b?n 2). Amberley Publishing. ISBN 0300071582 .
Williams, James (2005). “Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII”. Sport in History . 25 (1): 41?59. doi : 10.1080/17460260500073082 . ISSN 1746-0263 .
Williams, Neville (1971). Henry VIII and his Court .

đ?c them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ti?u s? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bowle, John . Henry VIII: a Study of Power in Action. Little, Brown, 1964.
Erickson, Carolly. Mistress Anne: the Exceptional Life of Anne Boleyn. (1984). 464 pp.
Cressy, David. "Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII." History Today 1982 32(oct): 16?22. ISSN: 0018-2753 Fulltext: Ebsco
Gardner, James. "Henry VIII" in Cambridge Modern History vol 2 (1903), a brief political history online edition
Graves, Michael. Henry VIII (2003), 217 pp
Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491?1547)", in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004), online at OUP
Pollard, A. F. Henry VIII (1905), 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable online edition
Rex, Richard. Henry VIII and the English Reformation. (1993). 205 pp.
Ridley, Jasper. Henry VIII. (1985). 473 pp.
Scarisbrick, J. J. Henry VIII (1968). 592 pp.
Smith, Lacey Baldwin. Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty (1971), online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-25 t?i Wayback Machine
Starkey, David. Six Wives: the Queens of Henry VIII (2003) excerpt and text search
Starkey, David. The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics (1986). 174 pp
Starkey, David, and Susan Doran. Henry VIII: Man and Monarch (2009). 288 pp
Tytler, Patrick Fraser (1836). “Life of King Henry the Eighth” . Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd (xu?t b?n 1837) . Truy c?p ngay 17 thang 8 n?m 2008 . Chu thich journal c?n |journal= ( tr? giup )
Weir, Alison. Henry VIII, King and Court (2001). 640 pp, a flattering portrait excerpt and text search
Weir, Alison. The Children of Henry VIII. (1996). 400 pp.

Nghien c?u h?c thu?t [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Bernard, G. W. The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church. (2005). 712 pp. excerpts and text search
Bernard, G. W. "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533?1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way." Historical Journal 1998 41(2): 321?349. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: in Jstor
Bernard, G. W. War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525. (1986). 164 pp
Elton, G. R. The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (1953; revised 1962), major interpretation online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-18 t?i Wayback Machine
- Coleman, Christoper, and David Starkey, eds. Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration (1986), evaluates Elton thesis
Elton, G. R. Reform and Reformation: England, 1509?1558 (1977), hostile to Henry
Fielder, Martha Anne. "Iconographic Themes in Portraits of Henry VIII." PhD dissertation Texas Christian U. 1985. 232 pp. DAI 1985 46(6): 1424-A. DA8517256 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Fox, Alistair, and John Guy, eds. Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500?1550 (1986), 242pp; advanced essays by scholars
Head, David M. "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment." Scottish Historical Review 1982 61(1): 1?24. Issn: 0036-9241 Argues that if Henry intended to take over Scotland then his 1542 victory at Solway Moss was the opportune moment, for the French were unable to intervene, the Scottish nobility was in disarray, and the infant Mary was in line for Scotland's throne. Instead, Henry adopted a policy similar to that in Ireland, since he could not afford outright conquest or the luxury of diplomacy.
Lindsey, Karen. Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII (1995) online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-24 t?i Wayback Machine
Loades, David. Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict (2007) 248pp; by a leading scholar excerpt and text search
MacCulloch, Diarmaid, ed. The Reign of Henry VIII: Politics, Policy, and Piety. (1995). 313 pp. essays by scholars
Marshall, Peter. "(Re)defining the English Reformation," Journal of British Studies July 2009, Vol. 48 Issue 3, pp 564?85,
Mackie, J. D. The Earlier Tudors, 1485?1558 (1952), a political survey of the era online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-04 t?i Wayback Machine
Moorhouse, Geoffrey. Great Harry's Navy: How Henry VIII Gave England Seapower (2007)
Moorhouse, Geoffrey. The Last Divine Office: Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries (2009)
Slavin, Arthur J., ed. Henry VIII and the English Reformation (1968), readings by historians. online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-24 t?i Wayback Machine
Smith, H. Maynard. Henry VIII and the Reformation (1948) online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-25 t?i Wayback Machine
Wagner, John A. Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors (2003). ISBN 1-57356-540-7 .
Walker, Greg. Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation. (2005). 556 pp.

L?ch s? va h?i ky [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Head, David M. "'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': the Image of Henry VIII and His Historians." International Social Science Review 1997 72(3?4): 94?109. Issn: 0278-2308 Fulltext: Ebsco
Hoak, Dale. "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533?1547: Some Problems and Issues." History Compass 2005 3 (Britain and Ireland): 7 pp Issn: 1478-0542 Fulltext: Blackwell Synergy
Ives, Eric. "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" History Today 2006 56(2): 28?36. Issn: 0018-2753 Fulltext: Ebsco
Rankin, Mark. 'Imagining Henry VIII: Cultural Memory and the Tudor King, 1535?1625'. PhD Dissrertation, Ohio State. U. Dissertation Abstracts International 2007 68(5): 1987-A. DA3264565, 403p.

Ngu?n tham kh?o chinh [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Williams, C. M. A. H. English Historical Documents, 1485?1558 (1996) online sources
Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII: preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum and elsewhere , volume 1 edited by John S. Brewer, Robert H. Brodie, James Gairdner. (1862); full text online vol 1 ; full text vol 3
- Letters & Papers, Henry VIII , 21 vols., at British History Online , see also James Gairdner for more detail
Nicolas, Nicholas Harris, ed., The Privy Purse Expences of Henry VIII, 1529?1532 , Pickering, London (1827)

Lien k?t ngoai [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

V??ng th?t Anh
Henry VIII c?a Anh Nha Tudor Sinh: 28 thang 6, 1491 M?t: 28 thang 1, 1547
Ti?n nhi?m Henry VII	Lanh chua Ireland 21 thang 4, 1509 ? 28 thang 1,1547	Crown of Ireland Act 1542
Ti?n nhi?m Henry VII	Qu?c v??ng n??c Anh 21 thang 4 1509 ? 28 thang 1 1547	K? nhi?m Edward VI
Tr?ng Danh hi?u cu?i cung đ??c t? ch?c b?i Ruaidri Ua Conchobair	Vua Ireland 1541?1547	K? nhi?m Edward VI
Ti?n nhi?m Arthur c?a Anh	Than v??ng x? Wales 1502?1509	K? nhi?m Edward
Ti?n nhi?m Arthur c?a Anh	Cong t??c x? Cornwall 1502?1509	K? nhi?m Henry c?a Anh
Ch?c v? chinh tr?
Ti?n nhi?m Sir William Scott	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1493?1509	K? nhi?m Sir Edward Poyning
Ti?n nhi?m H?u t??c Berkeley	Earl Marshal 1494?1509	K? nhi?m Cong t??c Norfolk

[1] J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , p. 361.

[2] John A. Guy, The Tudors: a very short introduction (2000) p. 41

[3] Robert M. Adams, The land and literature of England (1986) pp. 111?12.

[4] Wilkinson, Josephine. Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress p.70. Amberley Publishing, 2009

[5] Eric Ives, "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?" History Today 2006 56(2): 28?36.

[autogenerated2-6] Crofton (2006). p. 128.

[autogenerated3-7] Crofton (2006). p. 129.

[scarisbrick3-8] Scarisbrick (1997). p. 3.

[churchill29-9] Churchill, p. 29.

[autogenerated1-10] Scarisbrick (1997). pp. 14–15.

[crofton126-11] Crofton (2006). p. 126.

[12] Scarisbrick (1997). pp. 4–5.

[13] Loades (2009). p. 22.

[loades22-14] Loades 2009 , tr. 22

[15] Loades (2009). pp. 22–23.

[16] Scarisbrick (1997). p. 8.

[17] Loades (2009). p. 23.

[18] Scarisbrick (1997). p. 12.

[19] Scarisbrick (1997). pp. 15?16.

[20] Catholic Encyclopedia

[21] Guicciardini, History of Italy , 280.

[22] Elton (1977)

[23] MacCulloch (1995)

[24] Simon Thurley, "Palaces for a nouveau riche king." History Today, (June 1991), Vol. 41, No. 6 in Academic Search Premier

[25] Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie , Birlinn (2005), 79?80 citing Simon Thurley, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England , 222-4.

[26] Jonathan Davies, "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 2005 83(333): 11?29. Issn: 0037-9700

[27] G. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (1962) online edition L?u tr? 2011-04-18 t?i Wayback Machine ; Elton, Reform and Reformation: England, 1509?1558 (1977) is sharply hostile toward the king ? an "ego-centric monstrosity," whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from himself." p. 43

[28] A. F. Pollard, Henry VIII (1905) provides the classic statement of the Henrician position, esp. pp 230?38. Pollard argues that that Spain and France stayed loyal because they controlled the papacy.

[29] G. W. Bernard, The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (2005)

[30] Fraser considers that only three named mistresses are definitely known: Bessie Blount, Mary Boleyn and Madge Shelton, but even the last is now disputed. Fraser p. 220

[Weir-31] Weir, Alison (2002). Henry VIII: The King and His Court . Random House. ISBN 978-0-345-43708-2 .

[32] Hart, Kelly (ngay 1 thang 6 n?m 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII . The History Press. tr. 27. ISBN 0-7524-4835-8 .

[33] PRO, E36/215 f.449

[34] Lacey, p. 70.

[35] Scarisbrick, p. 154.

[cehen-36] " Henry VIII " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia .

[37] Brigden, p. 114.

[38] Morris, p. 166.

[39] Christopher Haigh p.92f

[cepop-40] " Clement VII " in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia .

[41] Williams, p.136

[42] Williams, p.123

[43] Starkey, pp. 462?4.

[44] Williams, p.124

[45] Williams, pp.128?31

[46] Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication; according to Winston Churchill 's 'History of the English Speaking Peoples', the bull of 1533 was a draft with penalties left blank and was not made official until 1535. Others say Henry was not officially excommunicated until 1538, by Pope Paul III , brother of Cardinal Franklin de la Thomas.

[47] According to J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII , p.361, Pope Paul promulgated the Bull of Excommunication on ngay 17 thang 12 n?m 1538

[48] Lehmberg.

[49] Williams, p.138

[50] Williams, p.141

[51] Williams, p.142

[52] Williams, pp.143?4

[53] Hibbert, pp.54?5

[54] Hibbert, p.60

[55] Lindsey, Karen (1995). "Divorced, Beheaded, Survived", pp.136?157. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. ISBN 0-201-60895-2 .

[56] Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals , p.75. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9 .

[57] Hart, Kelly (ngay 1 thang 6 n?m 2009). The Mistresses of Henry VIII . The History Press . ISBN 0-7524-4835-8 .

[58] Foxe's Book of Martyrs

[59] “The jousting accident that turned Henry VIII into a tyrant ? This Britain, UK” . The Independent . UK. ngay 18 thang 4 n?m 2009 . Truy c?p ngay 25 thang 8 n?m 2010 .

[60] Early Tudor Tombs and the Rise and Fall of Anglo-Italian Relations , in The The evolution of the grand tour:Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance by Edward Chaney (Routledge 2000).

[61] Wikiquote: Speech to Parliament (11 May, 1532), as quoted in Hall's Chronicle (1809), edited by Sir Henry Ellis, p. 788

[62] Scarisbrick 1968 , tr. 17

[63] Twain, Mark. “Britons Toast King Edward” . The New York Times, ngay 10 thang 11 n?m 1901.

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x t s Quan ch? Anh
Anglo-Saxon Anh 927?1066	Alfred đ?i đ? Edward Tr??ng gi? Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Edwy Edgar Hoa binh Edward Tu?n đ?o Æthelred B?t tai Sweyn Forkbeard Edmund II Phi th??ng Cnut Harold Chan th? Harthacanute Edward Ng??i Tuyen x?ng đ?c tin Harold Godwinson Edgar Hi?n quy
V??ng qu?c Anh 1066?1649	William I K? chinh ph?c William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II ^I Richard I S? T? Tam John ^I Louis Henry III ^I Edward I ^I Edward II ^I Edward III ^I Richard II ^I Henry IV ^I Henry V ^I Henry VI ^I Edward IV ^I Edward V ^I Richard III ^I Henry VII ^I Henry VIII ^I Edward VI ^I Jane ^I Mary I ^I v?i Philip ^I Elizabeth I ^I James I ^SI Charles I ^SI
B?o h? cong c?a đ? Nh?t C?ng hoa Anh 1653?1659	Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell
V??ng qu?c Anh 1660?1707	Charles II ^SI James II ^SI Mary II ^SI va William III ^SI Anne ^SI
^I C?ng la quan ch? Ireland ^S C?ng la quan ch? Scotland Ten nh?ng ng??i đang b? tranh cai đ??c in nghieng

D? li?u nhan v?t
TEN	Henry VIII of England
TEN KHAC	Henry Tudor
TOM T?T	King of England
NGAY SINH	1491-06-28
N?I SINH	Palace of Placentia, Greenwich
NGAY M?T	1547-01-28
N?I M?T	Palace of Whitehall, London

x t s Than v??ng x? Wales
Edward (1301?1307) Edward (1343?1376) Richard (1376?1377) Henry (1399?1413) Edward (1454?1471) Richard (1460; tranh cai) Edward (1471?1483) Edward (1483?1484) Arthur (1489?1502) Henry (1504?1509) Edward (1537?1547) Henry Frederick (1610?1612) Charles (1616?1625) Charles (1641?1649) James (1688) George (1714?1727) Frederick (1729?1751) George (1751?1760) George (1762?1820) Albert Edward (1841?1901) George (1901?1910) Edward (1910?1936) Charles (1958?2022) William (2022?nay)
Xem them : đ?o lu?t x? Wales